Human impacts on nearshore shellfish taxa: A 7,000 year record from Santa Rosa Island, California

American Antiquity

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 735-756

  Braje, Todd J ^a   Kennett, Douglas J ^a   Erlandson, Jon M ^a   Culleton, Brendan J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36749007207     PISSN: 00027316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25470443     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Agenbroad, Larry D., John R. Johnson, Don Morris, and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr. 2005 Mammoths and Humans as Late Pleistocene Contemporaries on Santa Rosa Island. In Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Conference, edited by David K. Garcelon and Catherin A. Schwemm, pp. 3-7. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Areata, California.
2. Anderson, Atholl 1989 Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa Hunting in Prehistoric New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Arnold, Jeanne E. 1987 Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
4. 1991 Transformation of a Regional Economy: Sociopolitical Evolution and the Production of Valuables in Southern California. Antiquity 65:953-962.
5. 1992 Complex Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Prehistoric California: Chiefs, Specialists, and Maritime Adaptations of the Channel Islands. American Antiquity 57:60-84.
6. 1995 Transportation Innovation and Social Complexity among Maritime Hunter-Gatherer Societies. American Anthropologist 97:733-747.
7. 2000 The Origins of Hierarchy and the Nature of Hierarchical Structures in Prehistoric California. In Hierarchies in Action: Cui Bono?, edited by Michael W. Diehl, pp. 221-240. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Carbondale, Illinois.
8. Arnold, Jeanne E. (editor) 2001 The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
9. 2004 Foundations of Chumash Complexity. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
10. Arnold, Jeanne E., and Ann Munns 1994 Independent or Attached Specialization: The Organization of Shell Bead Production in California. Journal of Field Archaeology 21:473-489.
11. Ault, Jerald S. 1985 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Pacific Southwest), Black, Green and Red Abalones. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Biol. Rep. 82(11.32).
12. Beaton, J. M. 1991 Extensification and Intensification in Central California Prehistory. Antiquity 65(249):946-952.
13. Bemis, B. E., H. J. Spero, J. Bijima, and D. W. Lea 1998 Reevaluation of the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Planktonic Foraminifera: Experimental Results and Revised Paleotemperature Equations. Paleoceanography 13:150-160.
14. Berger, Rainer 1983 Sea Levels and Tree-Ring Calibrated Radiocarbon Dates. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology; edited by P. M. Masters and N. C. Flemming, pp. 51-61. Academic Press, New York.
15. Bettinger, Robert L, Ripan Malhi, and Helen McCarthy 1997 Central Place Models of Acorn and Mussel Processing. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:887-899.
16. Binford, Lewis R. 1978 Dimensional Analysis of Behavior and Site Structure: Learning from an Eskimo Hunting Stand. American Antiquity 43:330-361.
17. Bird, Douglas W. 1997 Behavioral Ecology and the Archaeological Consequences of Central Place Foraging Among the Meriam. In Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory in Archaeological Explanations, edited by C. Michael Barton and G. A. Clark, pp. 291-306. American Anthropological Association, Arlington, Virginia.
18. Bird, Douglas W., and Rebecca L. Bliege Bird 1997 Contemporary Shellfish Gathering Strategies among the Meriam of the Torres Strait Islands, Australia: Testing Predictions of a Central Place Foraging Model. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:39-63.
19. Botkin, Steven 1980 Effects of Human Exploitation on Shellfish Populations at Malibu Creek, California. In Modeling Change in Prehistoric Subsistence Economies, edited by T. Earle and A. Christenson, pp. 31-72. Academic Press, New York.
20. Braje, Todd J., Jon M. Erlandson, Douglas J. Kennett, and Torben C. Rick 2006 Archaeology and Marine Conservation. The SAA Archaeological Record 6(1): 14-19.
21. Braje, Todd J., Jon M. Erlandson, and Torben C. Rick 2004 An 8700 Year Old Midden from the South Coast of San Miguel Island, California. Current Research in the Pleistocene 21:24-25.
22. Broughton, Jack 1994 Declines in Mammalian Foraging Efficiency during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13:371-401.
23. 1997 Widening DietBreath, Declining Foraging Efficiency, and Prehistoric Harvest Pressure: Ichthyofaunal Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound. Antiquity 71:845-862.
