Ruffed grouse population ecology in the Appalachian region

Wildlife Monographs

Volumn , Issue 168, 2007, Pages 1-36

  Devers, Patrick K ^a,p   Stauffer, Dean F ^a   Norman, Gary W ^b   Steffen, Dave E ^c   Whitaker, Darroch M ^a   Sole, Jeffrey D ^d   Allen, Tom J ^e   Bittner, Steve L ^f   Buehler, David A ^g   Edwards, John W ^h   Figert, Daniel E ⁱ   Friedhoff, Scott T ⁱ   Giuliano, William W ^j   Harper, Craig A ^g   Igo, William K ^k   Kirkpatrick, Roy L ^a   Seamster, Michael H ^l   Spiker Jr , Harry A ^m   Swanson, David A ⁿ   Tefft, Brian C ^o  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries   (United States)

^c Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries   (United States)

^d THE NATURE CONSERVANCY   (United States)

^e West Virginia Department of Natural Resources   (United States)

^f Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Service   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^h WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^k West Virginia Department of Natural Resources   (United States)

^l North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission   (United States)

^m Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Service   (United States)

ⁿ OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (United States)

^o Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife   (United States)

^p U S FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Acorns; Appalachian Mountains; Bonasa umbellus; Harvest; Hunting; Management; Population ecology; Reproduction; Ruffed grouse; Survival

Indexed keywords

AVES; BONASA UMBELLUS; CARYA; CARYA ILLINOINENSIS; QUERCUS; TETRAONIDAE;

