Evapotranspiration and turbulent transport in an irrigated desert orchard

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 107, Issue 20, 2002, Pages ACL-4-1-ACL-4-12

  Stoughton, Thomas E ^a   Miller, David R ^b   Huddleston, Ellis W ^c   Ross, James B ^c  

^a Woodard and Curran Incorporated   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^c NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

3307 Meteorology and Atmospheric dynamics: Boundary layer processes; 3322 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land atmosphere interactions; 3394 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Instruments and techniques

Indexed keywords

ANEMOMETERS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; IRRIGATION; METEOROLOGICAL BALLOONS; ORCHARDS; TURBULENT FLOW;

CANOPY; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; HEAT FLUX; HETEROGENEITY; MICROMETEOROLOGY; TURBULENCE;

LAS CRUCES; NEW MEXICO; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

CARYA ILLINOINENSIS;

EID: 36448974223     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001198     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Amiro, B. D., Comparison of turbulence statistics within three boreal forest canopies, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 51, 99-121, 1990.
2. Amiro, B. D., Footprint climatologies for evapotranspiration in a boreal catchment, Agric. For. Meteorol., 90, 195-201, 1998.
3. Amiro, B. D., and P. A. Davis, Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within a natural black spruce forest canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 44, 267-283, 1988.
4. Baldocchi, D. D., and B. A. Hutchison, Turbulence in an almond orchard, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 40, 127-164, 1987.
5. Baldocchi, D. D., and T. P. Meyers, Turbulence structure in a deciduous forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 43, 345-364, 1988.
6. Baldocchi, D. D., and K. S. Rao, Intra-field variability of scalar flux densities across a transition between a desert and an irrigated potato field, Boundary Layer Meteorol, 76, 109-136, 1995.
7. Baldocchi, D. D., S. B. Verma, and N. J. Rosenberg, Characteristics of air flow above and within a soybean canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 25, 43-54, 1983.
8. Ben-Asher, J., and T. W. Sammis, Radiation and energy balance of a trickle-irrigated lemon grove, Agron. J., 70, 1978.
9. Bink, D. J., The structure of the atmospheric surface layer subject to local advection, Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen Agriculture Univ., Netherlands, 1996.
10. Bouchet, R. J., Evapotranspiration reele et potentielle, signification climatique, Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., 62, 134-142, 1963.
11. Bowen, I. S., The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface, Phys. Rev., 27, 777-787, 1926.
12. 2 balance of an irrigated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) field in the Great Plains, Agron. J., 63, 207-213, 1971a.
13. Brown, K. W., and N. J. Rosenberg, Turbulent transport and energy balance as affected by a windbreak in an irrigated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) field, Agron. J., 63, 351-355, 1971b.
14. Brutsaert, W., Evaporation Into the Atmosphere: Theory, History and Applications, 299 pp., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1982.
15. Brutsaert, W. H., and H. Stricker, An advection-aridity approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 15, 443-450, 1979.
16. Cionco, R. M., Intensity of turbulence within canopies with simple and complex roughness elements, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 2, 453-465, 1972.
17. Cionco, R. M., Design and execution of Project Wind, Preprints: 19th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, pp. 156-159, AMS, Boston, 1989.
18. Cooper, H. J., E. A. Smith, and J. D. Martsolf, Spray irrigation effects on surface-layer stability in an experimental citrus orchard during winter freezes, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 155-166, 1997.
19. Cooper, D. I., W. E. Eichinger, L. Hipps, J. Kao, J. Reisner, S. Smith, and D. Williams, Spatial and temporal properties of water vapor and flux over a riparian canopy, Preprints: 23th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, pp. 273-275, AMS, Boston, 1998.
20. de Bruin, H. A. R., W. Dohsiek, and B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapour using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities, Boundary Layer Meterol., 63, 231-257, 1993.
21. Dyer, A. J., Measurements of evaporation and heat transfer in the lower atmosphere by an automatic eddy-correlation technique, Q. J. R. Meteorol Soc., 87, 401-412, 1961.