24. 1999 Resource Depression and Intensification during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay. University of California Press, Berkeley.
25. Butler, Virginia L. 2000 Resource Depression on the Northwest Coast of North America. Antiquity 74:649-661.
26. Collins, Paul W. 1991 a Interaction between Island Foxes ( Urocyon littoralis) and Indians on Islands off the Coast of Southern California. I. Morphologic and Archaeological Evidence of Human Assisted Dispersal. Journal of Ethnobiology 11(1):51-81.
27. 1991b Interaction between Island Foxes ( Urocyon littoralis) and Native Americans on Islands off the Coast of Southern California. II. Ethnographic, Archaeological and Historical Evidence. Journal of Ethnobiology 11(2):205-229.
28. Colten, Roger H. 1993 Prehistoric Subsistence, Specialization, and Economy in a Southern California Chiefdom. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.
29. Colten, Roger H., and Jeanne E. Arnold 1998 Prehistoric Marine Mammal Hunting on California's Northern Channel Islands. American Antiquity 63:679-701.
30. 2000 Native Uses of Marine Mammals on Santa Cruz and San Miguel Islands. In Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium, edited by David R. Browne, Kathryn L. Mitchell, and Henry W. Chaney, pp. 623-627. U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region.
31. Cox, Keith W. 1962 California Abalones, Family Haliotidae. California Fish and Game Bulletin No. 118.
32. Crumley, Carole E. (editor) 1994a Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
33. Crumley, Carole E. 1994b Historical Ecology: A Multidimensional Ecological Orientation. In Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, edited by Carole E. Crumley, pp. 1-16. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. New Mexico.
34. de Boer, W. F. 2000 Between the Tides: The Impacts of Human Exploitation on an Intertidal Ecosystem, Mozambique. Universal Press, Veenendal, The Netherlands.
35. Dwyer, Peter D. 1985 A Hunt in New Guinea: Some Difficulties for Optimal Foraging Theory. Man 20:243-253.
36. Erlandson, Jon M. 1991 Shellfish and Seeds as Optimal Resouces: Early Holocene Subsistence on the Santa Barbara Coast. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten, pp. 89-100. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
37. 1994 Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. Plenum, New York.
38. 2001 The Archaeology of Aquatic Adaptations: Paradigms for a New Millennium. Journal of Archaeological Research 9:287-350.
39. Erlandson, Jon M., Todd J. Braje, Torben C. Rick, and Jenna E. Peterson 2005a Beads, Bifaces, and Boats: An Early Holocene Adaptation on the South Coast of San Miguel Island, California. American Anthropologist 107:677-683.
40. Erlandson, Jon M., Douglas J. Kennett, B. Lynn Ingram, Daniel A. Guthrie, Don P. Morris, Mark A. Tveskov, G. James West, and Phillip L. Walker 1996 A Radiocarbon Chronology for the Archaeology and Paleontology of Daisy Cave, San Miguel Island, California. Radiocarbon 38(2):355-373.
41. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben C. Rick, and Melissa R. Batterson 2004a Busted Balls Shell Midden (CA-SMI-606): An Early Coastal Site on San Miguel Island, California. North American Archaeologist 25(3):251-272.
42. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben C. Rick, James A. Estes, Michael H. Graham, Todd J. Braje, and René L. Vellanoweth 2005b Sea Otters, Shellfish, and Humans: A 10,000 Year Record from San Miguel Island, California. In Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Conference, edited by David K. Garcelon and Catherin A. Schwemm, pp. 9-21. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Areata, California.
43. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben C. Rick, and René L. Vellanoweth 2004b Human Impacts on Ancient Environments: A Case Study from California's Northern Channel Islands. In Voyages of Discovery: The Archaeology of Islands, edited by Scott Fitzpatrick, pp. 51-83. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.
44. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben C. Rick, René L. Vellanoweth, and Douglas J. Kennett 1999 Maritime Subsistence from a 9300 Year Old Shell Midden on Santa Rosa Island, California. Journal of Field Archaeology 26(3):255-265.
