The 'disallowed' political participation of Manila's urban poor

Democratization

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 853-872

  Hutchison, Jane ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Philippines; Political participation; Populism; Representation; Urban poor

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; DEMOCRATIZATION; ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; POLITICAL ORGANIZATION; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; POPULISM; URBAN SOCIETY;

ASIA; EURASIA; PHILIPPINES; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 36549042479     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340701635696     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. For an account of these modes of political participation see Nina T. Iszatt, 'Legislating for Citizens' Participation in the Philippines'
2. and Aya Fabros, 'Civil Society Engagements in Local Governance: The Case of the Philippines' in Hans Antlöv et al. (eds), Citizen Participation in Local Governance: Experiences from Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines (Manila: Institute for Popular Democracy and Logolink, 2004), pp. 37-85 and 173-97 respectively.
3. Lars Johannsen and Karin Hilmer Pedersen, 'The Responsive State: Openness and Inclusion in the Policy Process', Paper presented at the World Bank conference, 'New Frontiers of Social Policy: Development in a Globalizing World', 12-15 December 2005.
4. This contestation is well documented in Marisol Estrella and Nina Iszatt, Beyond Good Governance: Participatory Democracy in the Philippines (Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy, 2004).
5. Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York, Columbia University Press, 2004), p. 40.
6. Ibid., p. 60.
7. Ibid, p. 38.
8. See James Putzel, 'Survival of an Imperfect Democracy in the Philippines', Democratization, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1999), pp. 198-223
9. and Paul D. Hutchcroft and Joel Rocamora, 'Strong Demands and Weak Institutions: The Origins and Evolution of the Democratic Deficit in the Philippines', Journal of East Asian Studies Vol. 3, No. 2 (2003), pp. 259-92.
10. Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, 'The Left, Elections and the Political Party System in the Philippines', Critical Asian Studies Vol. 37, No. 1 (2005), pp. 3-28, p. 5.
11. See also Joel Rocamora, 'More than Difficult, Short of Impossible: Party Building and Local Governance in the Philippines', in John Harriss, Kristian Stokke, and Olle Törnquist (eds) Politicising Democracy: The New Local Politics of Democratisation (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 148-70.
12. John Harriss, 'Middle-Class Activism and the Politics of the Informal Working Class: A Perspective on Class Relations and Civil Society in Indian Cities', Critical Asian Studies Vol. 38, No. 4 (2006), pp. 445-65.
13. Shelley Feldman, 'NGOs and Civil Society: (Un)stated Contradictions', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, Vol. 554 (1997), pp. 46-65.
14. Kanishka Jayasuriya and Garry Rodan, opening article in this issue.
15. Asian Development Bank (ADB), Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2005)
16. and Metro Manila Urban Services for the Poor Project, TA No. 4616-PHI (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2006).
17. Norbert Kersting and Jaime Sperberg, 'Political Participation', in Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Norbert Kersting (eds), Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities (London: Zed Books, 2003), pp. 153-80, p. 154.
18. Ibid.
19. Asef Bayat, 'From "Dangerous Classes" to "Quiet Rebels": Politics of the Urban Subaltern in the Global South', International Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2000), pp. 533-57, p. 545.
20. Ibid., p. 546.
21. Geof Wood, 'Staying Secure, Staying Poor: The "Faustian Bargain"', {i World Development, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2003), pp. 455-71.
22. See Ellen Wratten, 'Conceptualizing Urban Poverty', Environment and Urbanization Vol. 7, No. 1 (1995), pp. 11-33
23. and Caroline O. N. Moser, 'The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies', World Development Vol. 26, No. 1 (1998), pp. 1-19.
24. Wood (note 17), p. 456.
25. Ibid.
26. See Putzel (note 7) and Hutchcroft and Rocamora (note 7).
27. Robert Gay, 'Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil', European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Vol. 65 (1998), pp. 7-24, p. 11.
28. These issues are discussed in Anna Marie A. Karaos, 'Populist Mobilization and Manila's Urban Poor'
29. and Djorina Velasco, 'Life on the Fast Track: Mobilizing the Urban Poor of Change', 'Work in Progress' Paper Series (Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy, 2005).
30. Gay (note 22), p. 10.
31. See Frederic Charles Schaffer, 'Clean Elections and the Great Unwashed: Vote Buying and Voter Education in the Philippines', Occasional Paper No. 21 (Institute for Advanced Study, 2005), available at http://www.sss.ias.edu/publications/papers/paper21.pdf (accessed 26 March 2007).
