Malformations of the female genital tract and embryological bases

Current Women's Health Reviews

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 248-288

  Acién, Pedro ^a   Acién, Maribel ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE SAN JUAN   (Spain)

Author keywords

Blind vagina; Complex malformations; Embryology; Embryology of the vagina; Malformations of the female genital tract; Mesonephric anomalies; M llerian anomalies; Renal agenesis

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLOACA; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ECTOPIC KIDNEY; ECTOPIC URETER; EMBRYOLOGY; EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES; EXPERIMENTAL RAT; FEMALE GENITAL TRACT MALFORMATION; GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMATOCOLPOS; HUMAN; HYDROCOLPOS; KARYOTYPING; MUELLERIAN DUCT; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROKITANSKY SYNDROME; SOLITARY KIDNEY; TERATOGENICITY; URETHRA DUPLICATION; URINARY TRACT MALFORMATION; UROGENITAL SINUS; UTERINE TUBE DISEASE; UTERUS BICORNIS; UTERUS DIDELPHYS; UTERUS MALFORMATION; VAGINA ATRESIA; VAGINA DISEASE;

EID: 36249019274     PISSN: 15734048     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1573404810703040248     Document Type: Review

References (306)

1. March CM. Müllerian anomalies. Fertility news 24/1. Endocr Fert Forum 1990; 13: 1.
2. Acién P. Incidence of Müllerian defects in fertile and infertile women. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1372-6.
3. Acién P. Embryological observations on the female genital tract. Hum Reprod 1992; 7: 437-45.
4. Engmann L, Schmidt D, Nulsen J, Maier D, Benadiva C. An unusual, anatomic variation of a unicornuate uterus with normal external uterine morphology. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 950-53.
5. Dwyer PL, Rosamilia A. Congenital urogenital anomalies that are associated with the persistence of Gartner's duct: A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 95: 354-9.
6. Acién P, Acién M, Sánchez-Ferrer M. Complex malformations of the female genital tract. New types and revision of classification. Hum Reprod 2004; 10: 2377-84.
7. Acién P. Malformaciones genitales y embriología de la vagina humana. Rev Iber Fertilidad 1989; 6: 17-26.
8. Lin PC, Bhatnagar KP, Nettleton S, Nakajima ST. Female genital anomalies affecting reproduction. Fertil Steril 2002; 78: 8991-915.
9. Acién Y, Armiñana A, Garcia-Ontiveros E. Unilateral renal agenesis associated with ipsilateral blind vagina. Arch Gynecol 1987; 240: 1-8.
10. Koff AK. Development of the vagina in the human. fetus. In Contributions to embryology. Carnegie Institution of Washington 1933; No.140, 24: 59-90.
11. Grüenwald P. The relation of the growing müllerian duct to the wolffian duct and its importance for the genesis of malformation. The Anatomical Record 1941; 81: 1-19.
12. Müller P, Musset R, Netter A, Solal R, Vinourd JC, Gillet JY. Etat du haut appareil urinaire chez les porteuses de malformations utérines. Etude de 132 observations. Essai d interprétation. La Presse Medicale 1967; 75: 1331-6.
13. Forsberg JG. Cervicovaginal epithelium: its origin and development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 115: 1025-43.
14. Ulfelder H, Robboy SJ. The embryologic development of the human vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 126: 769-76.
15. Marshall FF, Beisel DS. The association of uterine and renal anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 51: 559-62.
16. Bok G, Drews U. The role of the Wolffian ducts in the formation of the sinus vagina: an organ culture study. J Embryol exp Morph 1983; 73: 275-95.
17. Dohr G, Tarmann T. Contacts between Wolffian and Müllerian cells at the tip of the outgrowing Müllerian duct in rat embryos. Acta Anat 1984; 120: 123-8.
18. Minh HN, Chayo M, Smadja A, Sigalony JP. L'embryogénèse du vagin: une mise an point. Gynécologie 1984; 35: 105-10
19. Mauch RB, Thiedemann KU, Drews U. The vagina is formed by downgrowth of Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. Anat Embryol 1985; 172: 75-87.
20. Ludwig KS. The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster syndrome. An analysis of its morphology and embryology. Part I: Morphology. Part II: Embryology. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1998; 262: 1-26 and 27-42.
21. Jiménez MR, Matorras R, López-Ariztegui MA, Rodríguez-Escudero FJ. Útero bicorne familiar. Prog Obst Gin 1997; 40: 218-20.
22. Azoury RS, Jones HW. Cytogenetic findings in patients with congenital absence of the vagina. Am J Obst Gynec 1966; 94: 178-80.
23. Biedel CW, Pagon RA, Zapata JO. Müllerian anomalies and renal agenesis: Autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia. J Pediatr 1984; 104: 861-4.
24. Mirapeix RM, Domingo Ch, Sañudo JR, Mats, JM. Unusual associationof two unilateral anomalies present in adulthood: pulmonary hypoplasia and renal agenesis. Embryology and clinical expression. Surg Radiol Anat 1995; 17: 177-9.
25. Moerman P, Fryns JP, Sastrowijoto SH, Vanderberghe K, Lauweryns JM. Hereditary renal adysplasia: new observations and hypotheses. Pediatr Pathol 1994; 14: 405-10.
26. Stern AM, Gall JC, Perry BL, Stimson CW, Witkamp LR, Poznanski AK. The hand-foot-uterus syndrome. J Pediatrics 1970; 77: 109-16.
27. Bast JD. Embryology of the urogenital system & congenital anomalies of the female genital tract. In Current Obstetric. & Gynecologic diagnostic & treatment. DeCherney AH and Pernoll ML eds. Lange, 8 ed, 1994; p 61-92.
28. Greene RA, Bloch MJ, Huff D, Iozzo RV. MURCS Association with additional congenital anomalies. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 88-91.
29. Duncan PA, Shapiro LR, Stangel JJ, Klein RM, Addonizio JC. The MURCS association: Mullerian duct aplasia, renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia. J Pediatr 1979; 95: 399-402
30. Zuppan C, Waldstein G, Berry R. MURCS Association. Human Pathol 1986; 17: 970-1
31. Halbert DR, Christakos AC. Discordance of sexual anomalies in monozygotic twins. Obstet Gynecol 1970; 36: 388-90.
32. Moore KL. Embriología Básica, 1976. Interamericana, México.
33. Byskov AG. Differentiation of mammalian embryonic gonad. Physiol Rev 1986; 66: 71-117
34. Rogulska T, Ozdzénski W, Komar A. Behaviour of mouse primordial germ cells in the chick embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1971; 25: 155.