EID: 36549042173     PISSN: 00840173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2193/0084-0173.168     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Baines, D., and H. Linden. 1991. The impact of hunting on grouse population dynamics. Ornis Scandinavia 23:245-246.
2. Balzer, C. C. 1995. Survival, hunting mortality, and natality of ruffed grouse in northwestern Wisconsin. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
3. Beckerton, P. R., and A. L. A. Middleton. 1982. Effects of dietary protein levels on ruffed grouse reproduction. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:569-579.
4. Bergerud, A. T. 1988. Population ecology of North American grouse. Pages 578-685 in A. T. Bergerud, and M. W. Gratson, editors. Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse. Volume II: theory and synthesis. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
5. Bergerud, A. T., and M. W. Gratson. 1988. Survival and breeding strategies of grouse. Pages 473-577 in A. T. Bergerud, and M. W. Gratson, editors. Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse. Volume II: theory and synthesis. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
6. Braun, C. E., and G. E. Rogers. 1971. The white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. Colorado Division of Game, Fish and Parks Technical Publication 21, Denver, USA.
7. Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Blakiston Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
8. Broseth, H., and H. C. Pedersen. 2000. Hunting effort and game vulnerability studies on a small scale: a new technique combining radio-telemetry, GPS, and GIS. Journal of Applied Ecology 37:182-190.
9. Bumann, G. B. 2002. Factors influencing predation on ruffed grouse in the Appalachians. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
10. Bumann, G. B., and D. F. Stauffer. 2002. Scavenging of ruffed grouse in the Appalachians: influences and implications. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:853-860.
11. Bumann, G. B., and D. F. Stauffer. 2004. Predation on adult ruffed grouse in the Appalachians. Pages 35-38 in G. W. Norman, D. F. Stauffer, J. Sole, T. J. Allen, W. K. Igo, S. Bittner, J. Edwards, R. L. Kirkpatrick, W. M. Giuliano, B. Tefft, C. Harper, D. Buehler, D. Figert, M. Seamster, and D. Swanson, editors. Ruffed grouse ecology and management in the Appalachian region: final project report of the Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project. Richmond, Virginia, USA.
12. Bump, G., R. W. Darrow, F. C. Edminster, and W. F. Crissey. 1947. The ruffed grouse: life history, propagation, and management. Telegraph Press, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
13. Bump, G., and J. C. Jones. 1947. Food habits and requirements. Pages 181-246 in G. Bump, R. W. Darrow, F. C. Edminster, and W. F. Crissey, editors. The ruffed grouse: life history, propagation, and management. Telegraph Press, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
14. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multi-model inference. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
15. Caizegues, A., and L. N. Ellison. 2000. Age-specific reproductive performance of black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) females. Bird Study 47:344-351.
16. Clark, M. E. 2000. Survival, autumn movements and habitat use of hunted and non-hunted ruffed grouse in northern Michigan. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
17. Cringan, A. T. 1970. Reproductive biology of ruffed grouse in southern Ontario, 1964-1969. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:756-761.
18. Davis, J. A. 1969. Aging and sexing criteria for Ohio ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 33:628-636.
19. DeStefano, S., and D. H. Rusch. 1986. Harvest rates of ruffed grouse in northeastern Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:361-367.
20. Devers, P. K. 2005. Population ecology of and the effects of hunting on ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) in the southern and central Appalachians. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
21. Diamond, S. J., R. H. Giles, Jr., R. L. Kirkpatrick, and G. J. Griffin. 2000. Hard mast production before and after the chestnut blight. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24:196-201.
22. Dobson, A. P., E. R. Carper, and P. J. Hudson. 1988. Life-history strategies of gamebirds. Pages 48-71 in P. J. Hudson, and M. R. W. Rands, editors. Ecology and management of gamebirds. BSP Professional, London, United Kingdom.
23. Dorney, R. S., and C. Kabat. 1960. Relation of weather, parasitic disease, and hunting to Wisconsin ruffed grouse populations. Wisconsin Conservation Department Technical Bulletin 20, Madison, USA.
24. Eberhardt, L. L. 2003. What should we do about hypothesis testing? Journal of Wildlife Management 67:241-247.
25. Edminster, F. C. 1947. The ruffed grouse, its life story, ecology, and management. Macmillan, New York, New York, USA.
26. Edminster, F. C., and W. F. Crissey. 1947. Reproductive capacity of the species. Pages 355-368 in G. Bump, R. W. Darrow, F. C. Edminster, and W. F. Crissey, editors. The ruffed grouse: life history, propagation, and management. Telegraph Press, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
27. Ellison, L. N. 1979. Black grouse population characteristics on a hunted and three unhunted areas in the French Alps. Pages 64-73 in T. W. Lovel, editor. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Grouse. World Pheasant Association, Hampshire, United Kingdom.
