메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 1605-1614

Assessing accuracy of point fire intervals across landscapes with simulation modelling

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION; FORESTRY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

EID: 36549070572     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/X07-013     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (52)
  • 2
    • 36549043299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arno, S.F., and Sneck, K.M. 1977. A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests of the mountain west. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-48.
    • Arno, S.F., and Sneck, K.M. 1977. A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests of the mountain west. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-48.
  • 3
    • 0024934123 scopus 로고
    • Effect of scale and spatial heterogeneity on fire-interval distributions
    • Baker, W.L. 1989. Effect of scale and spatial heterogeneity on fire-interval distributions. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 700-706.
    • (1989) Can. J. For. Res , vol.19 , pp. 700-706
    • Baker, W.L.1
  • 4
    • 33748421498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history in ponderosa pine landscapes of Grand Canyon National Park: Is it reliable enough for management and restoration?
    • doi:10. 1071/WF06047
    • Baker, W.L. 2006. Fire history in ponderosa pine landscapes of Grand Canyon National Park: is it reliable enough for management and restoration? Int. J. Wildland Fire, 15: 433-437. doi:10. 1071/WF06047.
    • (2006) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.15 , pp. 433-437
    • Baker, W.L.1
  • 5
    • 0034841624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in surface-fire history: The case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States
    • doi:10.1139/cjfr-31-7-1205
    • Baker, W.L., and Ehle, D. 2001. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 1205-1226. doi:10.1139/cjfr-31-7-1205.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res , vol.31 , pp. 1205-1226
    • Baker, W.L.1    Ehle, D.2
  • 6
    • 0018921952 scopus 로고
    • Optimal interpolation and isarithmic mapping of soil properties I. The semi-variogram and punctual kriging
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1980.tb02084. x
    • Burgess, T.M., and Webster, M.R. 1980. Optimal interpolation and isarithmic mapping of soil properties I. The semi-variogram and punctual kriging. J. Soil Sci. 31: 315-331. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1980.tb02084. x.
    • (1980) J. Soil Sci , vol.31 , pp. 315-331
    • Burgess, T.M.1    Webster, M.R.2
  • 7
    • 0031450703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting late-successional fire refugia pre-dating European settlement in the Wenatchee Mountains
    • doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00006- 6
    • Camp, A., Oliver, C., Hessburg, P., and Everett, R. 1997. Predicting late-successional fire refugia pre-dating European settlement in the Wenatchee Mountains. For. Ecol. Manag. 95: 63-77. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00006- 6.
    • (1997) For. Ecol. Manag , vol.95 , pp. 63-77
    • Camp, A.1    Oliver, C.2    Hessburg, P.3    Everett, R.4
  • 8
    • 0025205643 scopus 로고
    • Fire and climate change during the last 750 years in northwestern
    • doi:10. 2307/1943042
    • Clark, J.S. 1990. Fire and climate change during the last 750 years in northwestern Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 60: 135-159. doi:10. 2307/1943042.
    • (1990) Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr , vol.60 , pp. 135-159
    • Clark, J.S.1
  • 9
    • 0023470282 scopus 로고
    • Fire and the forest history of the North Cascade range
    • doi:10.2307/1938350
    • Cwynar, L.C. 1987. Fire and the forest history of the North Cascade range. Ecology, 68: 791-802. doi:10.2307/1938350.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 791-802
    • Cwynar, L.C.1
  • 10
    • 36549033135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dieterich, J.H. 1980. The composite fire interval: a tool for more accurate interpretation of fire history. In Proc. of Fire History Workshop. Edited by M.A. Stokes and J.H. Dieterich. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. pp. 8-14.
    • Dieterich, J.H. 1980. The composite fire interval: a tool for more accurate interpretation of fire history. In Proc. of Fire History Workshop. Edited by M.A. Stokes and J.H. Dieterich. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. pp. 8-14.