35. Fujimoto T, Ukeshima A, Miyayama Y, Kuwana T, Yoshinaga K, Nakamura M. The primordial germ cells in amniotes: their migration in vivo and behaviors in vitro. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989; 296: 13-21.
36. Blyth B, Duckett JW. Gonadal differentiation: a review of the physiological process and influencing factors based on recent experimental evidence. J Urol 1991; 145: 689-94.
37. Magee MC, Lucey DT, Fried FA. A new embryologic classification for urogynecologic malformations: the syndromes of mesonephric duct induced Müllerian deformities. J Urol 1979; 121: 265-67
38. Mackie GG. Abnormalities of the ureteral bud. Urol Clin N Am 1978; 5: 161-74
39. Sánchez-Ferrer ML, Acién MI, Sánchez del Campo F, Mayol-Belda MJ, Acién P. Experimental contributions to the study of the embriology of the vagina. Hum Reprod 2006; 6: 1623-8.
40. Hunter R. Observations on the development of the human female genital tract. Anat Rec 1929; 42: 22-3
41. Forsberg J. Mitotic rate and autoradiographic studies on the derivation and differentiation of the epithelium in the mouse vaginal anlage. Acta, Anat 1965; 62: 266-82.
42. Mijsberg W. Über die formale Genese einiger entwicklungsfehler dre weiblicher Genitalien beim Menschen. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 1926; 79: 515-37.
43. Crosby WM, Hill EC. Embryology of the Müllerian duct system. Obstet Gynecol 1962; 20: 507-15.
44. Bulmer D. The development of the human vagina. J Anat 1957; 91: 490-509.
45. Forsberg JG. Derivation and differentiation of the vaginal epithelium. PhD thesis, 1963. Institute of Anatomy, Lund.
46. Hart D. Morphology of the human urogenital tract. J Anat 1901; 35: 330-75.
47. Witschi E. Development and differenciation of the uterus. In: Prenatal life (ed.H.C.Mack). Wayne State University Press. Detroit, 1970; 11-35
48. Mayer MD: Lateral pyocolpos, double uterus, cervix, and vagina, with absence of left kidney. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940; 899-904
49. Jarcho J. Malformations of the uterus. Am J Surg 1946; 714: 106-66.
50. Embrey MP. A case of uterus didelphys with unilateral gynatresia. Brit Med J 1950; 1: 820.
51. Neves e Castro M, Brughes E Saavedra A, Vilhena MM, Jones HW Jr. Lateral communicating double uterus with unilateral vaginal obstruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976; 125: 865-70.
52. Rock JA, Jones HW. The double uterus associated with an obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 339-42.
53. Azouz EM, Williams RL. Uterus didephys with unilateral hematometrocolpos and hematosalpinx. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1982; 6: 1028-31
54. Gasser F, Gasser G, Rasmussen P. Uterus didelphys med unilateral haematokolpos, haematometra, haematosalpinx, ipsilateral renal agenesi, kontralateral hydroureter og hydronefrose. Ugeskr Laeger 1983; 145: 3263-4
55. Acién P, Susarte F, Pavón JL de F, Zaplana F. Duplicidad uterovaginal y agenesia renal derecha con vagina ciega del mismo lado, hematocolpos y gran hematosalpinx torsionado. Prog Obstet Ginecol 1981; 24: 141-4.
56. Acién P, Armiñana E. Agenesia renal y malformaciones úterovaginales: asociación sistemática. Revisión de la literatura y consideraciones sobre la embriología de la vagina. Acta Ginec 1986; 43: 303-18.
57. Acién P, Ruiz JA, Hernández JF, Susarte F, Martín del Moral A. Renal agenesis in association with malformation of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 1368-70.
58. Suidan FG, Azoury RS. The transverse, vaginal septum: a clinicopathologic evaluation. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 54: 278-83.
59. Hansen K, Egholm M. Diffuse vaginal adenosis. Three cases combined with imperforate hymen and haematocolpos. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1975; 54: 287-92.
60. Ellis C, Pryse-Davies J, Dewhurst J. Vaginal adenosis in the vaginal septum of a double genital tract. Pediatr Adolesc Gynaecol 1983; 1: 197-206.
61. Kanagasuntheram R, Dassanayake. Nature of the obstructing membrane in primary cryptomenorrhoea. J Obstet Gynecol 1958; 65: 487-92.
62. Fedele L, Bianchi S. Hysteroscopid metroplasty for septate uterus, Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995; 22: 473-89.
63. Salim R, Regan L, Woelfer B, Backos M, Jurkovic D. A comparative study of the morphology of congenital uterine anomalies in women with and without a history of recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 162-6:
64. Alborzi S, Dehbashi S, Parsanezhad ME. Differential diagnosis of septate and bicornuate uterus by sonohysterography eliminates the need for laparoscopy. Fertil Steril 2001; 78: 176-8.
65. Raga F, Bonilla-Musoles F, Blanes J, Osborne NG. Congenital Müllerian anomalies: diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 523-8.
66. Zanetti E, Ferrari LR, Rossi G. Classification and radiographic features of uterine malformations: hysterosalpingographic study. Br J Radiol 1978; 51: 161-70.
67. Siegler AM. Hysterosalpingography. Fertil Steril 1983; 40: 139-58.
68. Loverro G, Nappi L, Vicino M, Carriero C, Vimercati A, Selvaggi L. Uterine cavity assessment in infertile women: comparison of transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 100: 67-71.
69. Acién P, Garcia-López F, Ferrando J, Chehab HE. Single ectopic ureter opening into blind vagina, with renal dysplasia and associated utero-vaginal duplication. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1990; 31: 179-85.
70. Semmens JP. Congenital anomalies of female genital tract. Functional classification based on review of 56 personal cases and 500 reported cases. Obstet Gynecol 1962; 19: 328-50.
71. Buttram VC, Gibbons WE. Müllerian anomalies: a proposed clasification (an analysis of 144 cases). Fertil Steril 1979; 32: 40-6.