32. See especially Jonathan Fox, 'The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico', World Politics Vol. 46, No. 2 (1994), pp. 151-84.
33. Fox makes a distinction between clientelism and semi-clientelism in the transition from authoritarianism to democracy that I do not follow here. Essentially, he argues that the difference between the two comes from the degree to which subordination in clientelism is directly enforced and the fact that it is not directly enforced in semi-clientelism, due to more democratic conditions. Thus, what I am referring to in the Philippines context is in fact semi-clientelism.
34. Javier Auyero, '"From the Client's Point(S) Of View": How Poor People Perceive and Evaluate Political Clientelism', Theory and Society, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1999), pp. 297-334, p. 297.
35. Ibid.
36. Gay (note 22), p. 14.
37. Ibid. p. 15.
38. Schaffer (note 25), p. 15.
39. Ibid. pp. 17-18.
40. Manuel A. Caoili, The Origins of Metropolitan Manila: A Political and Social Analysis (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1999), p. 69.
41. Denis John Dwyer, People and Housing in Third World Cities: Perspectives on the Problem of Spontaneous Settlements (London: Longman, 1975), pp. 90-3.
42. Michael Pinches, 'Modernisation and the Quest for Modernity: Architectural Form, Squatter Settlements and the New Society in Manila',
43. in Mark Askew and William S. Logan (eds), Cultural Identity and Urban Change in Southeast Asia (Geelong: Deakin University Press, 1994), pp. 13-42, p. 18.
44. Urban Research Consortium, 'Metro Manila Urban Housing Study', Report (Manila: 1997), p. 7.
45. Pinches (note 35).
46. Michael Pinches 'Bridging or Generating the Gap? From Patron-Client Dyads to Paternalist Discourse in the Making of Philippine Class Relations', unpublished paper, 1995.
47. Amando Doronila, 'The Media', in R.J. May and Francies Nemenzo (eds), The Philippines after Marcos (London: Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 107-9 and 114.
48. John J. Carroll, 'Philippine NGOs Confront Urban Poverty', in G. Sidney Silliman and Lela Garner Noble (eds), Organizing for Democracy: NGOs, Civil Society and the Philippine State (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998), pp. 113-37, p. 118.
49. See Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Practical Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Random House, 1971).
50. Doronila (note 39).
51. Pinches (note 35).
52. Urban Research Consortium (note 36), p. 9.
53. Anna Marie A. Karaos, 'Fragmentations in the Urban Movement: Shift From Resistance to Policy Advocacy', Philippine Sociological Review, Vol. 46, Nos 3-4 (1998), pp. 143-57, p. 145.
54. Carroll (note 40), p. 120.
55. Karaos (note 44), p. 145.
56. See especially various authors in Peter Ward (ed.), Self-Help Housing: A Critique (London: Mansell Publishing Ltd, 1982).
57. Michael Pinches, 'Elite Democracy, Development and People Power: Contending Ideologies and Changing Practices in Philippine Politics', Asian Studies Review Vol. 21, Nos 2-3 (1997), pp. 104-20, p. 115.
58. Ibid. pp. 115-16.
59. Putzel (note 7), p. 215.
60. Joel Rocamora (note 8), pp. 148-70 and Marisol Estrella and Nina Iszatt, Beyond Good Governance: Participatory Democracy in the Philippines (Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy, 2004), p. 313.
61. Aya Fabros (note 1), pp. 185-91.
62. Jose J. Magadia, State-Society Dynamics: Policy Making in a Restored Democracy (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003), p. 5.
63. Anna Marie A. Karaos, interview with the author, Manila, 2005.
64. See debates in Estrella and Iszatt (note 51).
65. Magadia (note 53), p. 167
66. and Ben Reid, 'Poverty Alleviation and Participatory Development in the Philippines', Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 35, No. 1 (2005), pp. 29-52.
67. Magadia (note 53), p. 165.
68. Ibid., p. 171.
69. See Rocamora (note 8).
70. Kent Eaton, 'Restoration or Transformation? Trapos versus NGOs in the Democratization of the Philippines', The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 62, No. 2 (2003), pp. 469-96, p. 477.
71. See Quimpo (note 8).
72. Hutchcroft and Rocamora (note 7), p. 259.
73. Percival Chavez, PCUP Chairman, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006.
74. Denis Murphy, Urban Poor Associates, interview with the author, Manila, 2005.
75. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003 (London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2003), p. 131.
76. See Emma Porio (with Christine S. Crisol, Nota F. Magno, David Cid and Evelyn N. Paul.), 'The Community Mortgage Programme: An Innovative Social Housing Programme in the Philippines and its Outcomes',
77. in Diana Mitlin and David Satterthwaite (eds), Empowering Squatter Citizen: Local Government, Civil Society and Urban Poverty Reduction (London: Earthscan Publishers Ltd, 2004), pp. 54-81
78. Erhard Berner, 'Learning from informal markets: Innovative approaches to land and housing provision', Development in Practice, Vol. 11, Nos 2-3 (2001), pp. 292-307
79. and Michael Lee, 'The Community Mortgage Program: An Almost-Successful Alternative for some Urban Poor', Habitat International, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1995), pp. 529-46.