  • 11
    • 0021626859 scopus 로고
    • Dendrochronology of a fire-scarred ponderosa pine
    • Dieterich, J.H., and Swetnam, T.W. 1984. Dendrochronology of a fire-scarred ponderosa pine. For. Sci. 30: 238-247.
    • (1984) For. Sci , vol.30 , pp. 238-247
    • Dieterich, J.H.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 14
    • 0042706237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing fire regimes on Grand Canyon landscapes with fire-scar and fire-record data
    • doi:10.1071/WF02060
    • Fulé, P.Z., Heinlein, T.A., Covington, W.W., and Moore, M.M. 2003. Assessing fire regimes on Grand Canyon landscapes with fire-scar and fire-record data. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 12: 129-145. doi:10.1071/WF02060.
    • (2003) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.12 , pp. 129-145
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Heinlein, T.A.2    Covington, W.W.3    Moore, M.M.4
  • 15
    • 33748424102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire histories in ponderosa pine forests of Grand Canyon are well supported: Reply to Baker
    • doi:10.1071/WF06048
    • Fulé, P.Z., Heinlein, T.A., and Covington, W.W. 2006. Fire histories in ponderosa pine forests of Grand Canyon are well supported: reply to Baker. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 15: 439-445. doi:10.1071/WF06048.
    • (2006) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.15 , pp. 439-445
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Heinlein, T.A.2    Covington, W.W.3
  • 17
    • 0034761389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 5000-year record of disturbance and vegetation change in riparian forests of the Queets River, Washington, USA
    • Greenwald, D.N., and Brubaker, L.B. 2001. A 5000-year record of disturbance and vegetation change in riparian forests of the Queets River, Washington, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 1375-1385.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res , vol.31 , pp. 1375-1385
    • Greenwald, D.N.1    Brubaker, L.B.2
  • 18
    • 0033259548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling fire interval data from the American Southwest with the Weibull distribution
    • doi:10.1071/WF99004
    • Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 1999. Modeling fire interval data from the American Southwest with the Weibull distribution. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 9: 37-50. doi:10.1071/WF99004.
    • (1999) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.9 , pp. 37-50
    • Grissino-Mayer, H.D.1
  • 20
    • 0242584436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 000 years of fire history and climate in the mountain hemlock rain forests of southwestern British Columbia based on sedimentary charcoal
    • doi:10. 1139/x02-177
    • Hallett, D.J., Lepofsky, D.S., Mathewes, R.W., and Lertzman, K.P. 2003. 11 000 years of fire history and climate in the mountain hemlock rain forests of southwestern British Columbia based on sedimentary charcoal. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 292-312. doi:10. 1139/x02-177.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res , vol.33 , pp. 292-312
    • Hallett, D.J.1    Lepofsky, D.S.2    Mathewes, R.W.3    Lertzman, K.P.4
  • 21
    • 36549077999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heyerdahl, E.K., and Alvarado, E. 2003. Influence of climate and land use on historical surface fires in pine-oak forests, Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. In Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas. Edited by T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 196-217. Data archived with the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Co. (mxajt001). Available from http://www.ncdc.noaa. gov/paleo/impd/paleofire.html.
    • Heyerdahl, E.K., and Alvarado, E. 2003. Influence of climate and land use on historical surface fires in pine-oak forests, Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. In Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas. Edited by T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 196-217. Data archived with the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Co. (mxajt001). Available from http://www.ncdc.noaa. gov/paleo/impd/paleofire.html.
  • 22
    • 0035108929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heyerdahl, E.K., Brubaker, L.B., and Agee, J.K. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA. Ecology, 82: 660-678. Data archived with the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Col. (usbcw001. usdcr001, usirc001). Available from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ paleo/impd/paleofire.html.
    • Heyerdahl, E.K., Brubaker, L.B., and Agee, J.K. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA. Ecology, 82: 660-678. Data archived with the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Col. (usbcw001. usdcr001, usirc001). Available from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ paleo/impd/paleofire.html.