72. Golan A, Langer R, Bukovsky I, Caspi E. Congenital anomalies of the müllerian system. Fertil Steril 1989; 51: 747-55.
73. Jones HW. Reproductive impairment and the malformed uterus. Fertil Steril 1981; 36: 137-48.
74. Strassmann P. Die operative Vereinigung eines doppelten Uterus. Zentralbl f Gynäk 1907; 31: 1321
75. Pinsonneault O, Goldstein DP. Obstructing malformations of the uterus and vagina. Fertil Steril 1985; 44: 241-7.
76. Rock JA, Schlaff WD. The obstetric consequences of uterovaginal anomalies. Fertil Steril 1985; 43: 681-92.
77. Jones Jr HW. Müllerian anomalies. Hum Reprod 1998; 11: 789-91.
78. Toaff ME, Lev-Toaff AS, Toaff R. Communicating uteri: review and classification with introduction of two previously unreported types. Fertil Steril 1984; 41: 661-79.
79. Fedele L, Vercellini P, Marchini M, Ricciardiello O, Candiani GB. Communicating uteri: description and classification of a new type. Int J Fertil 1988; 33: 68-72.
80. Buttram VC. Müllerian anomalies and their management. Fertil Steril 1983; 40: 159-63.
81. American Fertility Society. The American Fertility Society classifications of adnesal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, müllerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril 1988; 49: 944-55.
82. Musset R, Muller P, Netter A, Solal R, Vinourd JC, Gillet JY. État do haut appareil urinaire chez le porteuses de malformations utérines. La Presse Medicale 1967; 26:1331-6.
83. Musset R, Muller P, Netter A. Les utérus communicants. Gynécologie pratique 1968; 6: 481-93.
84. Candiani M, Busacca M, Natale A, Sambruni I. Bicervical uterus and septate vagina: report of a previously undescribed Müllerian anomaly. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 218-9.
85. Wai CY, Zekam N, Sanz LE. Septate uterus with double crevix and longitudinal vaginal septum. A case report. J Reprod Med 2001; 46: 613-7.
86. Chang AS, Siegel CL, Moley KH, Ratts VS, Odem RR. Septate uterus with cervical duplication and longitudinal vaginal septum: a report of five new cases. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1133-6.
87. Duffy DA, Nulsen J, Maier D, Schmidt D, Benadiva C. Septate uterus with cervical duplication: a full-term delivery after resection of a vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1125-6.
88. Dunn R, Hantes J. Double cervix and vagina with a normal uterus and blind cervical pouch: a rare müllerian anomaly. Fertil Steril 2004; 82:458-9.
89. Pavone ME, King JA, Vlahos N. Septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum: a müllerian anomaly without a classification. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 494.e9-10.
90. Dannreuther WT. Dextroversion of the uterus, with congenital absence of left fallopian tube, ovary, broad ligament, round ligament, kigney and ureter. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1923; 23: 51-3.
91. Frost IF. Case report of a patient with a true unicornuate uterus with unilateral renal agenesis. Am J Obst Gynec 1958; 75: 210-2.
92. Varino GA, Beacham WD. Left renal agenesis, true unicornuate uterus, and total absence of left broad ligament, round ligament, salpinx, and ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1941; 41: 124-8.
93. Guthrie D, Wilson LB. Congenital unilateral absence of the urogenital system. Ann Surg 1909; 50: 907.
94. Griffin JE, Edwards C, Madden JD, Harrod MJ, Wilson JD. Congenital absence of the vagina. Annals Int M 1976; 85: 225-36.
95. King LA, Sanchez-Ramos L, Talledo OE, Reindollar RH. Syndrome of genital, renal, and middle ear anomalies: a third family and report of a pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 491-3.
96. Spencer R, Levy DM. Hydrometrocolpos: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Ann Surg 1962; 155: 558-71.
97. Spence HM. Congenital hydrocolpos. JAMA 1962; 180: 1100-5.
98. Nguyen L, Youssef S, Guttman FM, Ahlgren LS, Schlechter R. Hydrometrocolpos in neonate due to distal vaginal atresia. J Pediat Surg 1984; 19: 510-4.
99. Hahn-Pedersen J, Kvist N, Nielsen OH. Hydrometrocolpos: current views on pathogenesis and management. J Urol 1984; 132: 537-40.
100. Sparac V, Stilinovic K, Ilijas M, et al. Vaginal aplasia associated with anatomically and functionally normal uterus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 115: 110-2.
101. Grimbizis GF, Tsalikis T, Mikos T, Papadopoulos N, Tarlatzis BC, Bontis JN. Successful end-to-end cervico-cervical anatomosis in a patient with congenital cervical fragmentation: case report. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 1204-10.
102. Rock JA, Schlaff WD, Zacur HA, Jones HW. The clinical management of congenital absence of the uterine cervix. In J Gynaecol Obstet 1984; 22: 231-5.
103. Leduc B, Campenhout JV, Simard R. Congenital absence of the vagina. Am J Obst Gynec, 1968; 100: 512-20.
104. Baramki TA, Jones HW. Rokitansky's syndrome. The Human Vagina 1978; edited by E.S.E. Hafez & T.N. Evans.
105. Tortajada M, Alcalá F. Síndrome de Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser. 1. Revisión de conjunto. Nuestra experiencia. Rev Esp Obst Gin 1980; 39: 506-15.
106. Acién P, Lloret M, Chehab H. Endometriosis in a patient with Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1988; 25: 70-2.
107. Bakri YN, Al-Sugari A, Hugosson C. Bicornuate nonfused rudimentary uterine horns with functioning endometria and complete cervical-vaginal agenesis: magnetic resonance diagnosis. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 620-1.
108. Chawla S, Bery K, Indra KJ. Abnormalities of urinay tract and skeleton associated with congenital absence of vagina. Brit Med J 1966; 1: 1398-1400.
109. Pinsky L. A community of human malformation syndromes involving the Müllerian ducts, distal extremities, urinary tract, and ears. Teratology 1974; 9: 65-79.
110. D'Alberton A, Reschini E, Ferrari N, Candiani P. Prevalence of urinary tract abnormalities in a large series of patients with uterovaginal atresia. J Urol 1981; 126: 623-4.
111. Willemsen WNP. Renal skeletal ear and facial anomalies in combination with the Mayer Rokitansky Küster (MRK) syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 1982; 14: 121-30.
