The metabolic syndrome: How definition impacts the prevalence and risk in U.S. adults: 1999-2004 NHANES

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 331-341

  Churilla, James R ^a,b   Fitzhugh, Eugene C ^a   Thompson, Dixie L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COMPUTER PROGRAM; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HIGH SCHOOL; HISPANIC; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; POVERTY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 36749030575     PISSN: 15404196     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/met.2007.0010     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Kylin E. Studien uber das Hypertonie-Hyperglyka 'mie-Hyperurika' miesyndrom. Zentralbl Inn Med 1923;44:105-127.
2. Vague J. La differenciation sexuelle, facteur determinant des formes de l'obesite. Press Medl 1947;53:339-340.
3. Avogaro P, Crepaldi G, Enzi G, Tiengo A. [Metabolic aspects of essential obesity]. Epatologia 1965;11:226-238.
4. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37(12):1595-1607.
5. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:1070-1077.
6. Balkau B, Charles MA, Drivsholm T, Borch-Johnsen K, Wareham N, Yudkin JS, Morris R, Zavaroni I, van Dam R, Feskins E, Gabriel R, Diet M, Nilsson P, Hedblad B. Frequency of the WHO metabolic syndrome in European cohorts, and an alternative definition of an insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Metab 2002;28:364-376.
7. Dekker JM, Girman C, Rhodes T, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Metabolic syndrome and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in the Hoorn Study. Circulation 2005;112:666-673.
8. Ford ES, Giles WH. A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care 2003;26:575-581.
9. Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2745-2749.
10. WHO 1999. Definition diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO Consultation.
11. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-3421.
12. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005;366:1059-1062.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES Analytic and Reporting Guidelines September 2006.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES 1999-2000 Data Release May 2004 Sample Person Questionnaire Demographics (DEMO).
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Laboratory Procedures Manual. Vol. 2006 National Center for Health Statistics.
16. Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, Frohlich ED, Hill M, McDonald M, Morgenstern BZ. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation 1993;88:2460-2470.
17. Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 1999;16:442-443.
18. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Jr., Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735-2752.
19. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, Jellinger PS, Kendall D, Krauss RM, Neufeld ND, Petak SM, Rodbard HW, Seibel JA, Smith DA, Wilson PW. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003;9:237-252.
20. ADA. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26 Suppl 1:S5-S20.
21. Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004;33:351-375.
22. Base SAS 9.1.3 Procedures Guide, 2006, 2nd ed, Vol 1-4. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
23. Research Triangle Institute 2004. Sudaan Language Training Manual 9.0 Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
24. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1514-1520.
25. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991;14:173-194.
26. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992;41:715-722.
27. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 2006;295:1549-1555.
28. Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2404-2411.
29. Williams CM. Lipid metabolism in women. Proc Nutr Soc 2004;63:153-160.
30. Bjorntorp P. [Metabolic difference between visceral fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat]. Diabetes Metab 2000;26 Suppl 3:10-12.
31. Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2000;21:697-738.
32. Sironi AM, Gastaldelli A, Mari A, Ciociaro D, Positano V, Buzzigoli E, Ghione S, Turchi S, Lombardi M, Ferrannini E. Visceral fat in hypertension: influence on insulin resistance and beta-cell function. Hypertension 2004;44:127-133.
33. Gasse C, Hense HW, Stieber J, Doring A, Liese AD, Keil U. Assessing hypertension management in the community: trends of prevalence, detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in the MONICA Project, Augsburg 1984-1995. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:27-36.
34. Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 1983;72:1150-1162.
35. Pechere-Bertschi A, Burnier M. Female sex hormones, salt, and blood pressure regulation. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:994-1001.
36. Turhan H, Yetkin E. Does metabolic syndrome attenuate the advantages of being a young woman regarding the risk of cardiovascular disease? Int J Cardiol 2007;114:277-278.
37. Bray GA, Bellanger T. Epidemiology, trends, and morbidities of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine 2006;29:109-117.
38. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-359.
39. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Byrd-Holt DD, Eberhardt MS, Flegal KM, Engelgau MM, Saydah SH, Williams DE, Geiss LS, Gregg EW. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. population: National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1263-1268.
40. Despres JP, Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergeron J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Bouchard C. Race, visceral adipose tissue, plasma lipids, and lipoprotein lipase activity in men and women: the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) family study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1932-1938.
41. Conway JM, Yanovski SZ, Avila NA, Hubbard VS. Visceral adipose tissue differences in black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:765-771.
42. Hill JO, Sidney S, Lewis CE, Tolan K, Scherzinger AL, Stamm ER. Racial differences in amounts of visceral adipose tissue in young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:381-387.
43. Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome in obesity. Obes Rev 2005;6:283-296.
44. Dallongeville J, Cottel D, Ferrieres J, Arveiler D, Bingham A, Ruidavets JB, Haas B, Ducimetiere P, Amouyel P. Household income is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in a sex-specific manner. Diabetes Care 2005;28:409-415.
45. Connolly VM, Kesson CM. Socioeconomic status and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1996;19:419-422.
46. Brunner EJ, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Juneja M, Alberti KG. Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia 1997;40:1341-1349.
47. Loucks EB, Rehkopf DH, Thurston RC, Kawachi I. Socioeconomic Disparities in Metabolic Syndrome Differ by Gender: Evidence from NHANES III. Ann Epidemiol 2006;17:19-28.
48. Perel P, Langenberg C, Ferrie J, Moser K, Brunner E, Marmot M. Household wealth and the metabolic syndrome in the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2694-2700.
49. Booth SL, Sallis JF, Ritenbaugh C, Hill JO, Birch LL, Frank LD, Glanz K, Himmelgreen DA, Mudd M, Popkin BM, Rickard KA, St Jeor S, Hays NP. Environmental and societal factors affect food choice and physical activity: rationale, influences, and leverage points. Nutr Rev 2001;59(3 Pt 2):S21-S39; discussion S57-S65.