Effects of wide spacing and thinning strategies on wood quality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in southern Sweden

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 333-343

  Pfister, Oriana ^a   Wallentin, Cristofer ^a   Nilsson, Urban ^a   Ekö, Per Magnus ^a  

^a SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Initial density; Thinning from above; Thinning from below; Timber quality

Indexed keywords

HARVESTING; QUALITY CONTROL; WOOD PRODUCTS;

INITIAL DENSITY; TIMBER QUALITY;

FORESTRY;

FORESTRY; HARVESTING; PICEA ABIES; SWEDEN; WOOD PROPERTIES;

PICEA ABIES;

EID: 36649033286     PISSN: 02827581     EISSN: 16511891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02827580701504951     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Agestam, E., Ekö, P.-M. & Johansson, U. (1998). Timber quality and volume growth in naturally regenerated and planted Scots pine stands in S. W. Sweden. Studia Forestalia, 204, 1-17.
2. Blackburn, P. & Petty, J. A. (1988). Theoretical calculations of the influence of spacing on stand stability. Forestry, 61, 235-244.
3. Braathe, P. (1952). The effect of different spacing upon stand development and yield in forests of Norway spruce. Reports of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute, 11, 426-469. (In Norwegian with English abstract.)
4. Braathe, P. (1957). Thinning in even-aged stands - A summary of European literature (pp. 1-92). Fredericton: Faculty of Forestry, University of New Brunswick.
5. Brandel, G. (1990). Volume functions for individual trees (Report No. 26). Department of Forest Yield Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
6. Bryndum, H. (1978). Hugstforøk i ung rødgran på leret morænjord [Thinning experiment in young Norway spruce on clay-rich-moraine soils]. Det Forstlige Forsøgsvæsen i Danmark 36, 1-180. (In Danish with German abstract.)
7. Deleuze, C., Hervé, J.-C., Colin, F. & Ribeyrolles, L. (1996). Modelling crown shape of Picea abies: Spacing effects. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26, 1957-1966.
8. Eide, E. & Langsæter, A. (1941). Produksjonsundersø kelser i granskog [Investigations of production in Norway spruce]. Meddelelser fra Det Norske Skogsforsøksvesen, 7, 357-457. (In Norwegian with German abstract.)
9. Ekö, P.-M. & Klang, F. (2000). Variation of tree properties within stands of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris at the time of first thinning. In F. Klang (Ed.), The influence of silvicultural practices on tree properties in Norway spruce. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Suecia, Silvestria, 128. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp.
10. Eriksson, H. & Karlsson, K. (1997). Effects of different thinning and fertilization regimes on the development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in long term silvicultural trials in Sweden (Report No. 42, p. 135). Uppsala: Department of Forest Yield Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
11. Fahlvik, N. & Nyström, K. (2006). Models for predicting individual tree height increment and tree diameter in young stands in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 21(Suppl. 7), 16-28.
12. Fröding, A. (1992). Thinning damage - A study of 403 stands in Sweden in 1988 (Report No. 193). Garpenberg: Department of Operational Efficiency, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
13. Gardiner, B. A. & Quine, P. (2000). Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage - A review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds. Forest Ecology and Management, 135, 261-277.
14. Hägglund, B. (1973). Site index curves for Norway spruce in southern Sweden (Research Notes 24). Stockholm: Royal College of Forestry. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
15. Hamilton, G. J. & Christie, J. M. (1974). Influence of spacing on crop characteristics and yield. Forestry Commission Bulletin, 52, 1-91.
16. Handler, M. M. (1988). Spacing experiment with Picea abies. Density, increment, diameter distribution and quality. Experiment 928, Mathiesen-Eidsvold Værk, Hurdal. Norwegian Forest Research Institute, 1/88, 1-20. (In Norwegian with English abstract.)
17. Handler, M. M. & Jakobsen, B. (1986). Recent Danish spacing experiments with Norway spruce. Danish Forest Experiment Station, 40, 359-442. (In Danish with English abstract.)
18. Hannelius, S. (1978). Initial tree spacing in Norway spruce timber growing - An appraisal of yield and profitability. Folia Forestalia, 359, 1-51. (In Finnish with English abstract.)
19. Høibø, O. A. (1991a). The quality of wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) planted with different spacing. Doctor Scientiarum thesis 13. Department of Forestry, Agricultural University of Norway. (In Norwegian with English abstract.)
20. Høibø, O. A. (1991b). The relationship between timber quality and spacing of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). In O. A. Høibø (Ed.), The quality of wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) planted with different spacing. Doctor Scientiarum thesis 13. Department of Forestry, Agricultural University of Norway. (In Norwegian with English abstract.)
21. Johansson, K. (1992). Effects of initial spacing on the stem and branch properties and graded quality of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 7, 503-514.
22. Johansson, K. & Pettersson, N. (1996). Effect of initial spacing on biomass production, butt rot frequency and graded yield of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Forest and Landscape Research, 1, 381-397.