45. Erlandson, Jon M., René L. Vellanoweth, Torben C. Rick, and Melissa R. Reid 2005c Coastal Foraging at Otter Cave: A 6600 Year Old Shell Midden on San Miguel Island, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 25(1 ):69-86.
46. Foley, Robert 1985 Optimality Theory in Anthropology. Man 20:222-242.
47. Friddell, Julie E., Robert C. Thunell, Thomas P. Guilderson, and Michaele Kashgarian 2003 Increased Northeast Pacific Climatic Variability during the Warm Middle Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters 30(11): 1-4.
48. Gamble, Lynn H. 2002 Archaeological Evidence for the Origin of the Plank Canoe in North America. American Antiquity 67:301-315.
49. Glassow, Michael A. 1993 The Occurrence of Red Abalone Shells in Northern Channel Island Archaeological Middens: Implications for Climatic Reconstruction. In Third California Islands Symposium: Recent Advances in Research on the California Islands, edited by F.G. Hochberg, pp. 567-578. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
50. 1996 Purisimeño Chumash Prehistory: Maritime Adaptations Along the Southern California Coast. Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth, Texas.
51. Glassow, Michael A., and Larry Wilcoxon 1988 Coastal Adaptations near Point Conception, California, with Particular Regard to Shellfish Exploitation. American Antiquity 53:36-51.
52. Grayson, Donald K. 2001 The Archaeological Record of Human Impact on Animal Populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15:1-68.
53. Grayson, Donald K., and Françoise Delpech 1998 Changing Diet Breadth in the Early Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern France. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:1119-1129.
54. Grayson, Donald K., Françoise Delpech, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, and Jan F. Simek 2001 Explaining the Development of Dietary Dominance by a Single Ungulate Taxon at Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:115-125.
55. Gremillion, Kristen J. 2006 Central Place Foraging and Food Production on the Cumberland Plateau, Eastern Kentucky. In Behavioral Ecology and the Origins of Agriculture, edited by Douglas J. Kennett and Bruce Winterhalder, pp. 41-62. University of California Press, Berkeley.
56. Hawkes, Kristen, Kim Hill, and James R O'Connell 1982 Why Hunter-Gather: Optimal Foraging and the Ache of Eastern Paraguay. American Ethnologist 9:378-397.
57. Heusser, Linda E. 1978 Pollen in the Santa Barbara Basin, California: A 12,000 Year Record. Geological Society of America Bulletin 89:673-678.
58. Hildebrandt, William R., and Terry L. Jones 1992 Evolution of Marine Mammal Hunting: A View from the California and Oregon Coasts. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11:360-401.
59. Hubbs, Carl L. 1955 Water, Fish, and Man in Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 54:167-168.
60. Inman, Douglas 1983 Application of Coastal Dynamics to the Reconstruction of Paleocoastlines in the Vicinity of La Jolla, California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology. edited by P.M. Masters and N.C. Flemming, pp. 1-49. Academic Press, New York.
61. Jackson, Jeremy B.C., Michael X. Kirby, Wolfgang H. Berger, Karen A. Bjorndal, Louis W. Botsford, Bruce J. Bourque, Roger H. Bradbury, Richard Cooke, Jon Erlandson, James A. Estes, Terence P. Hughes, Susan Kidwell, Carina B. Lange, Hunter S. Lenihan, John M. Pandolfi, Charles H. Peterson, Robert S. Steneck, Mia J. Tegner, and Robert R. Warner 2001 Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. Science 293:629-637.
62. Jerardino, Antonieta 1995 The Problem with Density Values in Archaeological Analysis: A Case Study from Tortoise Cave, Western Cape, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 50:21-27.
63. Jochim, Michael A. 1976 Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: A Predictive Model. Academic Press, New York.
64. 1981 Strategies for Survival: Cultural Behavior in an Ecological Context. Academic Press, New York.
65. Johnson, John R., Thomas W. Stafford, Henry O. Ajie, Don P. Morris 2002 Arlington Springs Revisited. In Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium, edited by David R. Browne, Kathryn L. Mitchell, and Henry W. Chaney, pp. 541-545. U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region.
66. Jones, Philip M. 1956 Archaeological Investigation on Santa Rosa Island in 1901, edited by Robert G. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser, pp. 210-280. Anthropological Records of the University of California 17:2, Los Angeles.
