메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 711-734

Biological matrices for the evaluation of in utero exposure to drugs of abuse

Author keywords

Biological matrices; Drugs of abuse; Exposure; Fetus

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; ARECOLINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; METHADONE; OPIATE; PHENCYCLIDINE; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

EID: 36549049511     PISSN: 01634356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e31815c14ce     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (150)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 1042266420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine effects on the developing brain: Current status
    • Harvey JA. Cocaine effects on the developing brain: current status. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004;27:751-764.
    • (2004) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.27 , pp. 751-764
    • Harvey, J.A.1
  • 2
    • 17844371053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postnatal consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure and myocardial apoptosis: Does cocaine in utero imperil the adult heart?
    • Feng Q. Postnatal consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure and myocardial apoptosis: does cocaine in utero imperil the adult heart? Br J Pharmacol. 2005;144:887-888.
    • (2005) Br J Pharmacol , vol.144 , pp. 887-888
    • Feng, Q.1
  • 3
    • 0002804526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative testing matrices
    • S. Karch, ed, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;
    • Huestis MA, Cone EJ. Alternative testing matrices. In: S. Karch, ed. Drug Abuse Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1998:799-857.
    • (1998) Drug Abuse Handbook , pp. 799-857
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Cone, E.J.2
  • 4
    • 0037077803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug abuse's smallest victims: In utero drug exposure
    • Huestis MA, Choo RE. Drug abuse's smallest victims: in utero drug exposure. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;128:20-30.
    • (2002) Forensic Sci Int , vol.128 , pp. 20-30
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Choo, R.E.2
  • 5
    • 0029414505 scopus 로고
    • Placental permeability for drugs of abuse and their metabolites
    • Olsen GD. Placental permeability for drugs of abuse and their metabolites. NIDA Res Monogr. 1995;154:152-162.
    • (1995) NIDA Res Monogr , vol.154 , pp. 152-162
    • Olsen, G.D.1
  • 6
    • 0026279264 scopus 로고
    • Placental toxicology: Tobacco smoke, abused drugs, multiple chemical interactions, and placental function
    • Sastry BV. Placental toxicology: tobacco smoke, abused drugs, multiple chemical interactions, and placental function. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1991;3:355-372.
    • (1991) Reprod Fertil Dev , vol.3 , pp. 355-372
    • Sastry, B.V.1
  • 7
    • 3042591070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placental handling of fatty acid ethyl esters: Perfusion and subcellular studies
    • Chan D, Knie B, Boskovic R, et al. Placental handling of fatty acid ethyl esters: perfusion and subcellular studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;310:75-82.
    • (2004) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.310 , pp. 75-82
    • Chan, D.1    Knie, B.2    Boskovic, R.3
  • 8
    • 17644376836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human placenta: A human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring
    • Myllynen P. Human placenta: a human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring. Placenta. 2005;26:361-371.
    • (2005) Placenta , vol.26 , pp. 361-371
    • Myllynen, P.1
  • 9
    • 0024520126 scopus 로고
    • Effect of chronic maternal drug addiction on placental drug metabolism
    • Ostrea E, Porter T, Balun J, et al. Effect of chronic maternal drug addiction on placental drug metabolism. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1989;12:42-48.
    • (1989) Dev Pharmacol Ther , vol.12 , pp. 42-48
    • Ostrea, E.1    Porter, T.2    Balun, J.3
  • 10
  • 11
    • 33644838239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Areca-nut abuse and neonatal withdrawal syndrome
    • Lopez-Vilchez MA, Seidel V, Farre M, et al. Areca-nut abuse and neonatal withdrawal syndrome. Pediatrics. 2006;117:129-131.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117 , pp. 129-131
    • Lopez-Vilchez, M.A.1    Seidel, V.2    Farre, M.3
  • 13
    • 0029882133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs monitoring in non-conventional biological fluids and matrices
    • Pichini S, Altieri I, Zuccaro P, et al. Drugs monitoring in non-conventional biological fluids and matrices. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996;130:211-228.
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.130 , pp. 211-228
    • Pichini, S.1    Altieri, I.2    Zuccaro, P.3
  • 14
    • 0027200298 scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of drug transfer to the fetus
    • Szeto HH. Kinetics of drug transfer to the fetus. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993;36:246-254.
    • (1993) Clin Obstet Gynecol , vol.36 , pp. 246-254
    • Szeto, H.H.1
  • 15
    • 0028945203 scopus 로고
    • Placental transfer of drugs administered to the mother
    • Pacifici GM, Nottoli R. Placental transfer of drugs administered to the mother. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;28:235-269.
    • (1995) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.28 , pp. 235-269
    • Pacifici, G.M.1    Nottoli, R.2
  • 16
    • 0026764909 scopus 로고
    • Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in human amniotic fluid
    • Ripple GM, Goldberger BA, Caplan YH, et al. Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in human amniotic fluid. J Anal Toxicol. 1992;16:328-331.
    • (1992) J Anal Toxicol , vol.16 , pp. 328-331
    • Ripple, G.M.1    Goldberger, B.A.2    Caplan, Y.H.3
  • 17
    • 0027238927 scopus 로고
    • Detection of fetal cocaine exposure by analysis of amniotic fluid
    • Jain L, Meyer W, Moore C, et al. Detection of fetal cocaine exposure by analysis of amniotic fluid. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:787-790.