112. Ulrich U, Schrickel J, Dorn C, et al. Mayer-von Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome in association with a-hitherto undescribed variant of the Holt-Oram syndrome with an aorto-pulmonary window. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 1201-3.
113. Plevraki E, Kita M, Goulis DG, Hatzisevastou-Loukidou H, Lambropoulos AF, Avramides A. Bilateral ovarian agenesis and the presence of the testis-specific protein 1-Y-linked gene: two new features of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 689-92.
114. Oppelt P, Renner SP, Kellerman A, et al. Clinical aspects of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuester-Hauser syndrome: recommendations for clinical diagnosis and staging. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 792-7.
115. Bernhisel MA, London SN, Haney AF. Unusual mullerian anomalies associated with distal extremity abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 291-4.
116. Balasch Y, Martinez-Román S, Vanrell JA. Hematometra in an unattached rudimentary uterine horn and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1994; 54: 150-2.
117. Ungerleider JL, Uterus unicornis unicollis-associated with renal agenesis and malformation of the bony pelvis. Am J Obst Gynec 1952; 63: 200-2.
118. Moutos DM, Damewood MD, Schlaff WD, Rock JA. A comparison of the reproductive outcome between women with a unicornuate uterus and women with a didelphic uterus. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 88-93.
119. Acién P, Segarra F, Piñero JL, Milla. A, Lloret M. Duplicidad utero-vaginal con gestación bilateral. Clin Invest Gin Obst 1981; 8: 50-4.
120. Montañes J, Sanz C, Puig MJ, Bonilla F, Bonilla-Musoles F, Raga F. Útero septo con duplicación cervical: una anomalía mülleriana infrecuente. Prog Obstet Ginecol 2002; 45: 350-3.
121. Balasch J, Moreno E, Martinez-Román S, et al. Septate uterus with cervical duplication and longitudinal vaginal septum: a report of three new cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 65,: 241-3.
122. McBean JH, Brumsted JR. Septate uterus with cervical duplication: a rare malformation. Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 415-7.
123. Homer HA, Li TC, Cooke ID. The septate utenis: a review of management and reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril 2000; 73: 1-14.
124. Sorensen SS, Trauelsen AGH. Obstetric implications of minor müllerian anomalies in oligomenorrheic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1112-8.
125. Acién P. Reproductive performance of women with uterine malformations. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 122-6.
126. Palken M, Johnson RJ, Derrick W, Bill AH. Clinical aspects of female-patients with high anorectal agenesis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1972; 135: 411-6.
127. Johnson RJ, Palken M, Derrick W, Bill AH. The embryology of high anorectal and associated genitourinary anomalies in the female. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1972; 135: 759-62.
128. Williams DI, Bloomberg S. Urogenital sinus in the female child. J Pediatr Surg 1976; 11: 51-7.
129. Okonkwa JEN, Crocker KM. Cloacal dysgenesis. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 50: 97-101.
130. Kirks DR, Currarino G. Imperforate vagina with vaginourethral communication. Am J Roentgenol 1977; 129: 623-8.
131. Siegel I. A case of pseudohermaphrodismus feminus externus with uterus didelphys, imperforate anus and vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1944; 47: 705-6.
132. Mollitt DL, Schullinger JN, Santulli TV, Hensle TW. Complications at menarche of urogenital sinus with associated anorectal malformations. J Pediatric Surg 1981; 16: 349-52.
133. Pommerenke WT, Benjamin JA. Coexistence of malformations of the genital and urinary tracts in women. N Y J Med 1947: 47: 996-7.
134. Johnson CG. Uterus didelphys; with congenital absence of the right kidney. Am J Surg 1952; 83: 238-9.
135. Semmens JP. Uterus didelphys and septate vagina. Obstet Gynecol 1956; 8: 620-6.
136. Hill RM. Uterus didephys with hematocolpos and hematometra on one side and normal menses from the other. J Int College Surgeons 1958; 29: 422-8.
137. Allan N, Cowan LE. Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina. Obstet Gynecol 1963; 22: 422-6.
138. Vinstein AL, Franken EA. Unilateral hematocolpos associated with agenesis of the kidney. Radiology 1972; 102: 625-7.
139. König HLE. Uterus didelphys and septate vagina presenting as haematocolpos. S Afr Med J 1973; 47: 98-102.
140. Gilliland B, Dyck F. Uterus didelphys associated with unilateral imperforate vagina. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 48: 5s-8s.
141. Yoder IC, Pfister RC. Unilateral hematocolpos and ipsilateral renal agenesis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Roentgenol 1976; 127: 303-8.
142. Adams GW, Wilson CE, Hollowy JH, Williamson HF. Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina: a rare cause of acute urinary retention. J Urol 1979; 121: 131-2.
143. Anderson KA, McAninch JW. Uterus didelphia with left hematocolpos and ipsilateral renal genesis. J Urol 1982; 127: 550-3.
144. Eisenberg E, Farber M, Mitchell GW, Turksoy RN, Rule AH. Complete duplication of the uterus and cervix with a unilaterally imperforate vagina. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 259-62.
145. Beekhuis JR, Hage JC. The double uterus associated with an obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol 1983; 16: 47-52.
146. Stangl W, Frank RC, Frank W, Nelli S. Sonographic findings in a case of uterine and vaginal duplication (didelphys) with unilateral hematocolpometrasalpinx. J Clin Ultrasound 1983; 11: 40-1.
147. Miyazaki Y, Ebisuno S, Uekado Y, Ogawa T, Senzaki A, Ohkawa T, Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. J Urol 1986; 135: 107-9.
148. Morgan MA, Thurnau GR, Smith ML. Uterus didelphys with unilateral hematocolpos, ipsilateral renal agenesis and menses. J Reprod Med 1987; 32: 47-58.
149. Tridenti G, Armanetti M, Flisi M, Benassi L. Uterus didelphys with an obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis in teenagers: Report of three cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 882-3.
150. Pablos I, Serrano C, Cifuentes S, Crespo E, Recasens E. Agenesia renal-asociada a duplicidad uterina: a proposito de 4 casos. Gine-dip 1982; 13: 708-20
151. Stassart JP, Nagel T, Prem KA, Phipps WR. Uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal-agenesis: the University of Minnesota experience. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 756-61.