  • 23
    • 33745220542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heyerdahl, E.K., Miller, R.F., and Parsons, R.A. 2006. History of fire and Douglas-fir establishment in a savanna and sagebrush-grassland mosaic, southwestern Montana, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 230: 107-118. Data archived with the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Colorado, USA (usbgh001). Available from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/impd/paleofire.html.
    • Heyerdahl, E.K., Miller, R.F., and Parsons, R.A. 2006. History of fire and Douglas-fir establishment in a savanna and sagebrush-grassland mosaic, southwestern Montana, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 230: 107-118. Data archived with the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database at the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Colorado, USA (usbgh001). Available from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/impd/paleofire.html.
  • 25
    • 0000864545 scopus 로고
    • Fire recurrence in the subarctic and its implications for forest composition
    • Johnson, E.A. 1979. Fire recurrence in the subarctic and its implications for forest composition. Can. J. Bot. 57: 1374-1379.
    • (1979) Can. J. Bot , vol.57 , pp. 1374-1379
    • Johnson, E.A.1
  • 26
    • 0028154607 scopus 로고
    • Fire frequency models, methods and interpretations
    • Johnson, E.A., and Gutsell, S.L. 1994. Fire frequency models, methods and interpretations. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25: 239-287.
    • (1994) Adv. Ecol. Res , vol.25 , pp. 239-287
    • Johnson, E.A.1    Gutsell, S.L.2
  • 27
    • 0022203234 scopus 로고
    • The theory and use of two fire history models
    • Johnson, E.A., and Van Wagner, C.E. 1985. The theory and use of two fire history models. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 214-220.
    • (1985) Can. J. For. Res , vol.15 , pp. 214-220
    • Johnson, E.A.1    Van Wagner, C.E.2
  • 28
    • 0037093909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: Limitations of the simulation approach
    • doi:10. 1016/S0304-3800(01)00470-7
    • Keane, R.E., Parsons, R., and Hessburg, P. 2002. Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: limitations of the simulation approach. Ecol. Model. 151: 29-49. doi:10. 1016/S0304-3800(01)00470-7.
    • (2002) Ecol. Model , vol.151 , pp. 29-49
    • Keane, R.E.1    Parsons, R.2    Hessburg, P.3
  • 29
    • 0000538528 scopus 로고
    • Fire history of a sequoia - mixed conifer forest
    • doi:10.2307/ 1936475
    • Kilgore, B.M., and Taylor, D. 1979. Fire history of a sequoia - mixed conifer forest. Ecology, 60: 129-142. doi:10.2307/ 1936475.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 129-142
    • Kilgore, B.M.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 30
    • 33746147386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A landscape model quantifies error in reconstructing fire history from scars
    • Kou, X., and Baker, W.L. 2006. A landscape model quantifies error in reconstructing fire history from scars. Landscape Ecol. 21: 735-745.
    • (2006) Landscape Ecol , vol.21 , pp. 735-745
    • Kou, X.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 31
    • 36549054544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lertzman, K.Fall, J., and Dorner, B. 1998. Three kinds of heterogeneity in fire regimes: at the crossroads of fire history and landscape ecology. Northwest Sci. 72: 4-23.
    • Lertzman, K.Fall, J., and Dorner, B. 1998. Three kinds of heterogeneity in fire regimes: at the crossroads of fire history and landscape ecology. Northwest Sci. 72: 4-23.
  • 32
    • 0037102654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of fire frequency and fire cycle: A computational perspective
    • doi:10.1016/ S0304-3800(02)00069-8
    • Li, C. 2002. Estimation of fire frequency and fire cycle: a computational perspective. Ecol. Model. 154: 103-120. doi:10.1016/ S0304-3800(02)00069-8.
    • (2002) Ecol. Model , vol.154 , pp. 103-120
    • Li, C.1
  • 33
    • 0035609639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McCarthy, M.A., Gill, A.M., and Bradstock, R.A. 2001. 2001. Theoretical fire interval distributions. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 10: 73-77. doi:10.1071/WF01013.