    • (1993) Obstet Gynecol , vol.81 , pp. 787-790
    • Jain, L.1    Meyer, W.2    Moore, C.3
  • 18
    • 23444432893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative ability of biologic specimens and interviews to detect prenatal cocaine use
    • Eyler FD, Behnke M, Wobie K, et al. Relative ability of biologic specimens and interviews to detect prenatal cocaine use. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2005;27:677-687.
    • (2005) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.27 , pp. 677-687
    • Eyler, F.D.1    Behnke, M.2    Wobie, K.3
  • 19
    • 0030894475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in amniotic fluid and umbilical cord tissue
    • Winecker RE, Goldberger BA, Tebbett I, et al. Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in amniotic fluid and umbilical cord tissue. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21:97-104.
    • (1997) J Anal Toxicol , vol.21 , pp. 97-104
    • Winecker, R.E.1    Goldberger, B.A.2    Tebbett, I.3
  • 20
    • 33644698750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs of abuse testing in meconium
    • Gareri J, Klein J, Koren G. Drugs of abuse testing in meconium. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;366:101-111.
    • (2006) Clin Chim Acta , vol.366 , pp. 101-111
    • Gareri, J.1    Klein, J.2    Koren, G.3
  • 22
    • 0024230621 scopus 로고
    • Rapid isolation and detection of drugs in meconium of infants of drug-dependent mothers
    • Ostrea EM Jr, Parks PM, Brady MJ. Rapid isolation and detection of drugs in meconium of infants of drug-dependent mothers. Clin Chem. 1988;34:2372-2373.
    • (1988) Clin Chem , vol.34 , pp. 2372-2373
    • Ostrea Jr, E.M.1    Parks, P.M.2    Brady, M.J.3
  • 23
    • 0036146704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of fetal exposure to drugs of abuse, environmental tobacco smoke, and ethanol
    • Koren G, Chan D, Klein J, et al. Estimation of fetal exposure to drugs of abuse, environmental tobacco smoke, and ethanol. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24:23-25.
    • (2002) Ther Drug Monit , vol.24 , pp. 23-25
    • Koren, G.1    Chan, D.2    Klein, J.3
  • 24
    • 0042830599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for the determination of opiates and cocaine in meconium
    • Pichini S, Pacifici R, Pellegrini M, et al. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for the determination of opiates and cocaine in meconium. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003;794:281-292.
    • (2003) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci , vol.794 , pp. 281-292
    • Pichini, S.1    Pacifici, R.2    Pellegrini, M.3
  • 25
    • 0042928414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of arecoline (areca nut alkaloid) in neonatal biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole mass spectrometry
    • Pichini S, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, et al. Quantification of arecoline (areca nut alkaloid) in neonatal biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17:1958-1964.
    • (2003) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , vol.17 , pp. 1958-1964
    • Pichini, S.1    Pellegrini, M.2    Pacifici, R.3
  • 26
    • 1842476177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylenedioxy derivatives in meconium
    • Pichini S, Pacifici R, Pellegrini M, et al. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylenedioxy derivatives in meconium. Anal Chem. 2004;76:2124-2132.
    • (2004) Anal Chem , vol.76 , pp. 2124-2132
    • Pichini, S.1    Pacifici, R.2    Pellegrini, M.3
  • 27
    • 18144395117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay to the analysis of m- and p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine in meconium
    • Pichini S, Marchei E, Pacifici R, et al. Application of a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay to the analysis of m- and p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine in meconium. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005;820:151-156.
    • (2005) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci , vol.820 , pp. 151-156
    • Pichini, S.1    Marchei, E.2    Pacifici, R.3
  • 28
    • 0031876173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • delta 9-THC metabolites in meconium: Identification of 11-OH-delta 9-THC, 8 beta,11-diOH-delta 9-THC, and 11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH as major metabolites of delta 9-THC
    • ElSohly MA, Feng S. delta 9-THC metabolites in meconium: identification of 11-OH-delta 9-THC, 8 beta,11-diOH-delta 9-THC, and 11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH as major metabolites of delta 9-THC. J Anal Toxicol. 1998;22:329-335.
    • (1998) J Anal Toxicol , vol.22 , pp. 329-335
    • ElSohly, M.A.1    Feng, S.2
  • 29
    • 0032845143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoassay and GC-MS procedures for the analysis of drugs of abuse in meconium
    • ElSohly MA, Stanford DF, Murphy TP, et al. Immunoassay and GC-MS procedures for the analysis of drugs of abuse in meconium. J Anal Toxicol. 1999;23:436-445.
    • (1999) J Anal Toxicol , vol.23 , pp. 436-445
    • ElSohly, M.A.1    Stanford, D.F.2    Murphy, T.P.3
  • 30
    • 0033626250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous analysis of delta 9-THC and its major metabolites in urine, plasma, and meconium by GC-MS using an immunoaffinity extraction procedure
    • Feng S, ElSohly MA, Salamone S, et al. Simultaneous analysis of delta 9-THC and its major metabolites in urine, plasma, and meconium by GC-MS using an immunoaffinity extraction procedure. J Anal Toxicol. 2000;24:395-402.
    • (2000) J Anal Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 395-402
    • Feng, S.1    ElSohly, M.A.2    Salamone, S.3
  • 32
    • 0018873711 scopus 로고
    • Tissue distribution of morphine in the newborns of addicted monkeys and humans. Clinical implications
    • Ostrea EM Jr, Lynn SM, Wayne RN, et al. Tissue distribution of morphine in the newborns of addicted monkeys and humans. Clinical implications. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1980;1:163-170.
