Psychosocial Adaptations to Dual Sensory Loss in Middle and Late Adulthood

Trends in Amplification

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 281-300

  Brennan, Mark ^a   Bally, Scott J ^b  

^a Arlene R Gordon Research Institute   (United States)

^b GALLAUDET UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

biopsychosocial spiritual model; dual sensory loss; ecological perspective; psychosocial adaptation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGING; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; COPING BEHAVIOR; GENETIC DISORDER; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SERVICE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEARING; HEARING LOSS; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICARE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PREVALENCE; RELIGION; REVIEW; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STATUS; UNITED STATES; VISION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGING; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; DEAF-BLIND DISORDERS; FAMILY RELATIONS; HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS; HUMANS; INSURANCE, HEALTH; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PSYCHOSOCIAL DEPRIVATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REHABILITATION OF HEARING IMPAIRED; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SPIRITUALITY; VISUAL PERCEPTION; VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS;

EID: 36249020996     PISSN: 10847138     EISSN: 19405588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1084713807308210     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Kochkin S. MarkeTrak VII: hearing loss population tops 31 million people. Hear Rev. 2005;12: 16–29.
2. Adams PF Hendershot GE Marano MA. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1996. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10. Data From the National Health Survey. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics; 1999.
3. Bagley M. The challenge of independence: severe vision and hearing loss among older adults. Am Rehabil. 1995;21: 46–49.
4. Glass LE. Dual vision and hearing impairment in adults. In: Silverstone B Lang MA Rosenthal B Faye E eds. The Lighthouse Handbook on Vision Impairment and Rehabilitation, Vol. I. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000: 469–486.
5. Brennan M Horowitz A Su Y. Dual sensory loss and its impact on everyday competence. Gerontologist. 2005;45: 337–346.
6. Brennan M Su Y Horowitz A. The longitudinal associations between dual sensory impairment and everyday competence among older adults. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43: 777–792.
7. Brennan M Su Y. Incidence and prevalence of dual sensory impairment in adults 70 years and older over 5 years. Poster session presented at: The Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America; November, 2003; San Diego, CA.
8. US Census Bureau. Census Bureau predicts doubling of nation's population by 2100. Available at: http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2000/cb00-05.html. Accessed January 24, 2007.
9. Gates GA Cobb JL D'Agostino RB Wolf PA. The relation of hearing in the elderly to the presence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119: 156–161.
10. Lubinski R Higginbotham DJ. Communication Technologies for the Elderly: Vision Hearing and Speech. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group; 1997.
11. Wainapel S. Visual impairments. In: Felsenthal G Garrison S Steinberg F eds. Rehabilitation of the Aging and Elderly Patient. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1994: 327–337.
12. Brennan M Silverstone B. Developmental perspectives on aging and vision loss. In: Silverstone B Lang MA Rosenthal B Faye E eds. The Lighthouse Handbook on Vision Impairment and Rehabilitation, Vol. I. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000: 409–430.
13. Department of the Deaf-Blind, London, England. Courses by trainers in vision impairment and dual sensory loss (Summer, 2001). Available at: www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4082234.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2007.
14. Sauerberger D. Independence Without Sight or Sound: Suggestions for Practitioners Working With Deaf-Blind Adults. New York, NY: AFB Press; 1993.
15. Juster FT Suzman R. An overview of the Health and Retirement Study. J Hum Resour. 1995;30(Suppl): S7–S56.
16. Meyers GC Juster TF Suzman RM. Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD): Initial results from the longitudinal study. Introduction. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52B: 1–20.
17. Webb L Schreiner J Asmuth M. Maintaining interaction skills. In Huntley R Helfer K, eds. Communication Skills in Later Life. Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann; 1995.
18. Campbell VA Crews JE Moriarty DG Zack MM Blackman DK. Surveillance for sensory impairment, activity limitation, and health-related quality of life among older adults—United States, 1993–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999; 48 (SS-8): 131–157.
19. Ivers RQ Cumming RG Mitchell P Attebo K. Visual impairment and falls in older adults: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46: 58–64.
20. Ivers RQ Norton R Cumming RG Butler M Campbell AJ. Visual impairment and risk of hip fracture. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152: 633–639.
