Antifungal prophylaxis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

Current Pediatric Reviews

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 277-288

  Kaufman, David A ^a   Manzoni, Paolo ^b   Gurka, Matthew J ^a   Grossman, Leigh B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b S ANNA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antifungal prophylaxis; Candida; Fluconazole; Fungi; Neonate; Preterm infant

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORHEXIDINE; FLUCONAZOLE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LACTOFERRIN; LIPID EMULSION; MICONAZOLE; NYSTATIN; PETROLATUM; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; STEROID;

BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIOFILM; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; CATHETER REMOVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; FUNGAL VIRULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GLOVE; HAND WASHING; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION RISK; INNATE IMMUNITY; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LOW DRUG DOSE; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFORMATION; NEWBORN INFECTION; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NEWBORN MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; QT PROLONGATION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN INFECTION; TORSADE DES POINTES; TREATMENT DURATION;

EID: 36249019039     PISSN: 15733963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339607782411493     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Stoll BJ, Hansen N, Fanaroff AA, et al. Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2002; 110(2 Pt 1): 285-91.
2. Makhoul IR, Sujov P, Smolkin T, Lusky A, Reichman B. Epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of late- onset sepsis among very low birth weight infants in Israel: a national survey. Pediatrics 2002; 109(1): 34-9.
3. Noyola DE, Fernandez M, Moylett EH, Baker CJ. Ophthalmologic, visceral, and cardiac involvement in neonates with candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32(7): 1018-23.
4. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA 2004; 292(19): 2357-65.
5. Lopez Sastre JB, Coto Cotallo GD, Fernandez CB. Neonatal invasive candidiasis: a prospective multicenter study of 118 cases. Am J Perinatol 2003; 20(3): 153-63.
6. Benjamin DIC, DeLong E, Cotten CM, Garges HP, Steinbach WJ, Clark RH. Mortality following blood culture in premature infants: increased with Gram-negative bacteremia and candidemia, but not Gram-positive bacteremia. J Perinatol 2004; 24(3): 175-80.
7. Benjamin DK, Jr., Stoll BJ, Fanaroff AA, et al. Neonatal candidiasis among extremely low birth weight infants: risk factors, mortality rates, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months 1. Pediatrics 2006; 117(1): 84-92.
8. Benjamin DK, Jr., Poole C, Steinbach WJ, Rowen JL, Walsh TJ. Neonatal candidemia and end-organ damage: a critical appraisal of the literature using meta-analytic techniques. Pediatrics 2003; 112(3 Pt 1): 634-40.
9. Chapman RL, Faix RG. Persistently positive cultures and outcome in invasive neonatal candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19(9):822-7.
10. Levy I, Shalit I, Askenazi S, Klinger G, Sirota L. Linder N. Duration and outcome of persistent candidaemia in newborn infants. Mycoses 2006; 49(3): 197-201.
11. Cotten CM, McDonald S, Stoll B, Goldberg RN, Poole K, Benjamin DK, Jr. The association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 2006; 118(2): 717-22.
12. Karlowicz MG, Rowen JL, Barnes-Eley ML, et al. The role of birth weight and gestational age in distinguishing extremely low birth weight infants at high risk of developing candidemia from infants at low risk: A Multicenter Study. Pediatr Res 51, 301A. 2002. Ref Type: Abstract
13. Johnsson H, Ewald U. The rate of candidaemia in preterm infants born at a gestational age of 23-28 weeks is inversely correlated to gestational age. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93(7): 954-8.
14. Bryant K, Maxfield C, Rabalais G. Renal candidiasis in neonates with candiduria. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(11): 959-63.
15. Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Patrie JT, Robinson M, Donowitz LG. Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colonization and infection in preterm infants. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(23): 1660-6.
16. Stoll BJ, Hansen N, Fanaroff AA, et al. To tap or not to tap: high likelihood of meningitis without sepsis among very low birth weight intants. Pediatrics 2004; 113(5): 1181-6.
17. Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Smith PB, Mangum B, et al. Neonatal Candida meningitis: significance of cerebrospinal fluid parameters and blood cultures. J Perinatol 2007; 27(2): 97-100.
18. Kaufman D, Fairchild KD. Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17(3): 638-80.
19. Fridkin SK, Kaufman D, Edwards JR, Shetty S, Horan T. Changing incidence of Candida bloodstream infections among NICU patients in the United States: 1995-2004. Pediatrics 2006; 117(5): 1680-7.