22. Finnigan, J. J., Turbulence in waving wheat, 2, Structure of momentum transfer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 16, 213-236, 1979.
23. Gao, W., R. H. Shaw, and K. T. Paw U, Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 47, 349-377, 1989.
24. Garratt, J. R., The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, 316 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
25. Ham, J. M., J. L. Heilman, and R. J. Lascano, Soil and canopy energy balances of a row crop at partial cover, Agron. J., 83, 744-753, 1991.
26. Hanks, R. J., L. H. Allen, and H. R. Gardner, Advection and evapotranspiration of wide-row sorghum in the central Great Plains, Agron. J., 63, 520-527, 1971.
27. Horst, T. W., and J. C. Weil, Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 59, 279-296, 1992.
28. Horst, T. W., and J. C. Weil, How far is far enough? The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1018-1025, 1994.
29. Itier, B., Y. Brunet, K. J. McAneney, and J. P. Lagouarde, Downwind evolution of scalar fluxes and surface resistace under conditions of local advection, 1, A reappraisal of boundary conditions, Agric. For. Meterorol., 71, 211-225, 1994.
30. Jara, J., C. O. Stockle, and J. Kjelgaard, Measurement of evapotranspiration and its components in a corn (Zea mays, L.) field, Agric. For. Meteorol., 92, 131-145, 1998.
31. Kaimal, J. C., and J. E. Gaynor, Another look at sonic thermometry, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 56, 401-410, 1991.
32. Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows, 289 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1994.
33. Kalma, J. D., and G. Stanhill, The climate of an orange orchard: Physical characteristics and microclimate relationships, Agric. Meteorol., 10, 185-201, 1972.
34. Katul, G. G., and W. Chang, Principal length scales in second-order closure models for canopy turbulence, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 1631-1643, 1999.
35. Konzelmann, T., P. Calanca, G. Muller, L. Menzel, and H. Lang, Energy balance and evapotranspiration in a high mountain area during summer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 966-973, 1997.
36. Kroon, L. J. M., and H. A. R. de Bruin, Atmosphere-vegetation interaction in local advection conditions: Effect of lower boundary conditions, Agric. For. Meteorol., 13, 5-13, 1993.
37. Laubach, J., K. G. McNaughton, and J. D. Wilson, Heat and water vapor diffusivities near the base of a disturbed stable internal boundary layer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 94, 23-63, 2000.
38. Ledere, M. Y., and G. W. Thurtell, Footprint predictions of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 52, 247-258, 1990.
39. Lee, R., Forest Hydrology, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1980.
40. Lee, X., and T. A. Black, Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douclas-Fir stand, 1, Statistical properties of the velocity field, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 64, 149-174, 1993a.
41. Lee, X., and T. A. Black, Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-Fir stand, 2, Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapor, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 64, 369-389, 1993b.
42. Lloyd, C. R., The effect of heterogeneous terrain on micrometeorological flux measurements: A case study from HAPEX-SAHEL, Agric. For. Meteorol., 73, 209-216, 1995.
43. Mayocchi, C. L., and K. L. Bristow, Soil surface heat flux: Some general questions and comments on measurements, Agric. For. Meteorol., 75, 43-50, 1995.
44. McAneney, K. J., P. T. Prendergast, M. J. Judd, and A. E. Green, Observations of equilibrium evaporation from a windbreak-sheltered kiwifruit orchard, 57, 253-264, 1992.
45. McAneney, K. J., E. Brunet, and B. Itier, Downwind evolution of transpiration by two irrigated crops under conditions of local advection, J. Hydrol., 161, 373-388, 1994.
46. McNaughton, K. G., and T. A. Black, A study of evapotranspiration from a Douglas fir forest using the energy balance approach, Water Resour. Res., 9, 1579-1590, 1973.
47. McNaughton, K. G., and P. G. Jarvis, Predicting effects of vegetation changes on transpiration and evaporation, in Water Deficits and Plant Growth, vol. 7, edited by T. T. Kozlowski, pp. 1-47, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1983.
48. McNaughton, K. G., and J. Laubach, Unsteadiness as a cause of nonequality of eddy diffusivities for heat and vapor at the base of an advective inversion, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 88, 479-504, 1998.