152. Masson JC, Mueller SC. Uterus duplex bicornis with septate vagina, open only on one side: report of case. Surg Clin North Am 1933; 13: 857-61.
153. Martindale L. A case of uterus didelphys associated with hematocolpos of the right vagina and simulating appendicitis. The Lancet 1935; 1389-90.
154. Merckel GC, Sucoff MC, Sender B. The syndrome of dysmenorrhea and unilateral gynatresia in a double uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1960; 80, 70-5.
155. Grizelj V, Puharic I. Uterus didelphys with unilateral atretic vagina. Lij Vjes 1979; 101: 7-13.
156. Venter PF, Theron MS. Double uterus with a unilateral blind vagina. S Afr Med J 1981; 59: 838-40.
157. Woolf RB, Allen WM. Concomitant malformations. The frequent, simultaneous occurrence of congenital malformations of the reproductive and urinary tracts. Obstet Gynecol 1953; 2: 236-65.
158. Herlyn U, Werner H. Das gemeinsame vorkommen von offener gartner-gang-zyste, gleichseitiger nierenaplasie und uterusdoppel-mißbildung als typisches mißbildungasyndrom. Geburtsh u Frauenheilkd 1971; 31: 340-7.
159. Wunderlich M. Seltene variante einer genitalmißbildung mit aplasie der rechten niere. Zbl Gynäk 1976; 98: 559-62.
160. Lide TN, Coker WG. Congenital hydrometrocolpos: review of the literature and report of a case with uterus duplex and incompletely septate vagina. Am J Obstet Gynetol 1952; 64: 1275-81.
161. Davis C, Fell EH. Double hydrometrocolpos and imperforate anus in a newborn infant. Am J Dis Child 1950; 80: 79-94.
162. Rosenberg HK, Udassin R, Howell Ch, Betts J, Schnauffer L. Duplication of the uterus and vagina, unilateral hydrometrocolpos, and ipsilateral renal agenesis: sonographic aid to diagnosis. J Ultrasound Med 1982: 1: 289-91.
163. Rock JA, Parmley T, Murphy AA, Jones HW. Malposition of the ovary associated with uterine anomalies. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 1561-3.
164. Holloway JH, Jehle JA, Hudson HC, Wilson ChE. Uterus didelphys with unilateral imperforate vagina: spontaneous rapture of the vaginal septum. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 55: 50s-1s.
165. Bremond A, Laurent JL, Salzmann C, Rochet Y. Les utérus cloisonnés communicants bicervicaux existent-ils?. Gynécol (France) 1978; 29: 57.
166. Bonilla-Musoles F, Tortajada M. Uteros comunicantes. Rev Esp Obstet Gin 1979; 38: 105-111.
167. Nygren KG, Persson BH. Uterus didelphys with an abortion into a unilateral imperforate vagina. Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 1973; 52: 187-9.
168. Sayer T, O'Reilly PH. Bicornuate and unicornuate uterus associated with unilateral renal aplasia and abnormal solitary kidneys: report of 3 cases. J Urol 1986; 135: 110-1.
169. Gadbois WF, Duckett JW. Gartner's duct cyst and ipsilateral renal agenesis. J Urol 1974; 4-720-21.
170. Addington WW. Right uterus unicomis with a rudimentary left uterine horn, agenesis of the left kigney, and external endometriosis. Quarterly Bulletin 1960; 34: 97-100.
171. Ruiz E, Pastor J, Galera L, Fontes Útero doble con ausencia unilateral de cérvix: hallazgos en la tomografia computarizada y la resonancia magnéticA. Clin Invest Gin Obstet 1999; 26: 235-8.
172. Nezhat CR, Smith KS. Laparoscopic management of a unicornuate uterus with two cavitated, non-oommunicating rudimentary horns. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 1965-8.
173. Nisolle M, Donez J. Laparoscopic management of a unicornuate uterus with two cavitated, non-communicating rudimentary horns: Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 1873-7.
174. Acién P. Unicornuate uterus with two cavitated, non-communicating rudimentary horns?. Letter to the editor. Hum Reprod 16: 393-97, 2001.
175. Eisendrath DN Ectopic.ending-of the ureter. Urol Cutan Rev 1938. 42: 404-11.
176. Abeshouse BS. Ureteral ectopia: report of a rare case of ectopic ureter opening in the uterus and a review of the literature. Urol Cutan Rev 1943; 8: 447-65.
177. Brannan W, Henry H. Ureteral ectopia. report of 39 cases. J Urol 1973; 109: 192-5.
178. Mogg RA. The single ectopic ureter. Br J Urol 1974; 46: 3-10.
179. Ward JN, Patel NP, Lavengood RW. Ectopic uretheral urter in the adult female. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976; 143: 770-4.
180. Gibbons MD, Duckett JW. Single vaginal ectopic ureter: a case report. J Urol 1978; 120: 493-5.
181. Zimmern PE, Cooper J, Neustein P. Single ectopic ureter causing incontinence after childbirth. J Urol 1986; 136: 92-3.
182. Fisk NM, Bayliss A. Hysterosalpingographic diagnosis of a single cervical ectopic ureter. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71: 1041-2.
183. Ellerker AG. The extravesical ectopic ureter. Br J Surg 1958; 45: 344-53.
184. Constantian HM. Ureteral ectopia, hydrocolpos, and uterus didelphys. JAMA 1966; 197: 124-7.
185. Trolle D. Ectopic hypoplastic kidney-ureter system opening into cystically dilated gartner's duct in a 17-year-old woman. Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 1953; 32: 335-44.
186. Sameshima H, Nagai K, Ikenoue T. Single vaginal ectopic ureter of fetal metanephric duct origin, ipsilateral kidney agenesis, and ipsilateral rudimentary uterine horn of the bicornuate uterus. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97: 276-8.
187. Schulman CC. Ectopie urétérale bilatérale simple. Journal d'Urologie et de Néphrologie 1973; 10-11: 865-72.
188. Gotoh T, Morita H, Tokunaka S, Koyanagi T, Tsuji I. Single ectopic ureter. J Urol 1983; 129: 271-4.
189. Gotoh T, Koyanagi T. Clinicopathological and embryological considerations of single ectopic ureters opening into Gartner's duct cyst: a unique subtype of single vaginal ectopia. J Urol 1987; 137: 969-72.