    • (1980) Dev Pharmacol Ther , vol.1 , pp. 163-170
    • Ostrea Jr, E.M.1    Lynn, S.M.2    Wayne, R.N.3
  • 33
    • 31344434499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for fetal exposure to illicit drugs using umbilical cord tissue vs meconium
    • Montgomery D, Plate C, Alder SC, et al. Testing for fetal exposure to illicit drugs using umbilical cord tissue vs meconium. J Perinatol. 2006;26:11-14.
    • (2006) J Perinatol , vol.26 , pp. 11-14
    • Montgomery, D.1    Plate, C.2    Alder, S.C.3
  • 34
    • 0026502669 scopus 로고
    • Drug screening of newborns by meconium analysis: A large-scale, prospective, epidemiologic study
    • Ostrea EM Jr, Brady M, Gause S, et al. Drug screening of newborns by meconium analysis: a large-scale, prospective, epidemiologic study. Pediatrics. 1992;89:107-113.
    • (1992) Pediatrics , vol.89 , pp. 107-113
    • Ostrea Jr, E.M.1    Brady, M.2    Gause, S.3
  • 35
    • 0027525907 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of the meconium drug test for mass screening
    • Ostrea EM Jr, Romero A, Yee H. Adaptation of the meconium drug test for mass screening. J Pediatr. 1993;122:152-154.
    • (1993) J Pediatr , vol.122 , pp. 152-154
    • Ostrea Jr, E.M.1    Romero, A.2    Yee, H.3
  • 36
    • 0031667627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of gestational exposure to illicit drugs and other xenobiotic agents in newborn infants by meconium analysis
    • Ostrea EM Jr, Matias O, Keane C, et al. Spectrum of gestational exposure to illicit drugs and other xenobiotic agents in newborn infants by meconium analysis. J Pediatr. 1998;133:513-515.
    • (1998) J Pediatr , vol.133 , pp. 513-515
    • Ostrea Jr, E.M.1    Matias, O.2    Keane, C.3
  • 37
    • 0033069891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for exposure to illicit drugs and other agents in the neonate: A review of laboratory methods and the role of meconium analysis
    • Ostrea EM Jr. Testing for exposure to illicit drugs and other agents in the neonate: a review of laboratory methods and the role of meconium analysis. Curr Probl Pediatr. 1999;29:37-56.
    • (1999) Curr Probl Pediatr , vol.29 , pp. 37-56
    • Ostrea Jr., E.M.1
  • 38
    • 0035095619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of illicit drug use during pregnancy by maternal interview, hair analysis, and meconium analysis
    • Ostrea EM Jr, Knapp DK, Tannenbaum L, et al. Estimates of illicit drug use during pregnancy by maternal interview, hair analysis, and meconium analysis. J Pediatr. 2001;138:344-348.
    • (2001) J Pediatr , vol.138 , pp. 344-348
    • Ostrea Jr, E.M.1    Knapp, D.K.2    Tannenbaum, L.3
  • 40
    • 0026593678 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of meconium for cocaine in neonates
    • Browne S, Tebbett IR, Moore C, et al. Analysis of meconium for cocaine in neonates. J Chromatogr. 1992;575:158-161.
    • (1992) J Chromatogr , vol.575 , pp. 158-161
    • Browne, S.1    Tebbett, I.R.2    Moore, C.3
  • 41
    • 0028672674 scopus 로고
    • Detection of cocaine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene in the meconium of premature neonates
    • Browne S, Moore C, Negrusz A, et al. Detection of cocaine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene in the meconium of premature neonates. J Forensic Sci. 1994,39:1515-1519.
    • (1994) J Forensic Sci , vol.39 , pp. 1515-1519
    • Browne, S.1    Moore, C.2    Negrusz, A.3
  • 42
    • 0027243085 scopus 로고
    • Meconium testing for cocaine metabolite: Prevalence, perceptions, and pitfalls
    • Rosengren SS, Longobucco DB, Bernstein BA, et al. Meconium testing for cocaine metabolite: prevalence, perceptions, and pitfalls. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:1449-1456.
    • (1993) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.168 , pp. 1449-1456
    • Rosengren, S.S.1    Longobucco, D.B.2    Bernstein, B.A.3
  • 43
    • 0028672546 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of meconium, maternal urine and neonatal urine for detection of maternal drug use during pregnancy
    • Wingert WE, Feldman MS, Kim MH, et al. A comparison of meconium, maternal urine and neonatal urine for detection of maternal drug use during pregnancy. J Forensic Sci. 1994;39:150-158.
    • (1994) J Forensic Sci , vol.39 , pp. 150-158
    • Wingert, W.E.1    Feldman, M.S.2    Kim, M.H.3
  • 44
    • 0029302838 scopus 로고
    • Drug screening in newborns and mothers using meconium samples, paired urine samples, and interviews
    • Bibb KW, Stewart DL, Walker JR, et al. Drug screening in newborns and mothers using meconium samples, paired urine samples, and interviews. J Perinatol. 1995;15:199-202.