23. Kenk, G. (1990). Wide spacing in Norway spruce stands, development and consequences. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 109, 86-100. (In German with English abstract.)
24. Klang, F. (2000). Tree properties and yield of naturally regenerated and planted Norway spruce. In F. Klang (Ed.), The influence of silvicultural practices on tree properties in Norway spruce. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Suecia, Silvestria, 128. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp.
25. Klang, F., Agestam, E. & Ekö, P.-M. (2000). Effects of different selection methods in thinning on tree properties in Picea abies. In F. Klang (Ed.), The influence of silvicultural practices on tree properties in Norway spruce. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Suecia, Silvestria, 128. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp.
26. Kramer, H. (1966). Crown development in conifer stands in Scotland as influenced by initial spacing and subsequent thinning treatment. Forestry, 39, 40-58.
27. Kramer, H. (1980). Tending and stability of Norway spruce stands. In Stability of spruce forest ecosystem (pp. 121-133). Proceedings of an international symposium, Institute of Forest Ecology, Brno, Czechoslovakia, 29 October-2 November 1979.
28. Lohmander, P. & Helles, F. (1987). Windthrow probability as a function of stand characteristics and shelter. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2, 227-238.
29. MacDonald, E. & Hubert, J. (2002). A review of the effects of silviculture on timber quality of Sitka spruce. Forestry, 75, 107-138.
30. Madsen, T. L., Moltesen, P. & Olesen, P. O. (1978). The influence of thinning degree on basic density, production of dry matter, branch thickness and number of branches of Norway spruce. Danish Forest Experiment Station, 36, 181-203.
31. Mäkinen, H. & Isomäki, A. (2004a). Thinning intensity and growth of Norway spruce stands in Finland. Forestry, 77, 349-364.
32. Mäkinen, H. & Isomäki, A. (2004b ). Thinning intensity and long-term changes in increment and stem form of Norway spruce trees. Forest Ecology and Management, 201, 295-309.
33. Merkel, O. (1967). The effect of tree spacing on branch sizes in spruce. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 138, 113-125. (In German with English abstract.)
34. Moltesen, P., Madsen, T. L. & Olesen, P. O. (1985). The influence of spacing on the production of dry matter and wood quality of Norway spruce. Danish Forest Experiment Station, 40, 53-76. (In Danish with English abstract.)
35. Nylinder, P. (1958). A study on quality production. Statens Skogsforskningsinstitut. Uppsatser, 64, 19. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
36. Orlic, S. (1987). Influence of spacing on height and diameter growth of Norway spruce on meliorative pseudogley. In H. Knutell (Ed.), Proceedings of the Meeting of IUFRO Project Group P4.02 and Subject Group S1.05-05, Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark), 9-18 June (pp. 274-292). Garpenberg: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
37. Øyen, B.-H., Øen, S. & Skatter, J. (2001). Development and financial aspects of a spruce plantation in W. Norway - A spacing experiment. Rapport fra skogforskningen, 8/01, 1-19. (In Norwegian with English abstract.)
38. Persson, P. (1972). Stand treatment and damage by wind and snow - Survey of younger thinning experiments (Research Notes No. 23). Department of Forest Yield Research, Royal College of Forestry. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
39. Persson, A. (1994). Stem cracks in Norway spruce in southern Scandinavia: Causes and consequences. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 51, 315-327.
40. Pettersson, N. (1992). The effect of spacing on volume and structure in planted Scots pine and Norway spruce stands (Report No. 30). Department of Forest Yield Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
41. Prescher, F. & Ståhl, E. G. (1986). The effect of provenance and spacing on stem straightness and number of spike knots of Scots pine in south and central Sweden. Studia Forestalia Suecica, 172, 1-12.
42. Sjolte-Jørgensen, J. (1967). The influence of spacing on the growth and development of coniferous plantations. International Review of Forestry Research, 2, 43-94.
43. Snedecor, G. W. & Cochran, W. G. (1967). Statistical methods (6th ed.). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
44. Venn, K. & Solheim, H. (1994). Root and butt rot in first generation of Norway spruce affected by spacing and thinning. In M. Johansson & J. Stenlid (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Root and Butt Rots, Wik, Sweden, and Haikko, Finland, 9-16 August 1993 (pp. 642-645). Uppsala: University of Agricultural Sciences.
45. Vestøl, G. I., Colin, F. & Loubére, M. (1999). Influence of progeny and initial stand density on the relationship between diameter at breast height and knot diameter of Picea abies. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14, 470-480.
46. Vollbrecht, G. & Agestam, E. (1995). Modelling incidence of root rot in Picea abies plantations in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 10, 74-81.
47. Wiksten, Å. (1965). A spacing experiment with planted Norway spruce (Research Notes No. 7). Department of Forest Yield Research, Royal College of Forestry. (In Swedish with English abstract.)
48. Zobel, B. J. & van Buijtenen, J. P. (1989). Wood variation. Its causes and control. Berlin: Springer.