    • McCarthy, M.A., Gill, A.M., and Bradstock, R.A. 2001. 2001. Theoretical fire interval distributions. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 10: 73-77. doi:10.1071/WF01013.
  • 34
    • 36549081773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merrill, D.F., and Alexander, M.E. (Editors). 1987. Glossary of forest fire management terms. 4th ed. Publication NRCC No. 26516. National Research Council of Canada, Canadian Committee on Forest Fire Management, Ottawa, Ont.
    • Merrill, D.F., and Alexander, M.E. (Editors). 1987. Glossary of forest fire management terms. 4th ed. Publication NRCC No. 26516. National Research Council of Canada, Canadian Committee on Forest Fire Management, Ottawa, Ont.
  • 35
    • 0033198056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling fire return interval T: Stochasticity and censoring in the two-parameter Weibull model
    • Polakow, D.A., and Dunne, T.T. 1999. Modelling fire return interval T: stochasticity and censoring in the two-parameter Weibull model. Ecol. Model. 1999: 79-102.
    • (1999) Ecol. Model , vol.1999 , pp. 79-102
    • Polakow, D.A.1    Dunne, T.T.2
  • 36
    • 36549078464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., and Flannery, B.P. 1992. Numerical recipes in C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
    • Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., and Flannery, B.P. 1992. Numerical recipes in C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
  • 37
    • 0001205666 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the historic probability of stand-replacement fire using the age-class distribution of undisturbed forest
    • Reed, W.J. 1994. Estimating the historic probability of stand-replacement fire using the age-class distribution of undisturbed forest. For. Sci. 40: 104-119.
    • (1994) For. Sci , vol.40 , pp. 104-119
    • Reed, W.J.1
  • 38
    • 14844300197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for estimating historical fire frequency from multiple fire-scar data
    • doi:10.1139/x04-110
    • Reed, W.J., and Johnson, E.A. 2004. Statistical methods for estimating historical fire frequency from multiple fire-scar data. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 2306-2313. doi:10.1139/x04-110.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res , vol.34 , pp. 2306-2313
    • Reed, W.J.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 39
    • 0031668510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of temporal variations in historical fire frequency from Time-Since-Fire map data
    • Reed, W.J., Larsen, C.P.S., Johnson, E.A., and MacDonald, G.M. 1997. Estimation of temporal variations in historical fire frequency from Time-Since-Fire map data. For. Sci. 44: 465-475.
    • (1997) For. Sci , vol.44 , pp. 465-475
    • Reed, W.J.1    Larsen, C.P.S.2    Johnson, E.A.3    MacDonald, G.M.4
  • 40
    • 36549062320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Romme, W. H. 1980. Fire history terminology: report of the ad hoc committee. In Proceedings of Fire History Workshop. Edited by M. A. Stokes and J. H. Dieterich. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. pp 135-137.
    • Romme, W. H. 1980. Fire history terminology: report of the ad hoc committee. In Proceedings of Fire History Workshop. Edited by M. A. Stokes and J. H. Dieterich. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. pp 135-137.
  • 41
    • 0023470157 scopus 로고
    • Biharmonic spline interpolation of GEOS-3 and SEASAT altimeter data
    • Sandwell, D.T. 1987. Biharmonic spline interpolation of GEOS-3 and SEASAT altimeter data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2: 139-142.
    • (1987) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.2 , pp. 139-142
    • Sandwell, D.T.1
  • 42
    • 36549035591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS (r) PROC NLIN. Proprietary software release 6.11. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, N.C
    • SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS (r) PROC NLIN. Proprietary software release 6.11. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
  • 43
    • 0035603298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history differences in adjacent Jeffrey pine and upper montane forests in the eastern Sierra Nevada
    • doi:10.1071/WF01008
    • Stephens, S.L. 2001. Fire history differences in adjacent Jeffrey pine and upper montane forests in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 10: 161-167. doi:10.1071/WF01008.