21. Lazarus R Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York, NY: Springer; 1984.
22. Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196: 129–136.
23. Cornett C. Toward a more comprehensive personalogy: integrating a spiritual perspective into social work practice. Soc Work. 1992;37: 101–102.
24. King DE. Faith, Spirituality, and Medicine: Toward the Making of the Healing Practitioner. New York, NY: Haworth Pastoral Press; 2000.
25. McKee DD Chappel JN. Spirituality and medical practice. J Fam Pract. 1992;35: 201, 205–208.
26. Sulmasy DP. A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life. Gerontologist. 2002;42(Special Issue III): 24–33.
27. Brennan M Horowitz A Reinhardt JP Cimarolli V Benn DT Leonard RL. In their own words: strategies developed by visually impaired elders to cope with vision loss. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2001;35: 63–85.
28. Horowitz A Brennan M Reinhardt JP MacMillan T. The impact of assistive device use on disability and depression among older adults with age-related vision impairments. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61: S274–S280.
29. Madell J Pfeffer E Ross M Chellappa M. Hearing aid returns at a community hearing and speech agency. Hear J. 1991;44: 18–21.
30. Kotler P Clark R. Marketing for Health Care Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1987.
31. Garstecki DC Erler SF. Hearing loss, control, and demographic factors influencing hearing aid use among older adults. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1998;41: 527–537.
32. Primeau R. Hearing aid benefit in adults and older adults. Semin Hear. 1997;18: 29–37.
33. Abrams A Hnath-Chisolm T Guerreiro S Ritterman S. The effects of intervention strategy on self-perception of hearing handicap. Ear Hear. 1992;13: 371–377.
34. Brennan M. Impairment of both vision and hearing among older adults: prevalence and impact on quality of life. Generations. 2003;27: 52–56.
35. Pray JL. Psychosocial aspects of adult aural rehabilitation. In: Moseley M Bally SJ eds. Communication Therapy: An Integrated Approach to Aural Rehabilitation With Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adults and Adolescents. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press; 1996: 128–148.
36. Crews JE Campbell VA. Vision impairment and hearing loss among community-dwelling Americans: implications for health and functioning. Am J Public Health. 2004;94: 823–829.
37. Brennan M Cardinali G. The use of pre-existing and novel coping strategies in adapting to age-related vision loss. Gerontologist. 2000;40: 327–334.
38. Aguilera DC Messick JM Farrell MS. Crisis Intervention: Theory and Methodology. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1994.
39. Wiley TL Cruickshanks KJ Nondahl DM Tweed TS. Self-reported hearing handicap and audiometric measures in older adults. J Am Acad Audiol. 2000;11: 67–75.
40. Brennan M Horowitz A Reinhardt JP. Understanding older Americans’ attitudes, knowledge, and fears about vision loss and aging. J Soc Work Disabil Rehabil. 2004;3: 17–38.
41. Brennan M. Spirituality and religiousness predict adaptation to vision loss among middle-age and older adults. Int J Psychol Relig. 2004;14: 193–214.
42. Capella McDonnall ME. The effects of single and dual sensory loss on symptoms of depression in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20: 855–861.
43. Christian E Dluhy N O'Neill R. Sounds of silence: coping with hearing loss and loneliness. J Gerontol Nurs. 1989;15: 4–9.
44. Crowe TA. Applications of Counseling in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1997.
45. Hartbauer RF. Aural Rehabilitation: A Total Approach. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1978.
46. Hartbauer RF. Counseling in Communicative Disorders. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1978.
47. Heine C Browning CJ. The communication and psychosocial perceptions of older adults with sensory loss: a qualitative study. Ageing Soc. 2004;24: 113–130.
48. Luterman DM. Counseling Persons With Communication Disorders and Their Families. 3rd ed. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed; 1996.
49. Martin FN Krall L O'Neal J. The diagnosis of acquired hearing loss: patient reactions. ASHA. 1989;31: 47–50.
50. Mulrow CD Aguilar C Endicott JE et al., Association between hearing impairment and the quality of life of elderly individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38: 45–50.
51. Meadows-Orlans KP. Social and psychological effects of hearing loss in adulthood: a literature review. In: Orlans H ed. Adjustment to Adult Hearing Loss. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group; 1991: 35–58.
