Protein-source tryptophan as an efficacious treatment for social anxiety disorder: A pilot study

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Volumn 85, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 928-932

  Hudson, Craig ^a,b   Hudson, Susan ^b   MacKenzie, Joan ^c  

^a Whitby Mental Health Centre   (Canada)

^b Biosential Inc   (Canada)

^c Stratford General Hospital Foundation   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Blood brain barrier; Protein bound tryptophan

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; PLACEBO; TRYPTOPHAN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG MECHANISM; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; PILOT STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SOCIAL PHOBIA; THERAPY EFFECT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; CUCURBITA; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PILOT PROJECTS; PLANT PROTEINS; SEEDS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TRYPTOPHAN;

EID: 36548999723     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Y07-082     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC.
2. Balestrieri, C., Colonna, G., Irace, G., and Servillo, L. 1978. Second-derivative spectroscopy of proteins : a method for the quantification of aromatic amino acids in proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 90: 433-440. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12622.x.
3. Bliss, E.L., Ailion, J., and Zwanziger, J. 1968. Metabolism of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in rat brain with stress. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 164: 122-134.
4. Boman, B. 1988. L-Tryptophan: a rational anti-depressant and a natural hypnotic? Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 22: 83-97.
5. Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M., and Vitelli, R. 1991a. Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS): Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
6. Endler, N.S., Parker, J.D., Bagby, R.M., and Cox, B.J. 1991b. Multidimensionality of state and trait anxiety: factor structure of the Endler multidimensional anxiety scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 60: 919-926. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.919.
7. Fernstrom, J.D., and Faller, D.V. 1978. Neutral amino acids in the brain: changes in response to food ingestion. J. Neurochem. 30: 1531-1538. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb10489.x.
8. Fernstrom, J.D., and Wurtman, R.J. 1971. Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science, 173: 149-152. doi:10.1126/science.173.3992.149.
9. Fernstrom, J.D., and Wurtman, R.J. 1972. Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acid levels. Science, 178: 414-416. doi:10.1126/science.178.4059.414.
10. Flockhart, D.A., Clauw, D.J., Sale, E.B., Hewett, J., and Woosley, R.L. 1994. Pharmacogenetic characteristics of the esosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 56: 398-405.
11. FDA Communication. 1989. "Update on L-tryptophan." US Food and Drug Administration. Available online: www.fda.gov/bbs/ topics/ANSWERS/ANS00114.html.
12. Foster-Powell, K., and Brand-Miller, J. 1995. International tables of glycemic index. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 871S-893S.
13. Hertzman, P.A., Blevins, W.L., Mayer, J., Greenfield, B., Ting, M., and Gleich, G.J. 1990. Association of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome with the ingestion of tryptophan. N. Engl. J. Med. 322: 869-873.
14. Hudson, C., Hudson, S.P., Hecht, T., and MacKenzie, J. 2005. Protein source tryptophan versus pharmaceutical grade tryptophan
15. as an efficacious treatment for chronic insomnia. Nutr. Neurosci. 8: 121-127. doi:10.1080/10284150500069561.
16. Jenkins, D.J.A., Thomas, D.M., Wolever, M.S., Taylor, R.H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., et al. 1981. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 362-366.
17. Judd, C.M., and McClelland, G.H. 1989. Statistical analysis: A model comparison approach. Harcourt Brace Janovich, Orlando, Florida.
18. Leathwood, P.D., and Fernstrom, J.D. 1990. Effect of an oral tryptophan/carbohydrate load on tryptophan, large neutral amino acid, and serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in monkey brain. J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect. 79: 25-34. doi:10. 1007/BF01250997.
19. Levitan, R.D., Shen, J.H., Jindal, R., Driver, H.S., Kennedy, S.H., and Shapiro, C.M. 2000. Preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tryptophan combined with fluoxetine to treat major depressive disorder: antidepressant and hypnotic effects. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 25: 337-346.
20. Lyons, P.M., and Truswell, A.S. 1988. Serotonin precursor influenced by type of carbohydrate meal in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47: 433-439.
21. Martin-Du Pan, R., Mauron, C., Glaeser, B., and Wurtman, R.J. 1982. Effect of various oral glucose doses on plasma neutral amino acid levels. Metabolism, 31: 937-943. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(82)90185-8.
22. Myer, B. 2000. The golden thread. Harper Collins Canada, Toronto. pp. 213-214 and 262-263.
23. Okada, S., Sullivan, E.A., Kamb, M.L., Philen, R.M., Miller, F.W.,
24. and Love, L.A. 1994. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1 alleles define risk factors for the development of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS). Arthritis Rheum. 37(supplement): S274.
25. Pecknold, J.C., McClure, D.J., Appeltauer, L., Allan, T., and Wrzesinski, L. 1982. Does tryptophan potentiate clomipramine in the treatment of agoraphobia and social phobic patients. Br. J. Psychiatry, 140: 484-490.
26. Schneider-Helmert, D., and Spinweber, C.L. 1986. Evaluation of L-tryptophan for treatment of insomnia: a review. Psychopharmacology (Bed.), 89: 1-7. doi:10.1007/BF02412126.
27. Strydom, D.J., Andersen, T.T., Apostol, I., Fox, J.W., Paxton, R.J., and Crabb, J.W. 1993. Cysteine and tryptophan amino acid analysis of ABRF92-AAA. In Techniques in protein chemistry IV. Edited by R.H. Angeletti. Academic Press, Inc., Burlington, Mass. pp. 279-288.
28. Watkins, L.L., Grossman, P., Krishnan, R., and Sherwood, A. 1998. Anxiety and vagal control of heart rate. Psychosom. Med. 60: 498-502.
29. Williamson, B.L., Benson, L.M., Tomlinson, A.J., Mayeno, A.N., Gleich, G.J., and Naylor, S. 1997. Online HPLC-tandem mass spectroscopy analysis of contaminants of L-tryptophan associated with the onset of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Toxicol. Lett. 92: 139-148. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(97)00048-9.
30. Young, S.N. 1986. The clinical psychopharmacology of tryptophan. In Nutrition and the brain, Vol. 7. Edited by R.J. Wurtman and J.J. Wurtman, Raven Press, New York. pp. 49-88.