28. Ellison, L. N. 1991. Shooting and compensatory mortality in tetraonids. Ornis Scandinavica 22:229-240.
29. Errington, P. L., and F. N. Hamerstrom, Jr. 1935. Bobwhite winter survival on experimentally shot and unshot areas. Iowa State College Journal of Science 9:625-639.
30. Fearer, T. M. 1999. Relationship of ruffed grouse home range size and movement to landscape characteristics in southwestern Virginia. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
31. Fettinger, J. L. 2002. Ruffed grouse nesting ecology and brood habitat in western North Carolina. Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
32. Fischer, C. A., and L. B. Keith. 1974. Population responses of central Alberta ruffed grouse to hunting. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:585-600.
33. Gratson, M. W., and C. L. Whitman. 2000. Characteristics of Idaho elk hunters relative to road access on public lands. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:1016-1022.
34. Gullion, G. W. 1965. Improvements in methods for trapping and marking ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 29:109-116.
35. Gullion, G. W. 1970. Factors influencing ruffed grouse populations. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 35:93-105.
36. Gullion, G. W. 1983. Ruffed grouse habitat manipulation: Mille Lacs Wildlife Management Area, Minnesota. Minnesota Wildlife Research Quarterly 43:25-98.
37. Gullion, G. W. 1984. Ruffed grouse management - where do we stand in the eighties? Pages 169-180 in W. L. Robinson, editor. Ruffed grouse management: state of the art in the early 1980s. The North Central Section of the Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
38. Gullion, G. W., and G. B. Evans. 1982. Are we overshooting late season grouse? [Interview by S. Smith.] Wisconsin Sportsman 11:18-23.
39. Gullion, G. W., and W. H. Marshall. 1968. Survival of ruffed grouse in a boreal forest. Living Bird 7:117-167.
40. Gutierrez, R. J., G. S. Zimmerman, and G. W. Gullion. 2003. Daily survival rates of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) in northern Minnesota. Wildlife Biology 9:351-356.
41. Hale, J. B., and R. F. Wendt. 1951. Ruffed grouse hatching dates in Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management 15:195-199.
42. Hannon, S. J., R. C. Gruys, and J. O. Schieck. 2003. Differential seasonal mortality of the sexes in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) in northern British Columbia, Canada. Wildlife Biology 9:317-326.
43. Harper, C. A., J. K. Knox, D. C. Guyann, J. R. Davis, and J. G. Williams. 2001. Invertebrate availability for wild turkey poults in the southern Appalachians. Proceedings of the National Wild Turkey Symposium 8:145-156.
44. Haulton, G. S. 1999. Ruffed grouse natality, chick survival, and brood microhabitat selection in the southern Appalachians. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
45. Hayes, S. G., D. J. Deptich, and P. Zager. 2002. Proximate factors affecting elk hunting in northern Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:491-499.
46. Healy, W. M. 1997. Thinning New England oak stands to enhance acorn production. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14:152-156.
47. Healy, W. M., and E. S. Nenno. 1983. Minimum maintenance versus intensive management of clearings for wild turkeys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 11:113-120.
48. Healy, W. M., and E. S. Nenno. 1985. Effect of weather on wild turkey poult survival. Proceedings of the National Wild Turkey Symposium 5:91-101.
49. Hein, D. 1970. The ruffed grouse near the southeast edge of it range. The Journal of Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 86:139-145.
50. Hewitt, D. G., and R. L. Kirkpatrick. 1996. Forage intake rates of ruffed grouse and potential effects on grouse density. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:2016-2024.
51. Hewitt, D. G., and R. L. Kirkpatrick. 1997. Daily activity times of ruffed grouse in southwestern Virginia. Journal of Field Ornithology 68:413-420.
52. Holzwart, J. C. 1990. Survival and reproduction of ruffed grouse in central Wisconsin. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
53. Hopkins, A. D. 1938. Bioclimatics: a science of life and climate relations. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 280, Washington, D.C., USA.
54. Jakubas, W. J., W. H. Karasov, and C. G. Guglielmo. 1993. Ruffed grouse tolerance and biotransformation of the plant secondary metabolite coniferyl benzoate. Condor 95:625-640.
55. Jenkins, D., A. Watson, and G. R. Miller. 1963. Population studies on red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus (Lath.) in north-east Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 32:317-376.
56. Jenkins, D., A. Watson, and G. R. Miller. 1967. Population fluctuations in the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus. Journal of Animal Ecology 36:97-122.
57. JMP 1996. JMP User's Guide. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
58. Johnsgard, P. A. 1983. The grouse of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, USA.
59. Jones, B. C. 2005. Ruffed grouse habitat use, reproductive ecology and survival in western North Carolina. Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