20. Clerihew L, Lamagni TL, Brocklehurst P, McGuire W. Invasive fungal infection in very low birthweight infants: national prospective surveillance study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91(3): F188-F192.
21. Benjamin DK, Jr., DeLong ER, Steinbach WJ, Cotton CM, Walsh TJ, Clark RH. Empirical therapy for neonatal candidemia in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2003; 112(3 Pt 1): 543-7.
22. Shetty SS, Harrison LH, Hajjeh RA, et al. Determining risk factors for candidemia among newborn infants from population-based surveillance: Baltimore, Maryland, 1998-2000. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(7):601-4.
23. Burwell LA, Kaufman D, Blakely J, Stoll BJ, Fridkin SK. Antifungal prophylaxis to prevent neonatal candidiasis: a survey of perinatal physician practices. Pediatrics 2006; 118(4): e1019-e1026.
24. Makhoul IR, Kassis I, Smolkin T, Tamir A, Sujov P. Review of 49 neonates with acquired fungal sepsis: further characterization. Pediatrics 2001; 107(1): 61-6.
25. Fairchild KD, Tomkoria S, Sharp EC, Mena FV. Neonatal Candida glabrata sepsis: clinical and laboratory features compared with other Candida species. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21(1): 39-43.
26. Sims ME, Yoo Y, You H, Salminen C, Walther FJ. Prophylactic oral nystatin and fungal infections in very-low- birthweight infants. Am J Perinatol 1988; 5(1): 33-6.
27. Pappas PG, Rex JH,; Sobel JD, et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38(2): 161-89.
28. Kicklighter SD, Springer SC, Cox T, Hulsey TC, Turner RB. Fluconazole for prophylaxis against candidal rectal colonization in the very low birth weight infant. Pediatrics 2001; 107(2): 293-8.
29. McGuire W, Clerihew L, Austin N. Prophylactic intravenous antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (1): CD003850.
30. Walsh TJ, Gonzalez CE, Piscitelli S, et al. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities in experimental fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(6): 2369-73.
31. Vaden SL, Heit MC, Hawkins EC, Manaugh C, Riviere JE. Fluconazole in cats: pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1997; 20(3): 181-6.
32. Koks CH, Crommentuyn KM, Hoetelmans RM, Mathot RA, Beijnen JH. Can fluconazole concentrations in saliva be used for therapeutic drug monitoring? Ther Drug Monit 2001; 23(4): 449-53.
33. Kojic EM, Darouiche RO. Candida infections of medical devicesl. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17(2): 255-67.
34. Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Adhesion of oral C. albicans to human buccal epithelial cells following limited exposure to antifungal agents. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27(7): 325-32.
35. Hazen KC, Coleman E, Wu G. Influence of fluconazole at subinhibitory concentrations on cell surface hydrophobicity and phagocytosis of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 183(1): 89-94.
36. Ghannoum MA, Filler SG, Ibrahim AS, Fu Y, Edwards JE, Jr. Modulation of interactions of Candida albicans and endothelial cells-by fluconazole and amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36(10): 2239-44.
37. Houang ET, Chappatte O, Byrne D, Macrae PV, Thorpe JE. Fluconazole-levels in plasma and vaginal secretions of patients after a 150-milligram single oral dose and rate of eradication of infection in vaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34(5): 909-10.
38. Schuman P, Capps L, Peng G, et al. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Terry Beirn Community Programs for. Clinical Research on AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126(9): 689-96.
39. Faergemann J, Laufen H. Levels of fluconazole in serum, stratum corneum, epidermis-dermis. (without stratum comeum) and eccrine sweat. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18(2): 102-6.
40. White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA. Clinical, cellular, sod molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11(2): 382-402.
41. Marr KA, Seidel K, White TC, Bowden RA. Candidemia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients: evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole. J Infect Dis 2000; 181(1): 309-16.
42. Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA, et al. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000; 96(6): 2055-61.
43. Sobel JD, Wiesenfeld HC, Martens M et al. Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(9): 876-83.
44. Manzoni P, Stolfi I, Pugiii L, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial on prophylactic fluconazole in preterm neonates. N Engl J Med 2007; (356): 2483-95.
45. Schelonka RL, Chai MK, Yoder BA, Hensley D, Brockett RM, Ascher DP. Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens. J Pediatr 1996; 129(2): 275-8.
46. Sarkar S, Bhagat I, DeCristofaro JD, Wiswell TE, Spitzer AR. A study of the role of multiple site blood cultures in the evaluation of neonatal sepsis. J Perinatol 2006; 26(1): 18-22.
47. Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Pattie JT, Robinson M, Grossman LB. Twice weekly fluconazole prophylaxis for prevention of invasive candida infection in high-risk infants of <1000 grams birth weight. J Pediatr 2005; 147(2): 172-9.
48. Sarvikivi E, Lyytikainen O, Soll DR, et al. Emergence of fluconazole resistance in a Candida parapsilosis strain that caused infections in a neonatal intensive care unit3. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(6): 2729-35.
49. Manzoni P, Arisio R, Mostert M, et al. Prophylactic fluconazole is effective in preventing fungal colonization and fungal systemic infections in preterm neonates: a single-center, 6-year, retrospective cohort study2. Pediatrics 2006; 117(1): e22-e32.
50. Bertini G, Perugi S, Dani C, Filippi L, Pratesi S, Rubaltelli FF. Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents invasive fungal infection in high-risk, very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 2005; 147(2): 162-5.
51. Healy CM, Baker CJ, Zaccaria E, Campbell JR. Impact of fluconazole prophylaxis on incidence and outcome of invasive candidiasis in a neonatal intensive care unit J Pediatr 2005; 147(2): 166-71.
52. Uko S, Soghier LM, Vega M, et al. Targeted short-term fluconazole prophylaxis among very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2006; 117(4): 1243-52.
53. Aghai ZH, Mudduluni M, Nakhla TA, et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis in extremely low birth weight infants: association with cholestasis. J Perinatol 2006; 26(9): 550-5.
54. Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA, et al. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000; 96(6): 2055-61.
55. Yoder BA, Sutton DA, Winter V, Coalson JJ. Resistant Candida parapsilosis associated with long term fluconazole prophylaxis in an animal model. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(7): 687-8.
56. Kaufman D, Dover CM, Reynolds SE, et al. Sensitivity of Candida isolates in high-risk preterm infants exposed to fluconazole prophylaxis in a neonatal intensive care unit over a 6-year period. PAS 2005; 57: 647. Ref Type: Abstract
57. Safdar A, Chaturvedi V. Cross EW, et al. Prospective study of Candida species in patients at a comprehensive cancer center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45(7): 2129-33.
58. Schuman P, Capps L, Peng G, et al. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research oh AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1997: 126(9): 689-96.
59. Houang ET, Chappatte O, Byrne D, Macrae PV, Thorpe JE. Fluconazole levels in plasma, and vaginal secretions of patients after a 150-milligram single oral dose and rate of eradication of infection in vaginal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34(5): 909-10.
60. Saxen H, Hoppu K, Pohjavuori M. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in very low birth weight infants during the first two weeks of life. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54(3): 269-77.
61. Ozturk MA, Gunes T, Koklu E. Cetin N, Koc N. Oral nystatin prophylaxis to prevent invasive candidiasis in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Mycoses 2006; 49(6): 484-92.
62. Leibovitz E, Iuster-Reicher A, Amitai K Mogilner B. Systemic candidal infections associated with use of peripheral venous catheters in neonates: a 9-year experience. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14(2): 485-91.
63. Weitkanip JH, Poets CF, Sievers R, et al. Candida infection in very low birth-weight infants: outcome and nephrotoxicity of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Infection 1998; 26(1): 11-5.
64. El Masry FA, Neat TJ, Subhedar NV. Risk factors for invasive fungal infection in neonates. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91(2): 198-202.
65. Johnson DE, Thompson TR, Green TP, Ferrieri P. Systemic candidiasis in very low-birth-weight infants (less than 1,500 grams). Pediatrics 1984; 73(2): 138-43.
66. Borderon JC, Laugier J, Gold F, Boulard P, Drouhet E. [Eradication of Candida from-a premature inflant unit]. Arch Fr Pediatr 1979; 36(8): 769-76.
67. Borderon JC, Therizol-Ferly M, Saliba E, Laugier J, Quentin R. Prevention of Candida colonization prevents infection in a neonatal unit. Biol Neonate 2003; 84(1): 37-40.
68. Damjanovic V, Connolly.CK van Saene HK et al. Selective decontamination with nystatin for control of a Candida outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 1993; 24(4); 245-59.
69. Wainer S, Cooper PA, Funk E, Bental RY, Sandier DA, Patel J. Prophylactic miconazole oral gel for the prevention of neonatal fungal rectal colonization an& systemic infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11(9): 713-6.