    • (1995) J Perinatol , vol.15 , pp. 199-202
    • Bibb, K.W.1    Stewart, D.L.2    Walker, J.R.3
  • 45
    • 0028058777 scopus 로고
    • Meconium analysis for improved identification of infants exposed to cocaine in utero
    • Ryan RM, Wagner CL, Schultz JM, et al. Meconium analysis for improved identification of infants exposed to cocaine in utero. Pediatrics. 1994;125:435-440.
    • (1994) Pediatrics , vol.125 , pp. 435-440
    • Ryan, R.M.1    Wagner, C.L.2    Schultz, J.M.3
  • 46
    • 0029127336 scopus 로고
    • Multiple birth concordance of street drug assays of meconium analysis
    • Lewis D, Moore C, Leikin JB, et al. Multiple birth concordance of street drug assays of meconium analysis. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1995;37:318-319.
    • (1995) Vet Hum Toxicol , vol.37 , pp. 318-319
    • Lewis, D.1    Moore, C.2    Leikin, J.B.3
  • 47
    • 0029941805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of toxicological research in newborn infants of addicted mothers by the study of several samples (urine, meconium, hair)
    • Samperiz S, Millet V, Arditti J, et al. Value of toxicological research in newborn infants of addicted mothers by the study of several samples (urine, meconium, hair). Arch Pediatr. 1996;3:440-444.
    • (1996) Arch Pediatr , vol.3 , pp. 440-444
    • Samperiz, S.1    Millet, V.2    Arditti, J.3
  • 48
    • 0030985576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of methadone and its primary metabolite in meconium
    • Stolk LM, Coenradie SM, Smit BJ, et al. Analysis of methadone and its primary metabolite in meconium. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21:154-159.
    • (1997) J Anal Toxicol , vol.21 , pp. 154-159
    • Stolk, L.M.1    Coenradie, S.M.2    Smit, B.J.3
  • 49
    • 0029796376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine disposition in meconium from newborns of cocaine-abusing mothers and urine of adult drug users
    • Oyler J, Darwin WD, Preston KL, et al. Cocaine disposition in meconium from newborns of cocaine-abusing mothers and urine of adult drug users. J Anal Toxicol. 1996;20:53-62.
    • (1996) J Anal Toxicol , vol.20 , pp. 53-62
    • Oyler, J.1    Darwin, W.D.2    Preston, K.L.3
  • 50
    • 0034652086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An LC-MS-MS method for the comprehensive analysis of cocaine and cocaine metabolites in meconium
    • Xia Y, Wang P, Bartlett MG, et al. An LC-MS-MS method for the comprehensive analysis of cocaine and cocaine metabolites in meconium. Anal Chem. 2000;72:764-771.
    • (2000) Anal Chem , vol.72 , pp. 764-771
    • Xia, Y.1    Wang, P.2    Bartlett, M.G.3
  • 51
    • 27744458487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous analysis of the Delta9-THC metabolites 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-Delta9-THC in meconium by GC-MS
    • Coles R, Clements TT, Nelson GJ, et al. Simultaneous analysis of the Delta9-THC metabolites 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-Delta9-THC in meconium by GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 2005;29:522-527.
    • (2005) J Anal Toxicol , vol.29 , pp. 522-527
    • Coles, R.1    Clements, T.T.2    Nelson, G.J.3
  • 52
    • 17744384279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Maternal Lifestyle Study: Drug use by meconium toxicology and maternal self-report
    • Lester BM, ElSohly M, Wright LL, et al. The Maternal Lifestyle Study: drug use by meconium toxicology and maternal self-report. Pediatrics. 2001;107:309-317.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , pp. 309-317
    • Lester, B.M.1    ElSohly, M.2    Wright, L.L.3
  • 53
    • 0036854112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gestational cocaine exposure and intrauterine growth: Maternal lifestyle study
    • Bada HS, Das A, Bauer CR, et al. Gestational cocaine exposure and intrauterine growth: maternal lifestyle study. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:916-924.
    • (2002) Obstet Gynecol , vol.100 , pp. 916-924
    • Bada, H.S.1    Das, A.2    Bauer, C.R.3
  • 54
    • 0036129637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Maternal Lifestyle Study: Drug exposure during pregnancy and short-term maternal outcomes
    • Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, et al. The Maternal Lifestyle Study: drug exposure during pregnancy and short-term maternal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:487-495.
    • (2002) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.186 , pp. 487-495
    • Bauer, C.R.1    Shankaran, S.2    Bada, H.S.3
  • 55
    • 22444451297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of exposure to opiates and cocaine during pregnancy in a Mediterranean city: Preliminary results of the Meconium Project
    • Pichini S, Puig C, Zuccaro P, et al. Assessment of exposure to opiates and cocaine during pregnancy in a Mediterranean city: preliminary results of the "Meconium Project." Forensic Sci Int. 2005;153:59-65.
    • (2005) Forensic Sci Int , vol.153 , pp. 59-65
    • Pichini, S.1    Puig, C.2    Zuccaro, P.3
  • 56
    • 33749851027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its major metabolites in meconium by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay: Assay validation and preliminary results of the "meconium project
    • Marchei E, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, et al. Quantification of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its major metabolites in meconium by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay: assay validation and preliminary results of the "meconium project". Ther Drug Monit. 2006;28:700-706.
    • (2006) Ther Drug Monit , vol.28 , pp. 700-706
    • Marchei, E.1    Pellegrini, M.2    Pacifici, R.3
  • 57
    • 36249020383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of gestational exposure to cannabis in a Mediterranean city by meconium analysis
    • Epub ahead to print
    • Lozano J, Garcia-Algar O, Marchei E, et al. Prevalence of gestational exposure to cannabis in a Mediterranean city by meconium analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2007; (Epub ahead to print).