52. Orlans H Meadow-Orlans KP. Responses to hearing loss: effects on social life, leisure, and work. SHHH J. 1985;6: 4–7.
53. Pray JL. Aging and Hearing Loss: Patterns of Coping With the Effects of Late Onset Hearing Loss Among Persons Age Sixty and Older and Their Spouses/Significant Others [unpublished doctoral thesis]. Cincinnati, OH: The Union Institute; 1992.
54. Scherer M Frisina D. Characteristics associated with marginal hearing loss and subjective well-being among a sample of older adults. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1998;35: 420–426.
55. Strawbridge W Wallhagen M Shema S Kaplan G. Negative consequences of hearing impairment in old age: a longitudinal analysis. Gerontologist. 2000;40: 320–326.
56. Carabellese C Appollonio I Rozzini R et al., Sensory impairment and quality of life in a community elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41: 401–407.
57. Lupsakko T Mantyjaryi M Kautiainen H Sulkava R. Combined hearing and visual impairment and depression in a population aged 75 years and older. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17: 808–813.
58. Blazer DG. Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58: 249–265.
59. Prochaska JO Norcross JC Di Chemente CC. Changing for Good. New York, NY: Morrow; 1994.
60. Prochaska JO Norcross JC. Stages of change. Psychotherapy. 2001;38: 443–448.
61. Erikson EH. Ego development and historical change. In: Freud A Hartman H Kris E eds. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol. II. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1946.
62. Maslow AH. Motivation and Personality. New York, NY: Harper and Row; 1943.
63. Maslow AH. Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, NJ: Insight Van Nostrand; 1962.
64. Maslow AH. A theory of human motivation. In: Shafritz JM Ott JS eds. Classics of Organization Theory. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1991: 159–173.
65. Schlesinger HS. The psychology of hearing loss In: Orlans H, ed. Adjustment to Adult Hearing Loss. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group; 1985: 99–118.
66. Brennan M MacMillan T. Developmental recapitulation in adaptation to vision loss among middle-age and older adults. J Soc Work Disabil Rehabil. 2006;5: 45–63.
67. Livingston PM McCarty CA Taylor HR. Knowledge, attitudes, and self-care practices associated with age-related eye disease in Australia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82: 780–785.
68. Jones NL. The Americans With Disabilities Act: Overview, Regulations and Interpretations. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2003.
69. Salthouse TA. Aging and measures of processing speed. Biol Psychol. 2000;54: 35–54.
70. Salthouse TA. Memory aging from 18 to 80. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Dis. 2003;17: 162–167.
71. Salthouse TA Davis H P. Organization of cognitive abilities and neuropsychological variables across the lifespan. Dev Rev. 2006;26: 31–54.
72. Weinstein BE. Geriatric Audiology. New York, NY: Thieme; 2000.
73. Cacciatore F Napoli C Abete P Marciano E Triassi M Rengo F. Quality of life determinants and hearing function in an elderly population. Osservatorio Geriatrico Compano Study Group. Gerontology. 1999;45: 323–328.
74. Brennan M Su Y Horowitz A. Dual sensory impairment and cognitive function in older adults. Poster presented at: The 109th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association; August 2001; San Francisco, CA.
75. Brennan M. Sensory impairment, race and cognitive function in older adults. Poster session presented at: The Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association; August 2003; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
76. Lindenberger U Baltes PB. Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: a strong connection. Psychol Aging. 1994;9: 339–355.
77. Lee E Brennan M. Stress constellations and coping styles of older adults with age-related visual impairment. Health Soc Work. 2006;31: 289–298.
78. Horowitz A Brennan M Su Y. Dual Sensory Impairment Among the Elderly: Final Report to the AARP Andrus Foundation. New York, NY: Arlene R. Gordon Research Institute of Lighthouse International; 2001.
79. Resnick HE Fries BE Verbrugge LM. Windows to their world: the effect of sensory impairments on social engagement and activity time in nursing home residents. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52: S135–S144.
80. Kaplan H Bally SJ Garretson C. Speechreading: A Way to Improve Understanding. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press; 1987.