70. Kaufman D. Strategies for prevention of neonatal invasive candidiasis. Semin Perinatol. 2003; 27(5): 414-24.
71. Larson E, Silberger K Jakob K, et al. Assessment of alternative hand hygiene regimens to improve skin health among neonatal intensive care unit nurses. Heart Lung 2000; 29(2): 136-42.
72. Ng PC, Wong HL, Lyon DJ, et al. Combined use of alcohol hand rub and gloves reduces the incidence of late onset infection in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004; 89(4): F336-F340.
73. Saiman L, Ludington E, Pfaller M, et al. Risk factors for candidemia in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit patients. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey study group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19(4): 319-24.
74. Stoll BJ, Temprosa K Tyson JE, et al. Dexamethasone therapy increases infection in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999; 104(5): e63.
75. Benjamin DY., Jr., Poole C, Steinbach WJ, Rowen JL, Walsh TJ. Neonatal candidemia and end-organ damage: a critical appraisal of the literature using meta-analytic techniques. Pediatric's 2003; 112(3 Pt 1): 634-40.
76. Botas CM, Kurlat I, Young SM, Sola A. Disseminated candidal infections and intravenous hydrocortisone in preterm infants. Pediatrics 1995; 95(6): 883-7.
77. Weber JR, Angstwurm. K, Rosenkranz T, et al. Histamine (H1) receptor antagonist inhibits leukocyte rolling in pial vessels in the early phase of bacterial meningitis in rats. Neurosci Lett 1997; 226(1): 17-20.
78. Kaleli I, Civahir N, Demir M, Yildirim U, Sahin R. Anticandidal activity of Pseudomonas. aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical specimens. Mycoses 2007; 50(1): 74-8.
79. Campbell JR, Zaccaria E, Baker CJ. Systemic candidiasis in extremely low birth weight infants receiving topical petrolatum ointment for skin care: a case-control study. Pediatrics 2000; 105(5): 1041-5.
80. Edwards WH, Conner JM Soll RF. The effect of prophylactic ointment therapy on nosocomial sepsis rates and skin integrity in infants with,birth weights of 501 to 1000 g. Pediatrics 2004, 113(5):.1195-203.
81. Conner JM, Soll RF, Edwards WH. Topical ointment for preventing-infection in preterm infants65. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, (1): CD001150.
82. Hylander MA, Strobino DM, Dhanireddy R. Human milk feedings and infection among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1998; 102(3): E38.
83. Fanaroff AA, Korones SB, Wright LL, et al. A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin to reduce nosocomial infections in very-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human development Neonatal Research Network. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(16): 1107-13.
84. Cairo MS, Agosti J, Ellis R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic reoombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reduce nosocomial infections in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr 1999; 134(1): 64-70.
85. Manzoni P, Farina D, Monetti C, et al. Early-onset neutropenia is a risk factor for Candida colonization in very low-birth-weight neonates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57(1): 77-83.
86. Manzoni P, Mostert M, Leonessa ML, et al. Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus prevents enteric colonization by Candida species in preterm neonates: a randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42(12): 1735-42.
87. Lupetti A, Paulusma-Annema A, Welling MM, et al. Synergistic activity of the N-terminal peptide of human lactoferrin and fluconazole against Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(1): 262-7.
88. Candidiasis. In: Pickering L, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillian JA, editors. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Villiage, IL, American Academy of Pediatrics 2006; pp. 246.
89. Feja KN, Wu F, Roberts K, et al. Risk Factors for Candidemia in Critically III Infants: A Matchcd Case-control Study. J Pediatr 2005; 147(2): 156-61.
90. Coates EW, Karlowicz MG, Croitoru DP, Buescher ES. Distinctive distribution of pathogens associated with peritonititis in neonates with focal intestinal perforation versus necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2002; 51[4]: 302A. Ref Type: Abstract
91. Linder N, Levit O, Klinger G. et al. Risk factors associated with candidaemia in the neonatal intensive care unit: a case-control study. J Hosp Infect 2004; 57(4): 321-4.
92. Darmstadt GL, Dinulos JG, Miller Z. Congenital cutaneous candidiasis: clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management guidelines. Pediatrics 2000; 105(2): 438-44.
93. Rowen JL, Atkins JT, Levy ML, Baer SC, Baker CJ. Invasive fungal dermatitis in the < or = 1000-gram neonate. Pediatrics 1995; 95(5): 682-7.
94. Manzoni P, Farina D, Leonessa M, et al. Risk factors for progression to invasive fungal infection in preterm neonates with fungal colonization. Pediatrics 2006; 118(6): 2359-64.