67. Jones, Terry L., and William R. Hildebrandt 1995 Reasserting a Prehistoric Tragedy of the Commons: Reply to Lyman. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14(1):78-98.
68. Jones, Terry L., and Jennifer R. Richman 1995 On Mussels: Mytilus Californianus as a Prehistoric Resource. North American Archaeologist 16(1):33-58.
69. Kelly, Robert L. 1995 The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
70. Kennett, Douglas J. 2005 The Island Chumash: Behavioral Ecology of a Maritime Society. University of California Press, Berkeley.
71. Kennett, Douglas J., and Robert A. Clifford 2004 Flexible Strategies for Resource Defense on the Northern Channel Islands of California: An Actor-Based Model. In Voyages of Discovery: The Archaeology of Islands, edited by Scott Fitzpatrick, pp. 21-50. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.
72. Kennett, Douglas J., and James P. Kennett 2000 Competitive and Cooperative Responses to Climatic Instability in Southern California. American Antiquity 65:379-395.
73. Kennett, Douglas J., James P. Kennett, Jon M. Erlandson, and Kevin G. Cannariato 2007 Human Impact of Middle Holocene Climate Change on California's Channel Islands. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press.
74. Kennett, James P., and B. Lynn Ingram 1995a Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Santa Barbara Basin during the Last 20 k.y.: Marine Evidence from Hole 893A. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 146, edited by James P. Kennett, pp. 309-325. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, Texas.
75. 1995b A 20,000 Year Record of Ocean Circulation and Climate Change from Santa Barbara Basin. Nature 377:510-514
76. King, Chester D. 1990 Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts Used for Social System Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region before A.D. 1804. Garland, New York.
77. Kinlan, Brian P., Michael H. Graham, and Jon M. Erlandson 2005 Late Quaternary Changes in the Size, Shape, and Isolation of the California Islands: Ecological and Anthropological Implications. Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Symposium, Ventura, California, edited by David K. Garcelon and Catherin A. Schwemm, pp. 119-130. Institute for Wildlife Studies and National Park Service, Areata, California.
78. Kirch, Patrick V., John Flenley, David Steadman, F. Lamont, and S. Dawson 1992 Ancient Environmental Degradation. National Geographic Research and Exploration 8:166-179.
79. Klein, Robert G., and Kathryn Cruz-Uribe 1984 The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
80. Lyman, R. Lee 1982 Archaeofauna and Subsistence Studies. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 5:331-393.
81. MacArthur, Robert H., and Eric R. Pianka 1966 On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment. American Naturalist 100(916):603-609.
82. Madsen, David B., and Dave N. Schmitt 1998 Mass Collecting and the Diet Breadth Model: A Great Basin Example. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:445-455.
83. Meehan, Betty 1982 Shell Bed to Shell Midden. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.
84. Moss, Madonna L. 1989 Cultural Ecology of the Prehistoric Angoon Tlingit. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.
85. 1993 Shellfish, Gender, and Status on the Northwest Coast: Reconciling Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistorical Records of the Tlingit. American Anthropologist 95:631-652.
86. Nagaoka, Lisa 2002 The Effects of Resource Depression on Foraging Efficiency, Diet Breadth, and Patch Use in Southern New Zealand. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21:419-442.
87. O'Connell, James F., and Kristen Hawkes 1988 Hadza Hunting, Butchering, and Bone Transport and their Archaeological Implications. Journal of Anthropological Research 44(2):113-161.
88. Ogden, Adele 1941 The California Sea Otter Trade 1784-1848. University of California Publications in History 26, Berkeley.
89. Orr, Phil C. 1968 Prehistory of Santa Rosa Island. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.
90. Pauly, Daniel, Villy Christensen, Johanne Dalsgaard, Rainer Froese, and Francisco Torres Jr. 1998 Fishing Down Marine Food Webs. Science 279(5352):860-863.
91. Pew Oceans Commission 2003 America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change. A Report to the Nation. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, VA.
92. Raab, L. Mark 1992 An Optimal Foraging Analysis of Prehistoric Shellfish Collecting on San demente Island, California. Journal of Ethnobiology 12:63-80.