49. Miyamoto, S., Consumptive water use of irrigated pecans, J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 108, 676-681, 1983.
50. Monteith, J. L., The state and movement of water in living organisms, in Evaporation and Environment, edited by G. E. Fogg, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1965.
51. Murray, F. W., On the computation of saturation vapor pressure, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 203-204, 1967.
52. Oke, T. R., Boundary Layer Climates, 372 pp., Metheun, New York, 1978.
53. Parlange, M. B., and G. G. Katul, An advection-aridity model, Water Resour. Res., 28, 127-132, 1992.
54. Penman, H. L., Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 193, 120-145, 1948.
55. Philip, J. R., Advection, evaporation, and surface resistance, Irrig. Sci., 8, 101-114, 1987.
56. Priestley, C. B. H., and R. J. Taylor, On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large scale parameters. Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 81-92, 1972.
57. Prueger, J. H., L. E. Hipps, and D. I. Cooper, Evaporation and the development of the local boundary layer over an irrigated surface in an arid region, Agric. For. Meteorol., 78, 223-237, 1996.
58. Raupach, M. R., P. A. Coppin, and B. J. Legg, Experiments on scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy, 1, The turbulent structure, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 35, 21-52, 1986.
59. Rosenberg, N. J., and S. B. Verma, Extreme evapotranspiration by irrigated alfalfa: A consequence of the 1976 midwestern drought, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 934-941, 1978.
60. Sammis, T. W., W. R. Riley, and D. G. Lugg, Crop water stress index of pecans, Appl. Eng. Agric., 4, 39-45, 1988.
61. Savage, M. J., K. J. McInnes, and J. L. Heilman, Placement height of eddy correlation sensors above a short turfgrass surface, Agric. For. Meteorol., 74, 195-204, 1995.
62. Schuepp, P. H., M. Y. Leclerc, J. I. MacPherson, and R. L. Desjardins, Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 50, 355-373, 1990.
63. Shaw, R. H., R. H. Silversides, and G. W. Thurtell, Some observations of turbulence and turbulent transport within and above plant canopies, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 5, 429-449, 1974.
64. Shaw, R. H., J. Tavangar, and D. P. Ward, Structure of the Reynolds stress in a canopy layer, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1922-1931, 1983.
65. Shaw, R. H., G. den Hartog, and H. H. Neumann, Influence of foliar density and thermal stability on profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 45, 391-409, 1988.
66. Sorbjan, Z., On similarity in the atmospheric boundary layer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 34, 377-397, 1986.
67. Sorbjan, Z., An examination of local similarity theory in the stable stratified boundary layer, Boundary Layer Metearol., 38, 63-71, 1987.
68. Steinke, W. E., T. M. Ledson, N. V. O'Connell, and E. W. Huddleston, Assessment of citrus canopy density and distribution with the Li-Cor LAI-2000 leaf area index meter, ASAE Conf. Pap. 96-108, 14 pp., 1996.
69. Stewart, J. B., Modeling surface conductance of pine forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 43, 17-35, 1988.
70. Stewart, J. B., and A. S. Thom, Energy budgets in a pine forest, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 154-170, 1973.
71. Stoughton, T. E., D. R. Miller, X. Yang, and G. M. Hendrey, Footprint climatology estimation of potential control ring contamination at the Duke Forest FACTS-1 experiment site, Agric. For. Meteorol., 100, 73-82, 2000.
72. Stull, R. B., An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, 666 pp., Kluwer Acad., Nonvell, Mass., 1988.
73. Swinbank, W. C., The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere, J. Meteorol., 8, 135-145, 1951.
74. Tanner, C. B., and G. W. Thurtell, Anemoclinometer measurements of Reynolds stress and heat transport in the atmospheric surface layer, Res. Dev. Tech. Rep. ECOM-66-G22F, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, 1969.
75. Verma, S. B., N. J. Rosenberg, and B. L. Blad, Turbulent exchange for sensible heat and water vapor under advective conditions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 330-338, 1978.
76. Wang, Y. S., D. R. Miller, D. E. Anderson, R. M. Cionco, and J. D. Lin, A spatial length scale analysis of turbulent temperature and velocity fluctuations within and above an orchard canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 59, 125-139, 1992.
77. Wilson, J. D., D. P. Ward, G. W. Thurtell, and G. E. Kidd, Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within and above a corn canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 24, 495-519, 1982.