190. Goldstein AI, Ackerman ES, Woodruff R, Poyas J. Vaginal and cervical communication with mesonephric duct remnants: relationship to unilateral renal agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 116: 101-5.
191. Katzen P, Trachtman B. Diagnosis of vaginal ectopic ureter by vaginogram. J Urol 1954; 72: 808-11.
192. Churches CK. Mesonephric remnants in the human female. Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol 1967; 7: 165-9.
193. Rhame RC, Derrick FC. Gartner's duct cyst involving urinary tract. J Urol 1973; 109: 60-1.
194. Beresford JM, Gearge-Hyslop PH. Abscess formation in gartner's duct cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 49: 28s-30s.
195. Gazárek VF, Kudela M, Zenisek L, Nevrla F. Herlyn-Werner-und Wunderlich syndrom. Zbl Gynäkol 1979; 101: 1411-5.
196. Currarino G. Single vaginal ectopic ureter and Gartner's duct cyst with ipsilateral renal hypoplasia and dysplasia (or agenesis). J Urol 1982; 128: 988-93.
197. Kjaeldgaard A, Fianu S. Classification and embryological aspects of ectopic ureters communicating with Gartner's cysts. Diagn Gynecol Obstet 1982; 4: 269-73.
198. Gilsanz V, Cleveland RH. Duplication of the müllerian ducts and genitourinary malformations. Radiology 1982; 144: 797-801.
199. Watanabe K, Ogawa A, Inoue Y, Yoneyama T. Single vaginal ectopic ureter via Gartner's duct cyst spontanously perforating into the blader. J Urol 1989; 142: 1044-6.
200. Sumfest JM, Burns MW, Mitchell ME. Pseudoureterocele: potential for misdiagnosis of an ectopic ureter as a ureterocele. Br J Urol 1995; 75: 401-5.
201. Leonovicz PF 3rd, O'Connell BJ, Uehling DT. Vaginal ectopic ureter with Gartner's duct cyst. J Urol 1997; 158: 2235.
202. Sheih CP, Li YW, Liao YJ, Huang TS, Kao SP, Chen WJ. Diagnosing the combination of renal dysgenesis, gartner's duct cyst and ipsilateral müllerian duct obstruction. J Urol 1998; 159: 217-21.
203. Kalva SP, Rammurti S, Subbarao D, Chittibbu N, Murthy VS. Small ureterocele-like Gartner's duct cyst associated with ipsilateral renal aplasia: a case report. Australas Radiol 2001; 45: 62-3.
204. Moifo B, Garel C, Weisgerber G, El Ghoneimi A, Sebag G. Gartner's cyst communicating with the bladder and vagina with associated complete vaginal diaphragm. J Radiol 2005; 86: 170-2.
205. Tanagho EA. Embryologic basis for lower ureteral anomalies: a hypothesis. Urology 1976; 7: 451-64.
206. Kjaeldgaard A, Fianau S, Thorgeirsson T, Ekman P. Single bifid ectopic left ureter presenting clinically as a vaginal cyst. Diagn Gynecol Obstet 1981; 3: 321-4.
207. Vanhoutte JJ. Ureteral ectopia into a wolffian duct remnant (Gartner's ducts or cysts) presenting as a urethral diverticulum in two girls. 1970; 110: 540-5.
208. Farber M, Mitchell GW. Anomalías de los riñones y uréteres. Clinicas Obstétricas y Ginecológicas, Ed. Interamericana, 1978; 3: 871-83.
209. Purpon I. Crossed renal ectopy with solitary kidney: a review of the literature. J Urol 1963; 90: 13-5.
210. Cranidis A, Terhorst B. Crossed renal ectopia with solitary kidney. Urol Radiol 1982; 4: 45-6.
211. Pedersen KV. Crossed ectopia of a asolitary kidney. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1983; 17: 253-5.
212. Miles BJ, Moon MR, Belville WD, Kiesling VJ. Solitary croseed renal ectopia. J Urol 1985; 133: 1022-3.
213. Rock JA, Baramki A, Parmley TH, Jones HW. A unilateral functioning uterine anlage with Müllerian duct agenesis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980; 18: 99-101.
214. Mc Rae MA, Kim MH. Dysmenorrhea in uterus inicornis with rudimentary uterine cavity. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 134-7.
215. Robischon K, Baram DA, Phipps WR. Presentation of a Müllerian anomaly with outflow obstruction after tubal ligation. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 866-8.
216. Chang CY, Chang SY, Changchien CC, Lui CC, Huang HW. Hematometra of the rudimentary horn of a unicornuate uterus resulting from cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 1263-4.
217. Farber M. Uterus bicornis unicollis with a noncommunicating rudimentary uterine horn. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1973; 11: 190-4.
218. Cutner A, Saridogan E, Hart R, Pandya P, Creighton Sr. Laparoscopic management of pregnancies occuring in non-communicating accessory uterine horns. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 113: 106-9.
219. Handa Y, Hoshi N, Yamada H, et al. Tubal pregnancy in a unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn: a case report. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 354-6.
220. Acién P. Uterine anomalies and recurrent miscarriage. Infert Reprod Med Clin North Am 1996; 7: 689-719.
221. Acién P, Perez-Pascual E, Cartagena F. El factor uterino en el aborto recurrente: útero bicorne versus útero septo. Cuad Med Reprod 1997; 3: 75-84.
222. Acién P, Acién MI. Malformaciones genitales y su relación con los problemas de la reproducción. En Temas actuales en Medicina reproductiva. Ruiz Velasco ed. Intersistemas, Mexico 2003.
223. Heinonen PK. Uterus didephys: a report of 26 cases. Europ J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 1984; 17: 345-50.
224. Heinonen PK. Clinical implications of the didelphic uterus: long-term follow-up of 49 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000; 91: 183-90.
225. Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simón C, Pellicer A. Reproductive impact of congenital Müllerian anomalies. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 2277-81.
226. Coll O, Balasch J, Vanrell JA. Malformaciones uterinas y fertilidad. Clin Invest Gin Obstet 1988; 15: 272-91.
227. Acién P. Malformaciones del aparato genital femenino. Acta Obstet Gynecol 1992; 4: 191-203.
228. Acién P. Obstructive müllerian anomalies. Letter to the editor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 854.
