Void fraction measurements in breaking waves

Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 463, Issue 2088, 2007, Pages 3151-3170

  Blenkinsopp, C E ^a   Chaplin, J R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Air entrainment; Breaking waves; Bubble plumes; Energy dissipation; Splash; Void fraction

Indexed keywords

EID: 36348945315     PISSN: 13645021     EISSN: 14712946     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2007.1901     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Basco, D. R. 1985 A qualitative description of wave breaking. J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 111, 171-188.
2. Blanchard, D. C. 1963 The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 1, 73-112. (doi:10.1016/0079-6611(63)90004-1)
3. Blanchard, D. C. 1989 The ejection of drops from the sea and their enrichment with bacteria and other materials: a review. Estuaries 12, 127-137. (doi:10.2307/1351816)
4. Blenkinsopp, C. E. 2007 Air entrainment, splash and energy dissipation in breaking waves. PhD thesis, School of Civil Engineering and Environment, University of Southampon.
5. Blenkinsopp, C. E. & Chaplin, J. R. 2007 Validity of small-scale physical models involving breaking waves. In Proc. 22nd Int. Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies, Plitvice, Croatia.
6. Bonmarin, P. 1989 Geometric properties of deep-water breaking waves. J. Fluid Mech. 209, 405-433. (doi:10.1017/S0022112089003162)
7. Cartellier, A. & Achard, J. L. 1991 Local phase detection probes in fluid/fluid two-phase flows. Rev. Sci. Inst. 62, 279-303. (doi:10.1063/1.1142117)
8. Cartmill, J. W. & Su, M.-Y. 1993 Bubble size distribution under saltwater and freshwater breaking waves. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 20, 25-31. (doi:10.1016/0377-0265(93)90046-A)
9. Chabot, J., Lee, S. L. P., Soria, A. & de Lasa, H. I. 1992 Interaction between bubbles and fiber optic probes in a bubble column. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 70, 61-68.
10. Chanson, H. 2004 Unsteady air-water measurements in sudden open channel flows. Exp. Fluids 37, 899-909. (doi:10.1007/s00348-004-0882-3)
11. Chanson, H. & Lee, J.-F. 1997 Plunging jet characteristics of plunging breakers. Coast. Eng. 31, 125-141. (doi:10.1016/S0378- 3839(96)00056-7)
12. Chanson, H., Aoki, S. & Hoque, A. 2004 Physical modelling and similitude of air bubble entrainment at vertical plunging jets. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59, 747-758. (doi:10.1016/j.ces.2003.11.016)
13. Chanson, H., Aoki, S. & Hoque, A. 2006 Bubble entrainment and dispersion in plunging jet flows: freshwater vs. seawater. J. Coast. Res. 22, 664-677. (doi:10.2112/03-0112.1)
14. Cipriano, R. J. & Blanchard, D. C. 1981 Bubble and aerosol spectra produced by a laboratory breaking wave. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8085-8092.
15. Couriel, E. D., Horton, P. R. & Cox, D. R. 1998 Supplementary 2-D physical modelling of breaking wave characteristics. Technical Report 98114, Water Research Laboratory, Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales.
16. Cox, D. T. & Shin, S. 2003 Laboratory measurements of void fraction and turbulence in the bore region of surf zone waves. J. Eng. Mech. 129, 1197-1205. (doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:10(1197))
17. Deane, G. B. 1997 Sound generation and air entrainment by breaking waves in the surf zone. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 2671-2689. (doi:10.1121/1.420321)
18. Deane, G. B. & Stokes, M. D. 1999 Air entrainment processes and bubble size distributions in the surf zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 1393-1403. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029〈1393:AEPABS〉2.0.CO;2)
19. Deane, G. B. & Stokes, M. D. 2002 Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves. Nature 418, 839-844. (doi:10.1038/nature00967)
20. De Leeuw, G. & Leifer, I. 2002 Bubbles outside the plume during the LUMINY wind-wave experiment. In Gas transfer at water surfaces (ed. M. Donelan) Geophysics monograph series, vol. 127, pp. 295-301. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
21. Farmer, D. M., Vagle, S. & Booth, A. D. 1998 A free-flooding acoustical resonator for measurement of bubble size distributions. J. Atmos. Oceangr. Tech. 15, 1132-1146. (doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998) 015〈1132:AFFARF〉2.0.CO;2)
22. Führböter, A. 1970 Air entrainment and energy dissipation in breakers. In Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering (ASCE), Washington DC, vol. 1, pp. 391-398.
23. Haines, M. A. & Johnson, B. D. 1995 Injected bubble populations in seawater and freshwater measured by a photographic method. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7057-7068. (doi:10.1029/94JC03226)
24. Hong, M., Cartellier, A. & Hopfinger, E. J. 2004 Characterisation of phase detection optical probes for the measurement of the dispersed phase parameters in sprays. Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 30, 615-648. (doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2004.04.004)
25. Hoque, A. 2002 Air bubble entrainment by breaking waves and associated energy dissipation. PhD thesis, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, pp. 151.
26. Hoque, A. & Aoki, S. 2005 Distributions of void fraction under breaking waves in the surf zone. Ocean Eng. 32, 1829-1840. (doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2004.11.013)
27. Hwung, H. H., Chyan, J. M. & Chung, Y. C. 1992 Energy dissipation and air bubbles mixing inside surf zone. In 23rd Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering (ASCE), Venice, Italy, vol. 1, pp. 308-321.
28. Jansen, P. C. M. 1986 Laboratory observations of the kinematics in the aerated region of breaking waves. Coast. Eng. 9, 453-477. (doi:10.1016/0378-3839(86)90008-6)
29. Johnson, B. D. & Cooke, R. C. 1979 Bubble populations and spectra in coastal waters: a photographic approach. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3761-3766.
