Education attainment and the risk of HIV-1 infections in rural Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania, 1991-2005: A reversed association

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Volumn 34, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 947-953

  Mmbaga, Elia J ^a,b   Leyna, Germana H ^a,b   Mnyika, Kagoma S ^a   Hussain, Akthar ^b   Klepp, Knut Inge ^b  

^a MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES   (Tanzania)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CONDOM; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; INFORMED CONSENT; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; RISK REDUCTION; RURAL POPULATION; SAFE SEX; SEXUALITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; TANZANIA; VIRUS EXAMINATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION; SAFE SEX; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TANZANIA;

EID: 36348998657     PISSN: 01485717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31813e0c15     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Dallabetta GA, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi JD, et al. High socioeconomic status is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection but not for sexually transmitted diseases in women in Malawi: Implication for HIV-1 control. J infect Dis 1993; 167:36-42.
2. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, et al. A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: Baseline survey results. AIDS 1995; 9:927-934.
3. Hargreaves JR, Glynn JR. Educational attainment and HIV-1 infection in developing countries: A systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7:489-498.
4. Killewo J, Nyamuryekunge K, Sandstrom A, et al. Prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the Kagera region of Tanzania: A population-based study. AIDS 1990; 4:1081-1085.
5. Killian AH, Gregson S, Ndyanabangi B, et al. Reduction in risk behaviours provides the most consistent explanation for the declining HIV-1 prevalence in Uganda. AIDS 1999; 13:391-398.
6. Kwesigabo G, Killewo J, Godoy C, et al. Decline in the prevalence of HIV-1 infection in young women in the Kagera region of Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998; 17:262-268.
7. Senkoro KP, Boerma JT, Klokke AH, et al. HIV incidence and HIV associated mortality in a cohort of factory workers and their spouses in Tanzania 1991 through 1996. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 23:194-202.
8. Smith J, Nalagoda F, Wawer MJ, et al. Education attainment as a predictor of HIV risk in rural Uganda: Results from a population-based study. Int J STD AIDS 1999; 10:452-459.
9. Kirunga CT, Ntozi JP. Socio-economic determinants of HIV serostatus: A study of Rakai district, Uganda. Health Transit Rev 1997; 7:175-188.
10. Over M, Piot P. Disease control priorities in developing countries. In: Jamson DT, Mosley WH, Minsham AR, et al., eds. HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; 455-527.
11. Kelly R, Kwanuka N, Wawer MJ, et al. Age of male circumcision and risk of prevalent HIV infection in rural Uganda. AIDS 1999; 13:399-405.
12. Vandermoortele J, Delamonica E. The "education vaccine" against HIV. Curr Issues Comparative Educ 2002; 3:6-13.
13. Kelly MJ, Coombe C. Education as a vehicle for combating HIV/AIDS. Prospects 2001; XXXI:438-445.
14. Paasche-Orlow NK, Clarke JG, Hebert MR, et al. Education attainment but not literacy is associated with HIV risk behaviours among incarcerated women. J Womens Health 2005; 14:852-859.
15. Barongo LR, Borgdorff MW, Mosha FF, et al. The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in urban areas, roadside settlements and rural villages in Mwanza region, Tanzania. AIDS 1992; 6:1521-1528.
16. Killewo J, Sandstrom A, Bredberg-raden U, et al. Incidence of HIV-1 infection among adults in the Kagera region of Tanzania. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22:528-536.
17. Quigley M, Munguti K, Grosskurth H, et al. Sexual behavior patterns and other risk factors for HIV infection in rural Tanzania: A case-control study. AIDS 1997; 11:237-248.
18. Kwesigabo G, Killewo J, Urassa W, et al. HIV-1 infection prevalence and incidence trends in areas of contrasting levels of infection in the Kagera region, Tanzania, 1987-2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:585-591.
19. Fontanet AL, Woldemichael T, Sahlu T, et al. Epidemiology of HIV and schistosoma mansoni infections among suger-estate residents in Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2000; 94:145-155.
20. Fylkenes K, Musonda RM, Sichome M, et al. Declining HIV prevalence and risk behaviours in Zambia: Evidence from surveillance and population-based surveys. AIDS 2001; 15:907-916.
21. Glynn JR, Carael M, Buve A, et al. Does increased general schooling protect against HIV infection? A study in four African cities. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9:4-14.
22. Gregson S, Waddel H, Chandiwana S. School education and HIV control in sub-Saharan Africa: From discord to harmony. J Int Develop 2001; 13:467-485.
23. Bradley H, Bedada A, Brahmbhatt H, et al. Education attainment and HIV status among ethiopian voluntary counseling and testing clients. AIDS Behav 2006;2. Epub ahead of print.
24. Michello C, Sandoy IF, Fylkenes K. Marked HIV prevalence declines in higher educated young people: Evidence from population-based surveys (1995-2003) in Zambia. AIDS 2006; 20:1031-1038.
25. Klouman E, Masenga EJ, Klepp KI, et al. HIV and reproductive tract infections in a total village population in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: Women at increased risk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14:163-168.
26. Mmbaga EJ, Hussain A, Leyna G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV-1 infection in rural Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania: Implications for prevention and treatment. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:58.
27. Mnyika KS, Klepp KI, Kvale G, et al. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection among women in the Arusha region of Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 11:484-489.
28. de Walque D, Nakiyingi-Miiro JS, Busingye J, et al. Changing association between schooling levels and HIV-1 infection over 11 years in a rural population cohort in south-west Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10:1001.
29. Lagarde E, Carael M, Glynn JR, et al. Education level is associated with condom use within non-spousal partnerships in four cities of sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2001; 15:1399-1408.
30. Crampin AC, Glynn JR, Ngwira BMM, et al. Trends and measurement of HIV prevalence in northern Malawi. AIDS 2003; 17:1817.
31. Fylkenes K, Musonda RM, Kasumba K, et al. The HIV epidemic in Zambia: Socio-demographic prevalence patterns and indications of trends among childbearing women. AIDS 1997; 11:339-345.
32. Lugoe WL, Klepp KI, Skulle A. Sexual debut and predictors of condom use among secondary school students in Arusha, Tanzania. AIDS Care 1996; 8:443-452.
33. Klepp KI, Ndeki SS, Leshabari MT, et al. AIDS education in Tanzania: Promoting risk reduction among primary school children. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:1931-1936.
34. Grunseit A. Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on the Sexual behaviors of Young People: A Review Update. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. UNAIDS Report 1997.