229. Gruenwald P. The relation of the growing Müllerian duct to the Wolffian duct and its importance for the genesis of malformations. Anat Rec 1941; 81: 1-19.
230. Forsberg JG. Development of the human vaginal epithelium. Hum Vagina. 1978.
231. Bremond, A, Rudigoz RC, Czyba JC, Rochet Y. Essai d'interprétation embryologique des utérus doubles avec rétention menstruele unilatérale. L'hypothèse du diverticule Wolffien. Gynecologie 1977; 28: 381-7.
232. Bhandarkar AD, Raju AM, Rao US. Single unilateral ectopic bifid ureter with contralateral orthotopic quadrufid ureter. A rare combination. J Postgrad Med 1997; 43: 104-5.
233. Mackie GG, Stephens D. Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J. Urol 1975; 114: 274-80.
234. Chowdhary SK, Lander A, Parashar K, et al. Single-system ectopic ureter: a 15 years review. Pediatr Surg Int 2001; 17: 638-41.
235. Borer JG, Bauer SB, Peters CA, Diamond DA, Decter RM, Shapiro E. A single-system ectopic ureter draining an ectopic dysplastic kidney: delayed diagnosis in the young female with continuous urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 1998; 81: 474-8.
236. Wakhlu A, Dalela D, Tandon RK, Chandra H, Wakhlu AK. The single ectopic ureter. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 246-51.
237. Wu WJ, Chiang PH, Huang CH. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in the treatment of incontinence from ectopic ureter with renal hypoplasia in the child. A case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2001; 17: 626-9.
238. Petit T, Ravasse P, Fonones Y, Delwas P. Retroperineoscopic excision of a single blind ectopic ureter in childhood. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 1005-6.
239. Acién P, Susarte F, Romero J, et al. Complex genital malformation: ectopic ureter ending in a supposed mesonephric duct in a woman with renal agenesis and ipsilateral blind hemivagina. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 117: 105-8.
240. Acién P. Controversias sobre malformaciones genitales y 1a embriología de la vagina. Acta Gynecol 2003; 40: 19-26.
241. Wiersma. AF, Peterson LF, Justema EJ. Uterine anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 654-7.
242. Bullón F, Rojo MJ, Montalvo J, et al. Uteros didelfos con vagina unilateral imperforada y agenesia renal homolateral: problemas clínicos a propósito de 8 casos. Actual Obstet Gynec 1991; 3: 40-6.
243. Lee CL, Wang CJ, Swei L.D, Yen CF, Soong YK. Laparoscopic hemi-hysterectomy in treatment of a didelphic uterus with a hypoplastic cervix and obstructed hemivagina. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 1741-3.
244. Haddad B, Barranger E, Paniel BJ. Blind hemivagina: long-term follow-up and reproductive performance in 42 cases. Hum Reprod 1999; 14:1962-4.
245. Perino A, Chianchiano N, Simonaro C, Cittadini E. Endoscopic management of a case of complete septate uterus with unilateral haematometra. Hum Reprod 1995; 10: 2171-3.
246. Cararach M, Alvarez M, Carreras O, Labastida R. Útero septo total con hemicavidad no comunicante. Tratamiento histeroscópico. Prog Obstet Gynecol 2000; 43: 161-4.
247. Romano S, Bustan M, Ben-Shlomo I, Shalev E. A novel surgical approach to obstructed hemiuterus: sonographically guided hysteroscopic correction. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 1578-9.
248. Moura MD, Navarro PAAS, Nogueira AA. Prenangy and term delivery after neovaginoplasty in a patient with vaginal agenesis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2000; 71: 215-6.
249. Niver DH, Barrette G, Jewelewicz R. Congenital atresia of the uterine cervix and vagina: three cases. Fertil Steril 1980; 33: 25-8.
250. Buttram. VC, Reiter RC. Anomalías uterinas. Tratamiento quirúrgico de la infertilidad femenina. Cap 6, Medici SA. Barcelona, 1987.
251. Jeffcoate TNA. Advancement of the upper vagina in the treatment of haematocolpos and haematometra caused by vaginal aplasia. Pregnancy following the construction of an artificial vaginal. J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 1969; 76: 961-8.
252. Rock JA, Zacur HA, Dlugi AM, Jones HW, TeLinde RW. Pregnancy success following surgical correction of imperforate hymen and complete transverse vaginal septum. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 448-51.
253. Rulin MC, Yoder DA, Hayshi TT. Congenital atresia of the lower vagina with regular menses through a fistula: a therapeutic approach. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 88s-90s.
254. Zarou GS, Acken HS, Brevetti RC. Surgical management of congenital atresia of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 82: 923.
255. Farber M, Marchant DJ. Congenital absence of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121: 414-7.
256. Geary WL, Weed JC. Congenital atresia of the uterine cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 42: 213-7.
257. Deffarges JV, Haddad B, Musset R, Paniel BJ. Utero-vaginal anastomosis in women with uterine cervix atresia: long-term follow-up and-reproductive performance. A study of 18 cases. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1722-5.
258. Hampton HL. Role of the gynecologic surgeon in the management of urogenital anomalies in adolescents. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1990; 2: 812-8.
259. Nargund G, Parsons J. A successful in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment in a woman with previous vaginoplasty for congenital absence of vagina. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 1654.
260. García J, Jones HW. The split thickness graft technic for vaginal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 49: 328-32.
261. Motoyama S, Laoag-Fernandez JB, Mochizuki S, Yamabe S, Maruo T. Vaginoplasty with interceed absorbable adhesion barrier for complete squamous epithelialization in vaginal agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 1260-4.
262. Lin WC, Chang CY, Shen YY, Tsai HD. Use of autologous buccal mucosa for vaginoplasty: a study of eight cases. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 604-7.
263. Bugmann'P, Amaudruz M, Hanquinet S, et al. Uterocervicoplasty with a bladder mucosa layer for the treatment of complete cervical agenesis. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 831-5.
264. Rank RT: The formation of an artificial vagina without operation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1938; 35: 1053.
265. Neto SM, Baracat EC, Ferreira LM. Vaginal reconstruction by McIndoe technique with a-vaginal expander mold. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2001; 73: 165-7.
266. Roberts CP, Haber MJ, Rock JA. Vaginal creation for müllerian agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 1349-53.