81. Bally SJ. Communication strategies for adults with hearing loss. In: Moseley MJ Bally SJ eds. Communication Therapy: An Integrated Approach to Aural Rehabilitation With Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adults and Adolescents. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press; 1996: 41–91.
82. Munoz-Baell IM Ruiz MT. Empowering the deaf. Let the deaf be deaf. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54: 40–44.
83. Susman J. Disability, stigma and deviance. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38: 15–22.
84. Olusanya B. Self-reported outcomes of aural rehabilitation in a developing country. Int J Audiol. 2004;43: 563–571.
85. Stark P Hickson L. Outcomes of hearing aid fitting for older people with hearing impairment and their significant others. Int J Audiol. 2004;43: 390–398.
86. Stelmack JA Babcock-Parziale JL Head DN et al., Timing and directions for administration of questionnaires affect outcomes measurement. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43: 809–816.
87. Stelmack JA Moran D Dean D Massof RW. Short- and long-term effects of an intensive inpatient vision rehabilitation program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88: 691–695.
88. Tolman J Hill RD Kleinschmidt JJ Greg CH. Psychosocial adaptation to visual impairment and its relationship to depressive affect in older adults with age-related macular degeneration. Gerontologist. 2005;45: 747–753.
89. Battle DE. Multicultural considerations in counseling communicatively disordered persons and their families. In: Crowe TA ed. Applications of Counseling in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1997: 118–141.
90. Taylor I. Buddhas in Disguise: Deaf People of Nepal. San Diego, CA: Dawn Sign Press; 1997.
91. Hooyman N Kiyak HA. Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 1999.
92. Koenig HG. Research on Religion and Aging: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1995.
93. Forbes EJ. Spirituality, aging, and the community-dwelling caregiver and care recipient. Geriatr Nurs. 1994;15: 297–302.
94. Pargament KI. The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1997.
95. Brennan M. Spirituality and psychosocial development in middle-age and older adults with vision loss. J Adult Dev. 2002;9: 31–46.
96. Brennan M MacMillan T. Spirituality, religiousness, and the achievement of vision rehabilitation goals among middle-age and older adults. J Religion, Spiritual Aging. In press.
97. Hartbauer RF. Pastoral care of the hearing impaired. In: Hartbauer RF ed. Pastoral Care of the Handicapped. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press; 1983: 1–17.
98. Brennan M DePalo R. Faith-based social support: Activation of resources in coping with vision loss. Poster session presented at: The Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America; November 2004; Washington, DC.
99. Bronfenbrenner U. Toward and experimental psychology of human development. Am Psychol. 1977;32: 513–531.
100. White KL. The ecology of medical care: origins and implications for population-based healthcare research. Health Serv Res. 1997;32: 11–21.
101. Hétu R Jones L Getty L. The impact of acquired hearing impairment on intimate relationships: implications for rehabilitation. Audiology. 1993;32: 363–381.
102. Goodman CR Horowitz A Reinhardt JP Cantor MH. A dyadic approach to examining depression over time among spouses of disabled elders. Poster session presented at: The Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America; November 1998;Philadelphia, PA.
103. Goodman CR Shippy RA. Is it contagious? Affect similarity among spouses. Aging Ment Health. 2002;6: 266–274.
104. Cantor MH Brennan M. Social Care of the Elderly: The Effects of Ethnicity, Class, and Culture. New York, NY: Springer; 2000.
105. Hétu R Riverin L Lalande N Getty L St-Cyr C. Qualitative analysis of the handicap associated with occupational hearing loss. Br J Audiol. 1988;22: 251–264.
106. Brooks DN Hallam RS Mellor PA. The effects on significant others of providing a hearing aid to the hearing-impaired partner. Br J Audiol. 2001;35: 165–171.
107. Wallhagen MI Strawbridge WJ Shema SJ Kaplan GA. Impact of self-assessed hearing loss on a spouse: a longitudinal analysis of couples. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59: S190–S196.
108. Newman C Weinstein B. Judgments of perceived hearing handicap by hearing-impaired elderly men and their spouses. J Rehabil Audiol. 1986;19: 109–115.
109. Chmiel R Jerger J. Hearing aid use, central auditory disorder, and hearing handicap in elderly persons. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996;7: 190–202.