93. Redman, Charles L. 1999 Human Impact on Ancient Environments. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
94. Redman, Charles L., Steven R. James, Paul Fish, and J. Daniel Rogers (editors) 2004 The Archaeology of Global Change: The Impact of Humans on their Environment. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
95. Rick, Torben C. 2004 Daily Activities, Community Dynamics, and Historical Ecology on California's Northern Channel Islands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
96. Rick, Torben C., and Jon M. Erlandson (editors) 2007 Ancient Human Impacts on Marine Environments. University of California Press, Berkeley, in press.
97. Rick, Torben C., Jon M. Erlandson, René L. Vellanoweth, and Todd J. Braje 2005 From Pleistocene Mariners to Complex HunterGatherers: The Archaeology of the California Channel Islands. Journal of World Prehistory 19:169-228.
98. Rick, Torben C., René L. Vellanoweth, Jon M. Erlandson, and Douglas J. Kennett 2002 On the Antiquity of the Single-Piece Shell Fishhook: AMS Radiocarbon Evidence from the Southern California Coast. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:933-942.
99. Reitz, Elizabeth J., and Elizabeth S. Wing 1999 Zooarchaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
100. Schoenherr, Allan A., C. Robert Feldmeth, and Michael J. Emerson 1999 Natural History of the Islands of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
101. Shannon, Claude Elwood, and Warren Weaver 1949 The Mathematical Theory of Communication. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
102. Sharp, John T. 2000 Shellfish Analysis from the Punta Arena Site, a Middle Holocene Red Abalone Midden on Santa Cruz Island. California. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.
103. Smith, Erik Alden 1991 Inujjuamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology ofan Arctic Hunting Economy. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
104. Steadman, David 1989 Extinction of Birds in Eastern Polynesia: A Review of the Record, and Comparisons with other Pacific Island Groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:177-205.
105. Thomas, Frank R. 2001 Mollusk Habitats and Fisheries in Kiribati: An Assessment from the Gilbert Islands. Pacific Science 55:77-97.
106. Ugan, Andrew 2005 Does Size Matter? Body Size, Mass Collecting, and their Implications for Understanding Prehistoric Foraging Behavior. American Antiquity 70:75-89.
107. van der Leeuw, Sander, and Charles L. Redman 2002 Placing Archaeology at the Center of Socionatural Studies. American Antiquity 67:597-605.
108. Vellanoweth, René L. 1998 Earliest Island Fox Remains on the Southern Channel Islands: Evidence from San Nicolas Island, California. Journal of California Great Basin Anthropology 20(1):100-108.
109. Walker, Phillip L., Douglas J. Kennett, Terry L. Jones, and Robert Delong 2000 Archaeological Investigations of the Point Bennett Pinniped Rookery on San Miguel Island. In The Fifth California Islands Symposium, edited by David R. Browne, Kathryn L. Mitchell, and Henry W Chaney, pp. 628-632. U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region.
110. Winterhalder, Bruce 1986 Diet Choice, Risk, and Food Sharing in a Stochastic Environment. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5:369-392.
111. 1994 Concepts in Historical Ecology: The View from Evolutionary Theory. In Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, edited by Carole E. Crumley, pp. 17-42. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
112. Winterhalder, Brace, W. Baillargeon, F Cappelleto, R. Daniel, and C. Prescott 1988 The Population Dynamics of Hunter-Gatherers and their Prey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7:289-328.
113. Winterhalder, Bruce, and Flora Lu 1997 A Forager-Resource Population Ecology Model and Implications for Indigenous Conservation. Conservation Biology 11(6):1354-1364.
114. Winterhalder, Bruce, and Eric Alden Smith 1992 Evolutionary Ecology and the Social Sciences. In Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, edited by Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder, pp. 3-24. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
115. 2000 Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty-Five. Evolutionary Anthropology 9(2):51-72.
116. Yellen, John E. 1977 Long Term Hunter-Gatherer Adaptation to Desert Environments: A Biogeographical Perspective. World Archaeology 8(3):262-274.
117. York, Andrew L. 1996 An Archaeological Survey of Jolla Vieja Canyon Santa Rosa Island, California. Unpublished report submitted to Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, California.