267. Acién P. Tratado de Obstetricia y Ginecología: Ginecología. Ed. Molloy, 2004.
268. Creatsas G, Deligeoroglou E, Makrakis E, et al. Creation of a neovagina following Williams vaginoplasty and the Creatsas modification in 111 patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 1036-40.
269. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Tozzi L, Borruto F, Vignali M. A new laparoscopic procedure for creation of a neovagina in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 1996; 66: 854-7.
270. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, Raffaelli R, Zatti N. Laparoscopic creation of a neovagina in a woman with a kidney transplant. Hum Reprod 2000; 13: 692-3.
271. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Berlanda N, Fontana E, Bulfoni A, Borruto F. Laparoscopic creation of a neovagina with the laparoscopic Vecchietti operation: comparison of two instrument sets. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 429-32.
272. Soong YK, Chang FH, Lai YM, Lee CL, Chou HH. Results of modified laparoscopically assisted neovaginoplasty in 18 patients with congenital absence of vagina. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 200-3.
273. Rangaswamy M, Machado NO, Kaur S, Machado L. Lapaŕoscopic vaginoplasty: using a sliding peritoneal flap for correction of complete vaginal agenesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 244-8.
274. Yu KJ, Lin YS, Chao KC, Chang SP, Lin LY, Bell W. A detachable porous vaginal mold facilitates reconstruction of a modified McIndoe neovagina. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 435-9.
275. Mais V, Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Piras B, Melis GH. Endosonographic, diagnosis, pre-operative treatment and laparoscopic removal with endoscopic stapler of a rudimentary horn in a woman with unicornuate uterus. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 1297-9.
276. Heinonen PK. Unicornuate uterus and rudimentary horn. Fertil Steril 1997; 68: 224-30.
277. Falcone T, Gidwani G, Paraiso M, Beverly C, Goldberg J. Anatomical variation in the rudimentary horns of a unicornuate uterus: implications for laparoscopic surgery. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 263-5.
278. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, Berlanda N, Bergamini V. Uparoscopic removal of the cavitated noncommunicating rudimentary uterine horn: surgical aspects in 10 cases. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 432-6.
279. Hucke J, DeBruyne F, Campo RL, Freikha AA. Hysteroscopic treatment of congenital uterine molformations causing hemihematometra: a report of three cases. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 823-5.
280. Jadoul P, Pirard C, Squifflet J, Smets M, Donnez J, Pelvic mass in a woman with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 203-4.
281. Deligeroglou. E, Kintoravdis, A, Makrakis E, Christopoulos P. Kountouris A, Creatsis G. Development of leiomyomas on the uterine remnants of two women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1395-7.
282. Patton PE, Novy MI, Lee DM, Hickok LR., The diagnosis and reproductive outcome after surgical treatment of the complete septate, uterus, duplicated cervix and vaginal septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1669-78.
283. Rock JA, Jones HW. The clinical management of the double uterus. Fertil Steril 1977; 28: 798-806.
284. Abramovici H, Faktor JH, Pascal B. Congenital uterine malformations as indication for cervical suture (cerclage) in habitual abortion and premature delivery. In J Fertil 1983; 28: 161-4.
285. Ayhan A, Yucel I, Tuncer ZS, Kisnisci HA. Reproductive performance after conventional metroplasty: an evaluation of 102 cases. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 1194-6.
286. Golan A, Langer R, Wexler S, Segev E, Niv D, David MP. Cervical cerclage-its role in the pregnant anomalous uterus. Ent J Fertil 1990; 35: 164-70.
287. Kirk EP, Chuong CJ, Coulam CB, Williams TJ. Pregnancy after metroplasty for uterine anomalies. Fertil Steril 1993; 59: 1164-8.
288. March ChM, Israel R. Hysteroscopic management of recurrent abortion caused by septate uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 834-42.
289. Valle JA, Lifchez AS, Moise J. A simpler technique for reduction of uterine septum. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 1001-3.
290. Colacurci N, De Placido G, Mollo A, Carravetta C, De Franciscis P. Reproductive outcome after hysteroscopic metroplasty. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 66: 147-50.
291. Grimbizis G, Camus M, Clasen K, Tournaye H, Munck LD, Devroey P. Hysteroscopic septum resection in patients with recurrent abortions or infertility. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 1188-93.
292. Parsanezhad ME, Alborzi S, Zarei A, et al. Hyteroscopic metroplasty of the complete uterine septum, duplicate cervix, and vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 1473-7.
293. Chervenak FA, Neuwirth RS. Hysteroscopic resection of the uterine septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141: 351-3.
294. Mariona FG, Evans TN. Pregnancy following repair of anal and vaginal atresia and bladder exstrophy. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 653-6.
295. Pelosi MA, Pelosi MA. Laparoscopic-assisted transvaginal metroplasty for the treatment of bicornuate uterus: a case study. Fertil Sterl 1996; 65: 886-90.
296. Kerimis P, Zolti M, Sinwany G, Mashiach S, Carp H. Uterine rupture after hysteroscopic resection of uterine septum. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 618-20.
297. Acién P. Endometriosis and genital anomalies: some histogenetic aspects of external endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1986; 22: 102-7.
298. Acién P, Brotons J, Quereda F. Malformaciones genitales y endometriosis. Prog Obstet Gin 1992; 35: 88-95.
299. McDonald RE. Uterus didelphys with endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1943; 45: 1038-41.
300. Fallas RE. Endometriosis. Demonstration for the Sampson theory by a human anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1956; 72: 557-61.
301. Schifrin BS, Erez S, Moore JG. Teen-age endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 116: 973-80.
302. Olive DL, Henderson DY. Endometriosis and Müllerian anomalies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 412-5.
303. Sanfilippo JS, Wakim NG, Schikler KN, Yussman MA. Endometriosis in association with uterine anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 39-43.
304. Acién M, Acién P, Sánchez-Ferrer M. Clasificación clínica-embriológica de las malformaciones del aparato genital femenino. Prog Obstet Gynecol 2005; 48: 513-8.
305. Lavergne N, Aristizabal J, Zarka V, Erny R, Hedon B. Uterine anomalies and in vitro fertilization: what are the results?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 68: 29-34.
306. Gaucherand P, Awada A, Rudigoz RC, Dargent D. Obstetrical prognosis of the septate uterus: a plea for treatment of the septum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1994; 54: 109-12.