    • (2007) Acta Paediatr
    • Lozano, J.1    Garcia-Algar, O.2    Marchei, E.3
  • 58
    • 0042768088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal hair analysis contribution to establishing a gestational drug exposure profile and predicting a withdrawal syndrome
    • Vinner E, Vignau J, Thibault D, et al. Neonatal hair analysis contribution to establishing a gestational drug exposure profile and predicting a withdrawal syndrome. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25:421-432.
    • (2003) Ther Drug Monit , vol.25 , pp. 421-432
    • Vinner, E.1    Vignau, J.2    Thibault, D.3
  • 59
    • 0038706395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hair analysis of opiates in mothers and newborns for evaluating opiate exposure during pregnancy
    • Vinner E, Vignau J, Thibault D, et al. Hair analysis of opiates in mothers and newborns for evaluating opiate exposure during pregnancy. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;133:57-62.
    • (2003) Forensic Sci Int , vol.133 , pp. 57-62
    • Vinner, E.1    Vignau, J.2    Thibault, D.3
  • 60
    • 0037374004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of meconium and neonatal hair analysis for detection of gestational exposure to drugs of abuse
    • Bar-Oz B, Klein J, Karaskov T, et al. Comparison of meconium and neonatal hair analysis for detection of gestational exposure to drugs of abuse. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88:F98-F100.
    • (2003) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed , vol.88
    • Bar-Oz, B.1    Klein, J.2    Karaskov, T.3
  • 61
    • 0038722282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing prevalence of prenatal substance abuse in Utah
    • Buchi KF, Zone S, Langheinrich K, et al. Changing prevalence of prenatal substance abuse in Utah. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:27-30.
    • (2003) Obstet Gynecol , vol.102 , pp. 27-30
    • Buchi, K.F.1    Zone, S.2    Langheinrich, K.3
  • 62
    • 33745175836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methamphetamine and other substance use during pregnancy: Preliminary estimates from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) study
    • Arria AM, Derauf C, Lagasse LL, et al. Methamphetamine and other substance use during pregnancy: preliminary estimates from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) study. Matern Child Health J. 2006;10:293-302.
    • (2006) Matern Child Health J , vol.10 , pp. 293-302
    • Arria, A.M.1    Derauf, C.2    Lagasse, L.L.3
  • 63
    • 2942562335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in meconium and hair testing methods for the confirmation of gestational exposures to alcohol and tobacco smoke
    • Chan D, Caprara D, Blanchette P, et al. Recent developments in meconium and hair testing methods for the confirmation of gestational exposures to alcohol and tobacco smoke. Clin Biochem. 2004;37:429-438.
    • (2004) Clin Biochem , vol.37 , pp. 429-438
    • Chan, D.1    Caprara, D.2    Blanchette, P.3
  • 64
    • 0037232958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium specimens
    • Moore C, Jones J, Lewis D, et al. Prevalence of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium specimens. Clin Chem. 2003;49:133-136.
    • (2003) Clin Chem , vol.49 , pp. 133-136
    • Moore, C.1    Jones, J.2    Lewis, D.3
  • 65
    • 20544449701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty Acid ethyl esters: Quantitative biomarkers for maternal alcohol consumption
    • Bearer CF, Santiago LM, O'Riordan MA, et al. Fatty Acid ethyl esters: quantitative biomarkers for maternal alcohol consumption. J Pediatr. 2005;146:824-830.
    • (2005) J Pediatr , vol.146 , pp. 824-830
    • Bearer, C.F.1    Santiago, L.M.2    O'Riordan, M.A.3
  • 66
    • 33745177313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: Are they biomarkers of fetal alcohol exposure and effect?
    • Ostrea E. Hernandez J, Bielawski D, et al. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: are they biomarkers of fetal alcohol exposure and effect? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30:1152-1159.
    • (2006) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.30 , pp. 1152-1159
    • Ostrea, E.1    Hernandez, J.2    Bielawski, D.3
  • 67
    • 0032957846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethyl linoleate in meconium: A biomarker for prenatal ethanol exposure
    • Bearer CF, Lee S, Salvator AE, et al. Ethyl linoleate in meconium: a biomarker for prenatal ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23:487-493.
    • (1999) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.23 , pp. 487-493
    • Bearer, C.F.1    Lee, S.2    Salvator, A.E.3
  • 68
    • 0242361739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a new biomarker of fetal exposure to alcohol
    • Bearer CF, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, et al. Validation of a new biomarker of fetal exposure to alcohol. J Pediatr. 2003;143:463-469.
    • (2003) J Pediatr , vol.143 , pp. 463-469
    • Bearer, C.F.1    Jacobson, J.L.2    Jacobson, S.W.3
  • 69
    • 0037232958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium specimens
    • Moore C, Jones J, Lewis D, et al. Prevalence of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium specimens. Clin Chem. 2003;49:133-136.
    • (2003) Clin Chem , vol.49 , pp. 133-136
    • Moore, C.1    Jones, J.2    Lewis, D.3
  • 70
    • 0034802923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: Biomarkers for the detection of alcohol exposure in neonates
    • Moore CM, Lewis D. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: biomarkers for the detection of alcohol exposure in neonates. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;312:235-237.