110. Cimarolli VR Reinhardt J P Horowitz A. Perceived overprotection: support gone bad? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61: S18–S23.
111. Horowitz A Goodman CR Reinhardt JP. Congruence between disabled elders and their primary caregivers. Gerontologist. 2004;44: 532–542.
112. Donaldson N Worrall L Hickson L. Older people with hearing impairment: a literature review of the spouse's perspective. Aust NZ J Audiol. 2004;26: 30–39.
113. Horowitz A Bird B Goodman CR et al., Vision Rehabilitation and Family Services: Maximizing Functional and Psychosocial Status for Both Older Visually Impaired Adults and Their Families: Final Report Submitted to the AARP Andrus Foundation. New York, NY: Arlene R. Gordon Research Institute of The Lighthouse Inc; 1998.
114. Reinhardt JP. Effects of positive and negative support received and provided on adaptation to chronic impairment. Appl Dev Sci. 2001;5: 76–85.
115. Reinhardt JP Horowitz A Goodman CR Cantor MH. Families in need?. Factors associated with family involvement in geriatric rehabilitation. Poster session presented at: The Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America; November 1998; Philadelphia, PA.
116. Preminger JE. Differences in perceived hearing handicap as reported by listeners with hearing loss and their significant others. J Acad Rehabil Audiol. 2002;35: 29–42.
117. Dumas A Sadowsky AD. A family program for adventitiously blinded and low vision veterans. J Vis Impair Blind. 1984;78: 473–478.
118. Hétu R Getty L. Development of a rehabilitation program for people affected by occupational hearing loss. Audiology. 1991;30: 305–316.
119. Cimarolli VR Sussman-Skalka CJ Goodman CR. “Program for Partners”: support groups for partners of adults with visual impairment. J Vis Impair Blind. 2004;98: 90–98.
120. Golant SM. Do impaired older persons with health care needs occupy U.S. assisted living facilities? An analysis of six national studies. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59: S68–S79.
121. Wax T. The hearing-impaired aged: double jeopardy or double challenge. Gallaudet Today. 1982;12: 3–7.
122. Matsuda M. Working with Asian parents: some communication strategies. Top Lang Disord. 1989;9: 45–53.
123. Hollis A. Deaf and hard of hearing people still face discrimination in the job market. Available at: http://www.rnid.org.uk/mediacentre/press/2006/employment_survey_results.htm. Accessed March 16, 2007.
124. Kirchner C Schmeidler E Todorov A. Looking at Employment Through a Lifespan Telescope: Age, Health, and Employment Status of People With Serious Visual Impairment. Mississippi State, MS: Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Blindness and Low Vision; 1999.
125. Luft P. Communication barriers for deaf employees: needs assessment and problem-solving strategies. Work. 2000;14: 51–59.
126. Wolffe KE Spungin S. A glance at worldwide employment of people with visual impairments. J Vis Impair Blind. 2002;96: 245–254.
127. Lee DJ Gómez-Marin O Lee HM. Sociodemographic correlates of hearing loss and hearing aid use in Hispanic adults. Epidemiology. 1996;7: 443–446.
128. Walker BN Lindsay J. Navigation performance with a virtual auditory display: effects of beacon sound, capture radius, and practice. Hum Factors. 2006;48: 265–278.
129. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/pubs/ada.txt. Accessed March 1, 2007.
130. Tesch-Römer C. Psychological effects of hearing aid use in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52B: 127–138.
131. Chisolm TH Johnson CE Danhauer JL et al., A systematic review of health-related quality of life and hearing aids: final report of the American Academy of Audiology Task Force on the Health-Related Quality of Life Benefits of Amplification in Adults. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007;18: 151–183.
132. Cohen SM Labadie RF Haynes DS. Primary care approach to hearing loss: the hidden disability. Ear Nose Throat J. 2005;84: 26, 29–31, 44.
133. Ross M. Presentation on Hearing Assistive Technology Training. University of Florida, October 28, 2006.
134. Leonard R. An Assessment of Hearing Problems and Hearing Service Needs Among Lighthouse Applicant (Final Report). New York, NY: Arlene R. Gordon Research Institute, Lighthouse International; 2001.
