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Hernandez-Hernandez E, Alberu J, Gonzalez-Michaca L, et al. Screening for tuberculosis in the study of the living renal donor in a developing country. Transplantation 2006; 81:290-292. This paper is the first to describe that treating living renal donors with positive TST with isoniazid made no difference in the risk of transmission of TB to recipients in an area of medium-high incidence of TB. A normal chest radiograph, excretory urogram (or contrast CT) and negative urinalysis test, excluded TB transmission to recipients of kidney transplants. This study used a retrospective cohort approach to compare treatment outcomes.
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Hernandez-Hernandez E, Alberu J, Gonzalez-Michaca L, et al. Screening for tuberculosis in the study of the living renal donor in a developing country. Transplantation 2006; 81:290-292. This paper is the first to describe that treating living renal donors with positive TST with isoniazid made no difference in the risk of transmission of TB to recipients in an area of medium-high incidence of TB. A normal chest radiograph, excretory urogram (or contrast CT) and negative urinalysis test, excluded TB transmission to recipients of kidney transplants. This study used a retrospective cohort approach to compare treatment outcomes.
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19
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Nagai S, Fujimoto Y, Taira K, et al. Liver transplantation without isoniazid prophylaxis for recipients with a history of tuberculosis. Clin Transplant 2007; 21:229-234. This retrospective study described six patients with prior remote history of TB and stable fibrotic chest radiograph findings who underwent liver transplantation without subsequent evidence of TB reactivation. Prior treatment regimes were not known in four of the patients. Even though the patients were followed for 12-84 months posttransplantation, the study sample size was small and potential biases preclude generalization of the results.
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Nagai S, Fujimoto Y, Taira K, et al. Liver transplantation without isoniazid prophylaxis for recipients with a history of tuberculosis. Clin Transplant 2007; 21:229-234. This retrospective study described six patients with prior remote history of TB and stable fibrotic chest radiograph findings who underwent liver transplantation without subsequent evidence of TB reactivation. Prior treatment regimes were not known in four of the patients. Even though the patients were followed for 12-84 months posttransplantation, the study sample size was small and potential biases preclude generalization of the results.
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20
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Sester M, Sester U, Clauer P, et al. Tuberculin skin testing underestimates a high prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2004; 65:1826-1834.
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Shankar MS, Aravindan AN, Sohal PM, et al. The prevalence of tuberculin sensitivity and anergy in chronic renal failure in an endemic area: tuberculin test and the risk of posttransplant tuberculosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:2720-2724.
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24
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Sester U, Junker H, Hodapp T, et al. Improved efficiency in detecting cellular immunity towards M. tuberculosis in patients receiving immunosuppressive drug therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:3258-3268. This is a provocative paper that describes a novel test to diagnose accurately LTBI using a rapid quantitative flow-cytometric approach to compare T-cell response to both PPD and the specific TB antigen ESAT-6. Interestingly, this new laboratory approach requires a small of blood sampling and the results of the test were not adversely affected by immunosuppression in transplant recipients. The results also correlated well with the ELISPOT-based IRGA results.
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Sester U, Junker H, Hodapp T, et al. Improved efficiency in detecting cellular immunity towards M. tuberculosis in patients receiving immunosuppressive drug therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:3258-3268. This is a provocative paper that describes a novel test to diagnose accurately LTBI using a rapid quantitative flow-cytometric approach to compare T-cell response to both PPD and the specific TB antigen ESAT-6. Interestingly, this new laboratory approach requires a small volume of blood sampling and the results of the test were not adversely affected by immunosuppression in transplant recipients. The results also correlated well with the ELISPOT-based IRGA results.
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25
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Ewer K, Deeks J, Alvarez L, et al. Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak. Lancet 2003; 361:1168-1173.
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Ferrara G, Losi M, D'Amico R, et al. Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study. Lancet 2006; 367:1328-1334. This report is the first to describe a head-to-head comparison between the two commercially available IGRAs using routine clinical samples. The ELISA-based IGRA yielded more indeterminate results compared with the ELISPOT-based IRGA approach in immunosuppressed patients.
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Ferrara G, Losi M, D'Amico R, et al. Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study. Lancet 2006; 367:1328-1334. This report is the first to describe a head-to-head comparison between the two commercially available IGRAs using routine clinical samples. The ELISA-based IGRA yielded more indeterminate results compared with the ELISPOT-based IRGA approach in immunosuppressed patients.
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Kalra V, Agarwal SK, Khilnani GC, et al. Spectrum of pulmonary infections in renal transplant recipients in the tropics: a single center study. Int Urol Nephrol 2005; 37:551-559.
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Naqvi R, Akhtar S, Noor H, et al. Efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 2006; 38:2057-2058. This paper supports other prior publications that documented the efficacy of isoniazid treatment for LTBI in renal transplant patients. The description of this prospectively randomized study, however, was limited and there was no mention of risk reduction measurements.
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Naqvi R, Akhtar S, Noor H, et al. Efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 2006; 38:2057-2058. This paper supports other prior publications that documented the efficacy of isoniazid treatment for LTBI in renal transplant patients. The description of this prospectively randomized study, however, was limited and there was no mention of risk reduction measurements.
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32
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Jahng AW, Tran T, Bui L, Joyner JL. Safety of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in compensated cirrhotic patients during transplant candidacy period. Transplantation 2007; 83:1557-1562. This paper adds to the small body of evidence that treatment of LTBI in liver transplant candidates, with either isoniazid daily for 9months or rifampin daily for 4months, is feasible and relatively safe if careful monitoring for adverse effects and liver enzymes is provided. There is controversy on this topic among the experts.
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Jahng AW, Tran T, Bui L, Joyner JL. Safety of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in compensated cirrhotic patients during transplant candidacy period. Transplantation 2007; 83:1557-1562. This paper adds to the small body of evidence that treatment of LTBI in liver transplant candidates, with either isoniazid daily for 9months or rifampin daily for 4months, is feasible and relatively safe if careful monitoring for adverse effects and liver enzymes is provided. There is controversy on this topic among the experts.
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34
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Chan AC, Lo CM, Ng KK, et al. Implications for management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation. Liver Int 2007; 27:81-85. This case series adds to the small body of evidence that treatment of active TB in liver transplant candidates, with either rifampin or nonrifampin-based regimens, is feasible and relatively safe if careful monitoring for adverse effects and liver enzymes is provided. There is still controversy among the experts, however, on the best treatment approach for active TB infections in liver transplant patients.
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Chan AC, Lo CM, Ng KK, et al. Implications for management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation. Liver Int 2007; 27:81-85. This case series adds to the small body of evidence that treatment of active TB in liver transplant candidates, with either rifampin or nonrifampin-based regimens, is feasible and relatively safe if careful monitoring for adverse effects and liver enzymes is provided. There is still controversy among the experts, however, on the best treatment approach for active TB infections in liver transplant patients.
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37
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Chalermskulrat W, Sood N, Neuringer IP, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in end stage cystic fibrosis: implications for lung transplantation. Thorax 2006; 61:507-513. This paper addresses the potential predictors of developing NTM infections in patients with cystic fibrosis after lung transplantation using pretransplant cystic fibrosis controls. Despite the rate of nearly 20% of NTM presence in respiratory cultures in pretransplant candidates, only 3.4%of recipients developed invasiveNTM infections. The presence of M. abscessus predicts invasive forms of NTM following lung transplant. Most NTM infections in SOT were successfully treated.
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48
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