60. Jones, B. C., and C. A. Harper. 2006. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) use of stands harvested via alternative regeneration methods in the southern Appalachians. Proceedings of the 15th Central Hardwoods Conference. United States Forest Service, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
61. Jones, P. J., and P. Ward. 1976. The level of reserve protein as the proximate factor controlling the timing of breeding and clutch size in the red-billed quelea, Quelea quelea. Ibis 110:547-574.
62. Kalla, P. I., and R. W. Dimmick. 1995. Reliability of established aging and sexing methods in ruffed grouse. Proceeding of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 49:580-593.
63. Kaplan, E. L., and P. Meier. 1958. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association 53:457-481.
64. Knight, R. L., and D. N. Cole. 1995. Wildlife responses to recreationists. Pages 51-70 in R. L. Knight, and K. J. Gutzwiller, editors. Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
65. Krebs, C. J. 1994. Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Fourth edition. Harper Collins, New York, New York, USA.
66. Kubisiak, J. F. 1984. The impact of hunting on ruffed grouse populations in the Sandhill Wildlife Area. Pages 151-168 in W. L. Robinson, editor. Ruffed grouse management: state of the art in the early 19800s. The North Central Section of the Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
67. Kubisiak, J. F. 1985. Ruffed grouse habitat relationships in aspen and oak forests of central Wisconsin. Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin 151, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
68. Kupa, J. J. 1966. Ecological studies of the female ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus L.) at the Cloquet Forest Research Center, Minnesota. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
69. Lack, D. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.
70. Lance, A. N. 1983. Selection of feeding sites by hen red grouse Lagopus logopus scoticus during breeding. Ornis Scandinavia 14:78-80.
71. Larson, M. A. 1998. Nesting success and chick survival of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) in northern Michigan. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
72. Larson, M. A., M. E. Clark, and S. R. Winterstein. 2001. Survival of ruffed grouse chicks in northern Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:880-886.
73. Leopold, A. L. 1933. Game management (reprint edition 1986). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, USA.
74. Little, D. A. 2001. Spring turkey hunter attitudes toward hunting quality and regulations on wildlife management areas in Mississippi. Thesis, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA.
75. Long, C. B., J. Edwards, and W. Giuliano. 2004a. Pre-breeding nutritional condition and potential effects on reproduction. Pages 19-22 in G. W. Norman, D. F. Stauffer, J. Sole, T. J. Allen, W. K. Igo, S. Bittner, J. Edwards, R. L. Kirkpatrick, W. M. Giuliano, B. Tefft, C. Harper, D. Buehler, D. Figert, M. Seamster, and D. Swanson, editors. Ruffed grouse ecology and management in the Appalachian region: final project report of the Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
76. Long, C. B., J. Edwards, and W. Giuliano. 2004b. Pre-breeding food habits of ruffed grouse in the Appalachian region. Pages 15-18 in G. W. Norman, D. F. Stauffer, J. Sole, T. J. Allen, W. K. Igo, S. Bittner, J. Edwards, R. L. Kirkpatrick, W. M. Giuliano, B. Tefft, C. Harper, D. Buehler, D. Figert, M. Seamster, and D. Swanson, editors. Ruffed grouse ecology and management in the Appalachian region: final project report of the Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
77. Manzer, D. L. 2004. Sharp-tailed grouse breeding success, survival, and site selection in relation to habitat measured at multiple scales. Dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
78. Marshall, W. H., and G. W. Gullion. 1965. A discussion of ruffed grouse populations: Cloquet Forest Research Center, Minnesota. Transactions of the International Union of Game Biologists 8:93-100.
79. Martin, T. E. 1987. Food as a limit on breeding birds: a life-history perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:453-487.
80. Maxon, S. J. 1978. A nesting study of ruffed grouse at the Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Minnesota. Loon 50:25-30.
81. Mayr, E. 1970. Populations, species, and evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
82. McCorquodale, S. M., R. Wiseman, and C. L. Marcum. 2003. Survival and harvest vulnerability of elk in the Cascade Range of Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:248-257.
83. McGowan, J. D. 1975. Effect of autumn and spring hunting on ptarmigan population trends. Journal of Wildlife Management 39:491-495.
84. Miller, G. R., A. Watson, and D. Jenkins. 1970. Responses of red grouse populations to experimental improvement of their food. Pages 325-335 in A. Watson, editor. Animal populations in relation to their rood resources. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
85. Monschein, T. D. 1974. Effects of hunting on ruffed grouse in small woodlots in Ashe and Alleghany Counties, North Carolina. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 27:30-36.
86. Moss, R. 1969. A comparison of red grouse (Lagopus l. scoticus) stocks with the production and nutritive value of heather (Calluna vulgaris). Journal of Animal Ecology 38:103-122.