    • (2001) Clin Chim Acta , vol.312 , pp. 235-237
    • Moore, C.M.1    Lewis, D.2
  • 71
    • 0038442774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population baseline of meconium fatty acid ethyl esters among infants of nondrinking women in Jerusalem and Toronto
    • Chan D, Bar-Oz B, Pellerin B, et al. Population baseline of meconium fatty acid ethyl esters among infants of nondrinking women in Jerusalem and Toronto. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25:271-278.
    • (2003) Ther Drug Monit , vol.25 , pp. 271-278
    • Chan, D.1    Bar-Oz, B.2    Pellerin, B.3
  • 72
    • 4744359617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal exposure to alcohol as evidenced by fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium in the absence of maternal drinking history in pregnancy
    • Chan D, Klein J, Karaskov T, et al. Fetal exposure to alcohol as evidenced by fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium in the absence of maternal drinking history in pregnancy. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:474-481.
    • (2004) Ther Drug Monit , vol.26 , pp. 474-481
    • Chan, D.1    Klein, J.2    Karaskov, T.3
  • 73
    • 0033971091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical applications of hair testing for drugs of abuse: The Canadian experience
    • Klein J, Karaskov T, Koren G. Clinical applications of hair testing for drugs of abuse: the Canadian experience. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;10:281-288.
    • (2003) Forensic Sci Int , vol.10 , pp. 281-288
    • Klein, J.1    Karaskov, T.2    Koren, G.3
  • 74
    • 0031048987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive methods for drug measurement in pediatrics
    • Bailey B, Klein J, Koren G. Noninvasive methods for drug measurement in pediatrics. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;44:15-26.
    • (1997) Pediatr Clin North Am , vol.44 , pp. 15-26
    • Bailey, B.1    Klein, J.2    Koren, G.3
  • 75
    • 0027759792 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and physiology of hair
    • Harkey MR. Anatomy and physiology of hair. Forensic Sci Int. 1993;63:9-18.
    • (1993) Forensic Sci Int , vol.63 , pp. 9-18
    • Harkey, M.R.1
  • 76
    • 0027724088 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of gestational heroin or nicotine exposure by analysis of fetal hair
    • Kintz P, Mangin P. Evidence of gestational heroin or nicotine exposure by analysis of fetal hair. Forensic Sci Int. 1993;63:99-104.
    • (1993) Forensic Sci Int , vol.63 , pp. 99-104
    • Kintz, P.1    Mangin, P.2
  • 78
    • 0024817557 scopus 로고
    • Determination of gestational cocaine exposure by hair analysis
    • Graham K, Koren G, Klein J, et al. Determination of gestational cocaine exposure by hair analysis. JAMA. 1989;262:3328-3330.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.262 , pp. 3328-3330
    • Graham, K.1    Koren, G.2    Klein, J.3
  • 79
    • 0027507845 scopus 로고
    • Determination of gestational opiate, nicotine, benzodiazepine, cocaine and amphetamine exposure by hair analysis
    • Kintz P, Mangin P. Determination of gestational opiate, nicotine, benzodiazepine, cocaine and amphetamine exposure by hair analysis. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1993;33:139-142.
    • (1993) J Forensic Sci Soc , vol.33 , pp. 139-142
    • Kintz, P.1    Mangin, P.2
  • 80
    • 0029286244 scopus 로고
    • Head growth in cocaine-exposed infants: Relationship to neonate hair level
    • Sallee FR, Katikaneni LP, McArthur PD, et al. Head growth in cocaine-exposed infants: relationship to neonate hair level. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995;16:77-81.
    • (1995) J Dev Behav Pediatr , vol.16 , pp. 77-81
    • Sallee, F.R.1    Katikaneni, L.P.2    McArthur, P.D.3
  • 81
    • 0036155261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal hair analysis for BZE: A sensitive and semiquantitative biological marker for chronic gestational cocaine exposure
    • Katikaneni LD, Salle FR, Hulsey TC. Neonatal hair analysis for BZE: a sensitive and semiquantitative biological marker for chronic gestational cocaine exposure. Biol Neonate. 2002;81:29-37.
    • (2002) Biol Neonate , vol.81 , pp. 29-37
    • Katikaneni, L.D.1    Salle, F.R.2    Hulsey, T.C.3
  • 82
    • 0030601743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine abuse in pregnancy: Its evaluation through hair analysis of pathological newborns
    • Strano-Rossi S, Chiarotti M, Fiori A, et al. Cocaine abuse in pregnancy: its evaluation through hair analysis of pathological newborns. Life Sci. 1996;59:1909-1915.
    • (1996) Life Sci , vol.59 , pp. 1909-1915
    • Strano-Rossi, S.1    Chiarotti, M.2    Fiori, A.3
  • 83
    • 0030771608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical utilization of the neonatal hair test for cocaine: A four-year experience in Toronto
    • Ursitti F, Klein J, Koren G. Clinical utilization of the neonatal hair test for cocaine: a four-year experience in Toronto. Biol Neonate. 1997;72:345-351
    • (1997) Biol Neonate , vol.72 , pp. 345-351
    • Ursitti, F.1    Klein, J.2    Koren, G.3
  • 84
    • 0031711965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing intrauterine exposure to cocaine by hair testing: Six years of clinical use
    • Koren G, Klein J, McMartin K. Diagnosing intrauterine exposure to cocaine by hair testing: six years of clinical use. Ther Drug Monit. 1998;20:478-480.