30. Kalvoda, P. M., Xu, L. & Wu, J. 2003 Macrobubble clouds produced by breaking wind waves: a laboratory study. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 3207. (doi:10.1029/1999JC000265)
31. Knudsen, V. O., Alford, R. S. & Emling, J. W. 1948 Underwater amibient noise. Marine Res. 7, 410-429.
32. Lamarre, E. 1993 An experimental study of air entrainment by breaking waves. PhD thesis, Department of Civil & Oceanographic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
33. Lamarre, E. & Melville, W. K. 1991 Air entrainment and dissipation in breaking waves. Nature 351, 469-472. (doi:10.1038/351469a0)
34. Lamarre, E. & Melville, W. K. 1992 Instrumentation for the measurement of void-fraction in breaking waves: laboratory and field results. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 17, 204-215. (doi:10.1109/48.126977)
35. Lamarre, E. & Melville, W. K. 1994 Void-fraction measurements and sound-speed fields in bubble plumes generated by breaking waves. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1317-1328. (doi:10.1121/1.408572)
36. Ledesma, R. G. 2004 An experimental investigation on the air entrainment by plunging jets. PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Maryland, pp. 192.
37. Leifer, I. & De Leeuw, G. 2006 Bubbes generated from wind-steepened breaking waves: 1. Bubble plume bubbles. J. Geophys. Res. 111, C06020. (doi:10.1029/2004JC002673)
38. Leifer, I., Patro, R. K. & Bowyer, P. 2000 A study on the temperature variation of rise velocity for large clean bubbles. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17, 1392-1402. (doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000) 017〈1392:ASOTTV〉2.0.CO;2)
39. Loewen, M. R., O'Dor, M. A. & Skafel, M. G. 1996 Bubbles entrained by mechanically generated breaking waves. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 20 759-20 770. (doi:10.1029/96JC01919)
40. Kobus, H. & Koschitzky, H.-P. 1991 Local surface aeration at hydraulic structures. In Air entrainment in free-surface flows, IAHR hydraulic structures design manual no. 4, hydraulic design considerations (ed. I. R. Wood), p. 149. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema Publications.
41. Medwin, H. 1970 In-situ acoustic measurements of bubble populations in coastal ocean waters. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 599-611.
42. Melville, W. K. 1996 The role of surface-wave breaking in air-sea interaction. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 28, 279-321. (doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.001431)
43. Merlivat, L. & Memery, L. 1983 Gas exchange across an air-water interface: experimental results and modelling of bubble contribution to transfer. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 707-724.
44. Miller, R. L. 1976 Role of vortices in surf zone prediction: sedimentation and wave forces. In Beach and nearshore sedimentation (eds R. A. Davis & R. L. Ethington) Society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists, special publication no. 24, pp. 92-114. Tulsa, OK: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.
45. Miller, N. & Mitchie, R. E. 1970 Measurement of local voidage in liquid/gas two-phase flow systems. J. Br. Nuclear Energy Soc. 9, 94-100.
46. Monahan, E. C. & Zietlow, C. R. 1969 Laboratory comparisons of fresh-water and salt-water whitecaps. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 6961-6966.
47. Monahan, E. C., Wang, Q., Wang, X. & Wilson, M. B. 1994 Air entrainment by breaking waves: a laboratory assessment. Aer. Technol. 187, 21-26.
48. Murzyn, F., Mouaze, D. & Chaplin, J. R. 2004 Optical measurements of bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 31, 141-154. (doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2004.09.004)
49. Oguz, H. N., Prosperetti, A. & Kolaini, A. R. 1995 Air entrainment by a falling water mass. J. Fluid Mech. 294, 181-207. (doi:10.1017/S0022112095002850)
50. Papanicolaou, P. & Raichlen, F. 1988 Wave and bubble characteristics in the surf zone. In Sea surface sound (ed. B. R. Kerman), pp. 97-109. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
51. Peregrine, D. H. 1983 Breaking waves on beaches. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 15, 149-178. (doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.15.010183.001053)
52. Prosperetti, A. & Oguz, H. N. 1997 Air entrainment upon liquid impact. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 355, 491-506. (doi:10.1098/rsta. 1997.0020)
53. Serdula, C. D. & Loewen, M. R. 1998 Experiments investigating the use of fibre-optic probes for measuring bubble-size distributions. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 23, 385-399. (doi:10.1109/48.725233)
54. Tallent, J. R., Yamashita, T. & Tsuchiya, Y. 1990 Transformation characteristics of breaking water waves. In Water wave kinematics (eds A. Torum & O. T. Gudmestad), pp. 509-524. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
55. Vagle, S. & Farmer, D. M. 1998 A comparison of four methods for bubble size and void fraction measurements. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 23, 211-222. (doi:10.1109/48.701193)
56. Waniewski, T. A., Brennen, C. E. & Raichlen, F. 2001 Measurements of air entrainment by bow waves. J. Fluids Eng. 123, 57-63. (doi:10.1115/1.1340622)
57. Wu, J. 2000 Bubbles produced by breaking waves in fresh and salt waters: notes and correspondance. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 1809-1813. (doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030〈1809:BPBBWI〉2.0.CO;2)
58. Yasuda, T., Mutsuda, H., Mizutani, N. & Matsuda, H. 1999 Relationships of plunging jet size to kinematics of breaking waves with spray and entrained air bubbles. Coastal Eng. J. 41, 269-280. (doi:10.1142/S0578563499000164)
59. Yüksel, Y., Bostan, T., Çevik, E., Çelikoglu, Y. & Günal, M. 1999 Two-phase flow structure in breaking waves. In Proc. 9th Int. Offshore and Polar Eng. Conf., Brest, France, pp. 231-235.