87. Moss, R. 1972. Food selection by red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) in relation to chemical composition. Journal of Animal Ecology 41:411-428.
88. Moss, R., A. Watson, P. Rothery, and W. W. Glennie. 1981. Clutch size, egg size, hatch weight, and laying date in relation to early mortality in red grouse lagopus lagopus chicks. Ibis 123:450-462.
89. Myrberget, S. 1985. Is hunting mortality compensated in grouse populations, with special reference to willow grouse? Transactions of the International Union of Game Biologists 17:329-336.
90. Nager, R. G., P. Monaghan, D. C. Houston, and M. Genovart. 2000. Parental condition, brood sex ratio and differential young survival: an experimental study in gulls (Larus fuscus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48:452-457.
91. National Climatic Data Center [NCDC]. 2004. NCDC home page. 〈http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html〉. Accessed 10 Oct 2003.
92. Norman, G. W., and R. L. Kirkpatrick. 1984. Food, nutrition, and condition of ruffed grouse in southwestern Virginia. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:183-187.
93. Palmer, W. L. 1956. Ruffed grouse population studies on hunted and unhunted areas. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference 21:338-344.
94. Palmer, W. L., and C. L. Bennett, Jr. 1963. Relation of season length to hunting harvest of ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 27:634-639.
95. Pedersen, H. C., S. L. Kastdalen, H. Broseth, R. A. Ims, W. Svendesen, and N. G. Yoccoz. 2004. Weak compensation of harvest surplus despite strong density dependent growth in willow ptarmigan. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London-Biological Sciences 271:381-385.
96. Pollock, K. H., S. R. Winterstein, C. M. Bunck, and P. D. Curtis. 1989a. Survival analysis in telemetry studies: the staggered entry design. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:7-15.
97. Pollock, K. H., S. R. Winterstein, and M. J. Conroy. 1989b. Estimation and analysis of survival distributions for radio-tagged animals. Biometrics 45:99-109.
98. Porath, W. R., and P. A. Vohs, Jr. 1972. Population ecology of ruffed grouse in northeastern Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:793-802.
99. Rands, M. R. W. 1988. Habitat quality and gamebird population ecology. Pages 134-158 in P. J. Hudson, and M. R. W. Rands, editors. Ecology and management of gamebirds. BSP Professional, London, United Kingdom.
100. Reynolds, S. J., S. J. Schoech, and R. Bowman. 2003. Diet quality during pre-laying and nestling periods influences growth and survival of Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) chicks. Journal of Zoology 261:217-226.
101. Roberts, S. D., J. M. Coffey, and W. F. Porter. 1995. Survival and reproduction of female wild turkey in New York. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:437-447.
102. Roberts, S. D., and W. F. Porter. 1998. Influence of temperature and precipitation on survival of wild turkey poults. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1499-1505.
103. Romesburg, C. H. 1981. Wildlife science: gaining reliable knowledge. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:293-313.
104. Rusch, D. H., S. DeStefano, M. C. Reynolds, and D. Lauten. 2000. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). The Birds of North America, Number 515.
105. Rusch, D. H., M. M. Gillespie, and D. I. McKay. 1978. Decline of a ruffed grouse population in Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 92:123-127.
106. Rusch, D. H., and L. B. Keith. 1971. Seasonal and annual trends in numbers of Alberta ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 35:803-822.
107. SAS Institute. 2002. SAS/STAT user's guide, release 8.1 edition. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
108. Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2004. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, results and analysis 1966-2003. Version 2004.1. 〈http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/bbs.html〉. Accessed 7 Apr 2003.
109. Schumacher, C. L. 2002. Ruffed grouse habitat use in western North Carolina. Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
110. Selas, V. 2000. Population dynamics of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in relation to bilberry (Vaccinium mytrillus) production in southern Norway. Wildlife Biology 6:1-11.
111. Servello, F. A., and R. L. Kirkpatrick. 1987. Regional variation in the nutritional ecology of ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:749-770.
112. Servello, F. A., and R. L. Kirkpatrick. 1989. Nutritional value of acorns for ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:26-29.
113. Small, R. J., J. C. Holzwart, and D. H. Rusch. 1991. Predation and hunting mortality of ruffed grouse in central Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:512-520.
114. Small, R. J., J. C. Holzwart, and D. H. Rusch. 1996. Natality of ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus in central Wisconsin, USA. Wildlife Biology 2:49-52.
115. Smith, B. W., C. Dobony, and J. Edwards. 2004. Survival and cause specific mortality of ruffed grouse chicks in the Appalachians. Pages 27-28 in G. W. Norman, D. F. Stauffer, J. Sole, T. J. Allen, W. K. Igo, S. Bittner, J. Edwards, R. L. Kirkpatrick, W. M. Giuliano, B. Tefft, C. Harper, D. Buehler, D. Figert, M. Seamster, and D. Swanson, editors. Ruffed grouse ecology and management in the Appalachian region: final project report of the Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