    • (2001) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.10 , pp. 161-167
    • Stephens, S.L.1
  • 44
    • 0000314538 scopus 로고
    • Inductions of vertical zones in sub-alpine valley forests by avalanche-formed fuel breaks
    • doi:10.1007/BF00141592
    • Suffling, R. 1993. Inductions of vertical zones in sub-alpine valley forests by avalanche-formed fuel breaks. Landscape Ecol. 8: 127-138. doi:10.1007/BF00141592.
    • (1993) Landscape Ecol , vol.8 , pp. 127-138
    • Suffling, R.1
  • 45
    • 0041959637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring reconstructions of fire and climate history in the Sierra Nevada and southwestern United States
    • Edited by T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp
    • Swetnam, T.W., and Baisan, C.H. 2003. Tree-ring reconstructions of fire and climate history in the Sierra Nevada and southwestern United States. In Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas. Edited by T.T. Veblen, W.L. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 158-196.
    • (2003) Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas , pp. 158-196
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Baisan, C.H.2
  • 46
    • 0025691799 scopus 로고
    • Fire - Southern Oscillation relations in the southwestern United States
    • doi:10.1126/science.249.4972. 1017
    • Swetnam, T.W., and Betancourt, J.L. 1990. Fire - Southern Oscillation relations in the southwestern United States. Science (Wash., D.C.), 249: 1017-1020. doi:10.1126/science.249.4972. 1017.
    • (1990) Science (Wash., D.C.) , vol.249 , pp. 1017-1020
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 47
    • 33746087061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing methods of reconstructing fire history using fire scars in a southwestern United States ponderosa pine forest
    • doi:10.1139/X05-289
    • Van Horne, M.L., and Fulé, P.Z. 2006. Comparing methods of reconstructing fire history using fire scars in a southwestern United States ponderosa pine forest. Can. J. For. Res. 36: 855-867. doi:10.1139/X05-289.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res , vol.36 , pp. 855-867
    • Van Horne, M.L.1    Fulé, P.Z.2
  • 48
    • 36549029664 scopus 로고
    • Conservation and stewardship of tree-ring study resources: Living trees and sub-fossil wood
    • Van Pelt, N.S., and Swetnam, T.W. 1990. Conservation and stewardship of tree-ring study resources: living trees and sub-fossil wood. Nat. Areas J. 10: 19-27.
    • (1990) Nat. Areas J , vol.10 , pp. 19-27
    • Van Pelt, N.S.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 49
    • 0000279467 scopus 로고
    • Age class distributions and forest fire cycle
    • Van Wagner, C.E. 1978. Age class distributions and forest fire cycle. Can. J. For. Res. 8: 220-227.
    • (1978) Can. J. For. Res , vol.8 , pp. 220-227
    • Van Wagner, C.E.1
  • 50
    • 84970617953 scopus 로고
    • Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire
    • doi:10.1071/BT9680499
    • Vines, R.G. 1968. Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire. Aust. J. Bot. 16: 499-514. doi:10.1071/BT9680499.
    • (1968) Aust. J. Bot , vol.16 , pp. 499-514
    • Vines, R.G.1
  • 51
    • 0034954640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire dating from tree rings in western cascades Douglas-fir forests: An error analysis
    • Weisburg, P.J., and Swanson, F.J. 2001. Fire dating from tree rings in western cascades Douglas-fir forests: an error analysis. Northwest Sci. 75: 145-156.
    • (2001) Northwest Sci , vol.75 , pp. 145-156
    • Weisburg, P.J.1    Swanson, F.J.2
  • 52
    • 36549000102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LANDFIRE Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project
    • Wildland Fire Research Council, Available from, accessed 25 April
    • Wildland Fire Research Council. 2006. LANDFIRE Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project. Executive Charter. Available from http://www.landfire.gov [accessed 25 April 2006].
    • (2006) Executive Charter


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.