80. This is not to deny that some NGOs have self-established for this role, no doubt to become private, small-scale developers. The author stumbled upon one of these in Quezon City in 2005. Some NGOs with a more charitable orientation have been involved, but they remain a minority.
81. This figure applies to the year September 2004 to October 2005. It comes from the National Housing Mortgage Finance Corporation.
82. Marife M. Ballesteros, Rethinking Institutional Reforms in the Philippine Housing Sector, Discussion Paper No. 2002-16, Philippine Institute of Development Studies, Manila, 2002.
83. Urban Poor Affairs Office of Quezon City, interview with the author, Manila, 2005.
84. Ballesteros (note 69), pp. 17-20.
85. Reid (note 56), p. 33.
86. Doug Porter and David Craig, 'The Third Way and the Third World: Poverty Reduction and Social Inclusion in the Rise of "Inclusive" Liberalism', Review of International Political Economy Vol. 11, No. 2 (2004), pp. 387-423.
87. Claire Mercer, 'NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature', Progress in Development Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2002), p. 7.
88. See Anna Marie A. Karaos, Marlene V. Gatpatan and Robert V. Hotz, Making a Difference: NGO and PO Policy Influence in Urban Land Reform Advocacy, PULSO Monograph No. 15 (Manila: Institute on Church and Social Issues, 1995)
89. and Magadia (note 53), pp. 93-112.
90. Erhard Berner, Defending a Place in the City: Localities and the Struggle for Urban Land in Metro Manila (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997), p. 202. See also note 63.
91. Djorina Velasco, Institute for Popular Democracy, interview with the author, March 2006.
92. Anna Marie A. Karaos, interview with the author, Manila, 2005.
93. Ana Marie Dizon, The UDHA Challenge: Monitoring Local Government Unit Compliance, Issues and Developments in Local Housing (Manila: Urban Poor Associates, 2000).
94. Porio et al. (note 66), p. 62.
95. Gavin Shatkin, 'Obstacles to Empowerment: Local Politics and Civil Society in Metropolitan Manila, the Philippines', Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 12 (2000), pp. 2357-75.
96. Djorina Velasco, Institute for Popular Democracy, interview with the author, March 2006.
97. Denis Murphy, Urban Poor Associations, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006.
98. Feldman (note 10), p. 59.
99. See Cynthia C. Veneracion, Partnerships for Slum Improvement: The ADB-JFPR and DSWD Projects in Muntinlupa City and Payatas, Quezon City (Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University, 2004), p. 190.
100. Ibid., pp. 190-1.
101. Ibid., p. 192.
102. Ibid., p. 199.
103. Ricardo Tulio Jr, Centre for Popular Empowerment, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006.
104. Jessica Amon, Community Organisers Multiversity, interview with the author, Manila, April 2006
105. and Emmanuel Marcelino, 'Advocacy for the Pasig River Communities', in Policy Advocacy: Experiences and Lessons from the Philippines (Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy, 2004), pp. 107-25.
106. Jessica Amon, Community Organisers Multiversity, interview with the author, Manila, April 2006.
107. Chatterjee (note 4), p. 60.
108. Denis Murphy, Urban Poor Associations, interview with the author, Manila, 2005.
109. See Jim Glassman, 'The "War on Terrorism" Comes to Southeast Asia', Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 35, No. 1 (2005), pp. 3-28, pp. 12-19.
110. Karaos (note 23), p. 2.
111. Ballesteros (note 69).
112. Karaos (note 23), p. 2.
113. Schaffer (note 25), p. 11.
114. Kenneth M. Roberts, 'Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case', World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 1 (1995), pp. 82-116, p. 113.
115. Ibid.
116. Kurt Weyland, 'Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1996), pp. 3-31, p. 5.
117. Karaos (note 23), p. 21.
118. Maria Cynthia Rose Banzon Bautista, 'The Revenge of the Elite on the Masses?' in Amando Doronila (ed), Between Fires: Fifteen Perspectives on the Estrada Crisis (Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. and Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc., 2001), pp. 1-42, p. 27.
119. Ibid.
120. Schaffer (note 25).
121. Ibid., p. 18.
122. Denis Murphy, Urban Poor Associations, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006.
123. For details on an initial pilot programme, see Veneracion (note 85).
124. Denis Murphy, Urban Poor Associates, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006
125. Djorina Velasco, Institute for Popular Democracy, interview with the author, March 2006; and Ricardo Tulio Jr, Centre for Popular Empowerment, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006.
126. Denis Murphy, [Urban Poor Associates, interview with the author, Manila, March 2006.
127. Djorina Velasco, Institute for Popular Democracy, interview with the author, March 2006.
128. See Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, 'Oligarchic Patrimonialism, Bossism, Electoral Clientelism, and Contested Democracy in the Philippines', Comparative Politics, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2005), pp. 229-50