116. Stafford, S. K., and R. W. Dimmick. 1979. Autumn and winter foods of ruffed grouse in the southern Appalachians. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:121-127.
117. Starfield, A. M. 1997. A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:261-270.
118. Strickland, M. D., H. J. Harju, K. R. McCaffery, H. W. Miller, L. M. Smith, and R. J. Stoll. 1994. Harvest management. Pages 445-473 in T. A. Bookhout, editor. Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. Fifth edition. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
119. Svoboda, F. J., and G. W. Gullion. 1972. Preferential use of aspen by ruffed grouse in northern Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:1166-1180.
120. Swanson, D. A., M. C. Reynolds, J. M. Yoder, R. J. Stoll, Jr., and W. L. Culbertson. 2003. Ruffed grouse survival in Ohio. Ohio Wildlife Research Report, Columbus, USA.
121. Swenson, J. E., L. Saari, and Z. Bonczar. 1994. Effects of weather on hazel grouse reproduction: an allometric perspective. Journal of Avian Biology 25:8-14.
122. Thompson, F. R., D. A. Freiling, and E. K. Fritzell. 1987. Drumming, nesting, and brood habitats of ruffed grouse in an oak-hickory forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:568-575.
123. Thompson, F. R., and E. K. Fritzell. 1988. Ruffed grouse winter roost site preference and influence on energy demands. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:454-460.
124. Tirpak, J., and W. Giuliano. 2004. Influence of nest site selection on ruffed grouse nest success in the Appalachians. Pages 25-26 in G. W. Norman, D. F. Stauffer, J. Sole, T. J. Allen, W. K. Igo, S. Bittner, J. Edwards, R. L. Kirkpatrick, W. M. Giuliano, B. Tefft, C. Harper, D. Buehler, D. Figert, M. Seamster, and D. Swanson, editors. Ruffed grouse ecology and management in the Appalachian region: final project report of the Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
125. Trent, T., and O. J. Rongstad. 1974. Home range and survival of cottontails in southwestern Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:459-472.
126. Triquet, A. M. 1989. Mortality and habitat use of ruffed grouse on the Cumberland Plateau, Kentucky. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
127. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. The PLANTS Database. 〈http://plants.usda.gov〉. Accessed 8 Dec 2006.
128. Vangilder, L. D., and E. W. Kurzejeski. 1995. Population ecology of the eastern wild turkey in northern Missouri. Wildlife Monographs 130.
129. Verboven, N., P. Monaghan, D. M. Evans, H. Schwabl, N. Evans, C. Whitelaw, and R. G. Nager. 2003. Maternal condition, yolk androgens and offspring performance: a supplemental feeding experiment in the lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London-Biological Series 270:2223-2232.
130. Walters, C. J., and R. Hilborn. 1978. Ecological optimization and adaptive management. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:157-188.
131. Watson, A., and R. Moss. 1972. A current model of population dynamics in red grouse. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress 15:134-149.
132. Watson, A., R. Moss, P. Rothery, and R. Parr. 1984. Demographic causes and predictive models of population fluctuations in red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:639-662.
133. Watson, A., and P. J. O'Hare. 1979. Red grouse populations on experimentally treated and untreated Irish bog. Journal of Applied Ecology 16:433-452.
134. Welty, J. C., and L. Baptista. 1988. The life of birds. Fourth edition. Sauger College, New York, New York, USA.
135. Whitaker, D. M. 2003. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) habitat ecology in the central and southern Appalachians. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
136. Whitaker, D. M., and D. F. Stauffer. 2003. Night roost selection during winter by ruffed grouse in the central Appalachians. Southeastern Naturalist 2:337-392.
137. Whitaker, D. M., D. Stauffer, G. Norman, P. Devers, T. Allen, S. Bittner, D. Buehler, J. Edwards, S. Friedhoff, W. Giuliano, C. Harper, and B. Tefft. 2006. Factors affecting use of preferred habitats by Appalachian ruffed grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:460-471.
138. Whitaker, D.M., D. Stauffer, G. Norman, P. Devers, J. Edwards, W. Giuliano, C. Harper, W. Igo, J. Sole, H. Spiker, and B. Tefft. 2008. Factors associated with variation in home range size of Appalachian ruffed grouse. Auk 125:in press.
139. White, D., and R. W. Dimmick. 1978. Survival and habitat use of northern ruffed grouse introduced into west Tennessee. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Fish and Wildlife Agencies 32:1-7.
140. White, G. C., and K. P. Burnham. 1999. Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46(Supplement):S120-139.
141. Williams, T. D. 1994. Intraspecific variation in egg size and egg composition in birds: effects on offspring fitness. Biological Reviews 68:35-59.
142. Wisdom, M. J., and L. S. Mills. 1997. Sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery: prairie chickens as an example. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:302-312.
143. Zwickel, F. C. 1982. Demographic composition of hunted harvested blue grouse in east central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:1057-1061.