135. Leonard R Horowitz A. Hearing problems of and the need for hearing services by consumers of vision rehabilitation services. J Vis Impair Blind. 2004;98: 168–172.
136. Smith-Worrell L Hickson L Dodd B. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Convention of the Australian Association of Gerontology. Canberra, Australia: Australian Association of Gerontology; 1990: 65–68.
137. Hargis WM. Rx for complaints: what to do next when you need accommodations. Presented at: The Hearing Loss Association of America; June 2007; Oklahoma City, OK.
138. Key Bridge Foundation Key Bridge Foundation ADA Mediation Program. Available at: http://www.keybridge.org/DOJ.htm. Accesses June 26, 2007.
139. US Department of Justice. US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section Home Page. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/drs/drshome.htm. Accessed June 26, 2007.
140. US Equal Opportunity Commission. Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws. Available at: http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeo/overview_laws.html. Accessed June 26, 2007.
141. Federal Communications Commission. Telecommunications Act of 1996. Available at: http://www.fcc.gov/telecom.html. Accesses July 27, 2007.
142. US Department of Justice. Fair Housing Act as amended (Title 8). Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/housing/title8.htm. Accessed July 27, 2007.
143. US Department of Transportation. Passengers with disabilities. Available at: http://airconsumer.ost. dot.gov/publications/disabled.htm. Accessed July 27, 2007.
144. US Department of Justice. A guide to disability rights laws. Retrieved 7/27/07 from the World Wide Web: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/cguide.htm.
145. US Department of Justice. About the National Voter Registration Act. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ voting/nvra/activ_nvra.htm. Accessed July 27, 2007.
146. US Department of Justice. Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/split/cripastat.htm. Accessed July 27, 2007.
147. Hawkins DB. Effectiveness of counseling-based adult group aural rehabilitation programs: a systematic review of the evidence. J Am Acad Audiol. 2005;16: 485–493.
148. Lesner SA. Group hearing care for older adults. In: Kricos PB Lesner SA eds. Hearing Care for the Older Adult: Audiologic Rehabilitation. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1995: 203–225.
149. Kemp B. The psychosocial context of geriatric rehabilitation. In: Kemp B Brummel-Smith K Ramsdell J W eds. Geriatric Rehabilitation. Boston, MA: College Hill Press; 1990: 41–56.
150. Ross M Bally SJ. Peer mentoring: an idea whose time has come. Audiology Online; 2005. Available at: http://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/article_detail.asp?article_id=1448. Accessed March 29, 2007.
151. Garber S Ridgely MS Bradley M Chin KW. Payment under public and private insurance and access to cochlear implants. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128: 1145–1152.
152. Gilmour GR. Low vision rehabilitation services: The Saskatchewan experience. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006;41: 370–372.
153. Goodrich GL Bailey IL. A history of the field of vision rehabilitation from the perspective of low vision. In: Silverstone B Lang MA Rosenthal B Faye E. eds. The Lighthouse Handbook on Vision Impairment and Rehabilitation, Vol. II. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000: 675–715.
154. Anderson RM Wolf FM Musch DC et al., Conducting community-based, culturally specific, eye disease screening clinics for urban African Americans with diabetes. Ethn Dis. 2002;12: 404–410.
155. Oladele CR Barnett E. Racial/ethnic and social class differences in preventive care practices among persons with diabetes. BMC Public Health. 2006;6: 259.
156. Zhang X Saaddine JB Lee P P et al., Eye care in the United States: do we deliver to high-risk people who can benefit the most from it? Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125: 411–418.
157. Sweetow R Fabry D. The great debate: is third-party pay friend or foe to audiology? Hear J. 2005;58: 46–50.
158. Parisier SC. Cochlear implant growing pains. Laryngoscope. 2003;113: 1470–1472.
159. Boswell S. Family wins cochlear implant insurance victory. ASHA Leader. 2005;10: 4–13.
160. Brown GC Brown MM Sharma S et al., The burden of age-related macular degeneration: a value-based medicine analysis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2005;103: 173–186.
161. Brown MM Brown GC Stein JD Roth Z Campanella J Beauchamp GR. Age-related macular degeneration: economic burden and value-based medicine analysis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2005;40: 277–287.