    • (1998) Ther Drug Monit , vol.20 , pp. 478-480
    • Koren, G.1    Klein, J.2    McMartin, K.3
  • 85
    • 0036187138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indicators of cocaine exposure and preterm birth
    • Savitz DA, Henderson L, Dole N, et al. Indicators of cocaine exposure and preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:458-465.
    • (2002) Obstet Gynecol , vol.99 , pp. 458-465
    • Savitz, D.A.1    Henderson, L.2    Dole, N.3
  • 87
    • 33646497951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening of substance misuse during early pregnancy in Blyth: An anonymous unlinked study
    • Sanaullah F, Gillian M, Lavin T. Screening of substance misuse during early pregnancy in Blyth: an anonymous unlinked study J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;26:187-190.
    • (2006) J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.26 , pp. 187-190
    • Sanaullah, F.1    Gillian, M.2    Lavin, T.3
  • 88
    • 0023840686 scopus 로고
    • Timing of specimen collection is crucial in urine screening of drug dependent mothers and newborns
    • Halstead AC, Godolphin W, Lockitch G, et al. Timing of specimen collection is crucial in urine screening of drug dependent mothers and newborns. Clin Biochem. 1988;21:59-61.
    • (1988) Clin Biochem , vol.21 , pp. 59-61
    • Halstead, A.C.1    Godolphin, W.2    Lockitch, G.3
  • 89
    • 0024315034 scopus 로고
    • Urine drug screening in mothers and newborns
    • Osterloh JD, Lee BL. Urine drug screening in mothers and newborns. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:791-793.
    • (1989) Am J Dis Child , vol.143 , pp. 791-793
    • Osterloh, J.D.1    Lee, B.L.2
  • 90
    • 0027482963 scopus 로고
    • Perinatal screening for drugs of abuse: Reassessment of current practice in a high-risk area
    • Schulman M, Morel M, Karmen A, et al. Perinatal screening for drugs of abuse: reassessment of current practice in a high-risk area. Am J Perinatol. 1993;10:374-377.
    • (1993) Am J Perinatol , vol.10 , pp. 374-377
    • Schulman, M.1    Morel, M.2    Karmen, A.3
  • 91
    • 0025797235 scopus 로고
    • Methadone levels and neonatal withdrawal
    • Mack G, Thomas D, Giles W, et al. Methadone levels and neonatal withdrawal. Paediatr Child Health. 1991;27:96-100.
    • (1991) Paediatr Child Health , vol.27 , pp. 96-100
    • Mack, G.1    Thomas, D.2    Giles, W.3
  • 92
    • 0036150912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oral health consequences of chewing areca nut
    • Trivedy CR, Craig G, Warnakulasuriya S. The oral health consequences of chewing areca nut. Addict Biol. 2002;7:115-125.
    • (2002) Addict Biol , vol.7 , pp. 115-125
    • Trivedy, C.R.1    Craig, G.2    Warnakulasuriya, S.3
  • 93
    • 0036150996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Areca nut-abuse liability, dependence and public health
    • Winstock A. Areca nut-abuse liability, dependence and public health. Addict Biol. 2002;7:133-138.
    • (2002) Addict Biol , vol.7 , pp. 133-138
    • Winstock, A.1
  • 94
    • 0027510079 scopus 로고
    • Determination of cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and neonatal urine: A case study
    • Moore CM, Brown S, Negrusz A, et al. Determination of cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and neonatal urine: a case study. J Anal Toxicol. 1993;17:62.
    • (1993) J Anal Toxicol , vol.17 , pp. 62
    • Moore, C.M.1    Brown, S.2    Negrusz, A.3
  • 95
    • 0028069085 scopus 로고
    • Cocaine metabolites in the neonate: Potential for toxicity
    • Konkol RJ, Murphey LJ, Ferriero DM, et al. Cocaine metabolites in the neonate: potential for toxicity. J Child Neurol. 1994;9:242-248.
    • (1994) J Child Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 242-248
    • Konkol, R.J.1    Murphey, L.J.2    Ferriero, D.M.3
  • 96
    • 0031815993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, and metabolite plasma concentrations in neonates
    • Dempsey DA, Partridge JC, Jones RT, et al. Cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, and metabolite plasma concentrations in neonates. J Anal Toxicol. 1998;22:220-224.
    • (1998) J Anal Toxicol , vol.22 , pp. 220-224
    • Dempsey, D.A.1    Partridge, J.C.2    Jones, R.T.3
  • 97
    • 0026519152 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of gestational cocaine exposure. Sensitivity of infant's hair, meconium, and urine
    • Callahan CM, Grant TM, Phipps P, et al, Measurement of gestational cocaine exposure. Sensitivity of infant's hair, meconium, and urine. J Pediatr. 1992;120:763-768.
    • (1992) J Pediatr , vol.120 , pp. 763-768
    • Callahan, C.M.1    Grant, T.M.2    Phipps, P.3
  • 98
    • 0027416663 scopus 로고
    • Cocaine in the hair of motherinfant pairs: Quantitative analysis and correlations with urine measures and self-report
    • Marques PR, Tippetts AS, Branch DG. Cocaine in the hair of motherinfant pairs: quantitative analysis and correlations with urine measures and self-report. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1993;19:159-175.
    • (1993) Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , vol.19 , pp. 159-175
    • Marques, P.R.1    Tippetts, A.S.2    Branch, D.G.3
  • 99
    • 0028046484 scopus 로고
    • Maternal cocaine use without evidence of fetal exposure
    • Potter S, Klein J, Valiante G, et al. Maternal cocaine use without evidence of fetal exposure. J Pediatr. 1994;125:652-654.
    • (1994) J Pediatr , vol.125 , pp. 652-654
    • Potter, S.1    Klein, J.2    Valiante, G.3
  • 100
    • 0027336245 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between maternal methadone dosage, maternal-neonatal methadone levels, and neonatal withdrawal
    • Doberczak TM, Kandall SR, Friedmann P. Relationship between maternal methadone dosage, maternal-neonatal methadone levels, and neonatal withdrawal. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:936-940.
    • (1993) Obstet Gynecol , vol.81 , pp. 936-940
    • Doberczak, T.M.1    Kandall, S.R.2    Friedmann, P.3
  • 101
    • 0028341301 scopus 로고
    • Relationships of serum illicit drug concentrations during pregnancy to maternal nutritional status
    • Knight EM, James H, Edwards CH, et al. Relationships of serum illicit drug concentrations during pregnancy to maternal nutritional status. J Nutr. 1994;124:973S-980S.
    • (1994) J Nutr , vol.124
    • Knight, E.M.1    James, H.2    Edwards, C.H.3
  • 102
    • 0027486324 scopus 로고
    • Saliva testing for drugs of abuse
    • Cone EJ. Saliva testing for drugs of abuse. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;694:91-127.
    • (1993) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.694 , pp. 91-127
    • Cone, E.J.1
  • 104
    • 0029142782 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of heroin and cocaine concentrations in saliva with concentrations in blood and plasma
    • Jenkins AJ, Oyler JM, Cone EJ. Comparison of heroin and cocaine concentrations in saliva with concentrations in blood and plasma. J Anal Toxicol. 1995;19:359-374.
    • (1995) J Anal Toxicol , vol.19 , pp. 359-374
    • Jenkins, A.J.1    Oyler, J.M.2    Cone, E.J.3
  • 105
    • 0033809703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine and metabolite elimination patterns in chronic cocaine users during cessation: Plasma and saliva analysis
    • Moolchan ET, Cone EJ, Wstadik A, et al. Cocaine and metabolite elimination patterns in chronic cocaine users during cessation: plasma and saliva analysis. J Anal Toxicol. 2000;24:458-466.
    • (2000) J Anal Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 458-466
    • Moolchan, E.T.1    Cone, E.J.2    Wstadik, A.3
  • 106
    • 0038139573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of biological indicators of illicit drug use, practical considerations and clinical usefulness
    • Wolff K, Farrell M, Marsden J, et al. A review of biological indicators of illicit drug use, practical considerations and clinical usefulness. Addiction. 1999;94:1279-1298.
    • (1999) Addiction , vol.94 , pp. 1279-1298
    • Wolff, K.1    Farrell, M.2    Marsden, J.3
  • 107
    • 7044231471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of sweat testing for the detection of cannabis smoke
    • de la Torre R, Pichini S. Usefulness of sweat testing for the detection of cannabis smoke. Clin Chem. 2004;50:1961-1962.
    • (2004) Clin Chem , vol.50 , pp. 1961-1962
    • de la Torre, R.1    Pichini, S.2
  • 108
    • 0031887540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codeine testing in sweat and saliva with the Drugwipe
    • Kintz P, Cirimele V, Ludes B. Codeine testing in sweat and saliva with the Drugwipe. Int J Legal Med. 1998;111:82-84.
    • (1998) Int J Legal Med , vol.111 , pp. 82-84
    • Kintz, P.1    Cirimele, V.2    Ludes, B.3
  • 109
    • 0034122007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-site testing of saliva and sweat with Drugwipe and determination of concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva, plasma and urine of suspected users
    • Samyn N, van Haeren C. On-site testing of saliva and sweat with Drugwipe and determination of concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva, plasma and urine of suspected users. Int J Legal Med. 2000;113:150-154.
    • (2000) Int J Legal Med , vol.113 , pp. 150-154
    • Samyn, N.1    van Haeren, C.2
  • 110
    • 0036845279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of oral fluid and sweat wipes for the detection of drugs of abuse in drivers
    • Samyn N, de Boeck G, Verstraete AG. The use of oral fluid and sweat wipes for the detection of drugs of abuse in drivers. J Forensic Sci. 2002;47:1380-1387.
    • (2002) J Forensic Sci , vol.47 , pp. 1380-1387
    • Samyn, N.1    de Boeck, G.2    Verstraete, A.G.3
  • 111
    • 0034937485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative specimens for workplace drug testing
    • Caplan YH, Goldberger BA. Alternative specimens for workplace drug testing. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:396-399.
    • (2001) J Anal Toxicol , vol.25 , pp. 396-399
    • Caplan, Y.H.1    Goldberger, B.A.2
  • 112
    • 0025347529 scopus 로고
    • Drug abuse during pregnancy in an inner-city hospital: Prevalence and patterns
    • Land DB, Kushner R. Drug abuse during pregnancy in an inner-city hospital: prevalence and patterns. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1990;90:421-426.
    • (1990) J Am Osteopath Assoc , vol.90 , pp. 421-426
    • Land, D.B.1    Kushner, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.