The EU campaign against the death penalty

Survival

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 123-134

  Schmidt, John R ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 36148994342     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: 14682699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330701733886     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996), pp. 63-7.
2. European Commission, The EU's Human Rights and Democratisation Policy http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/human_rights/intro/ index.htm.
3. The death penalty is currently legal in 36 states and banned in 12. Supreme courts in two additional states, New York and Kansas, have ruled existing laws unconstitutional. The federal government also retains the death penalty for a number of federal crimes such as murder on federal property. Public opposition to the death penalty grew during the 1960s, resulting in a decade-long unofficial nationwide moratorium beginning in 1967. In its 1972 Furman v. Georgia decision, the US Supreme Court placed restrictions on the 'arbitrary and capricious' implementation of capital punishment. During the next four years, 37 states passed deathpenalty legislation designed to meet the conditions imposed by Furman v. Georgia, most often by separating the guilt-finding from the penalty phases of a trial. In three 1976 cases the Supreme Court sanctioned this approach and ruled specifically that the death penalty per se was not unconstitutional. This paved the way for the resumption of executions, which grew steadily throughout the 1990s, peaking at 98 in 1998, but diminishing gradually thereafter to 60 in 2005 and 53 in 2006. Although support for the death penalty fell to just under 50% during the late 1960s, an ABC News/Washington Post poll in June 2006 revealed that 65% currently favour the practice.
4. European Union, 'Death Penalty Video (2007)', European Policy and Action on the Death Penalty, http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/ deathpenalty/deathpenhome.htm.
5. Novatris, 'Le Talk De Paris', December 2006, http://www.novatris.com/ news/pubs/Novatris_France24_Emission_ du_22_d%C3%A9cembre.pdf, p. 30.
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_capital_punishment_by_nation.
7. William A. Schabus, The Death Penalty in International Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 214-28.
8. Ibid., pp. 229-30.
9. Ian Manners, 'Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?', Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, June 2002, p. 251.
10. Schabus, Death Penalty, pp. 233-8.
11. Amnesty International, Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries, http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-countries-eng.
12. Manners, 'Normative Power Europe', p. 246.
13. Ibid.
14. European Parliament, Charter of Fundamental Human Rights of the European Union, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/ default_en.htm.
15. European Council, Guidelines to EU Policy Towards Third Countries on the Death Penalty, http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/DeathPenalty/ Guidelines.htm.
16. Manners, Common Market Studies, p. 248.
17. Peter Finn, 'Germany Reluctant to Aid Prosecution of Moussaoui', Washington Post, 11 June 2002, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ ac2/wp-dyn/A28405-2002Jun10?language=printer.
18. European Union, Delegation of the European Union to the USA, 'EU Memorandum on the Death Penalty', http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/ deathpenalty/eumemorandum.htm. This was a special EU memorandum presented to the US delegation in November 2000.
19. Ibid.
20. European Council, Guidelines on Death Penalty.
21. European Commission, Justice and Home Affairs, 'The Charter of Fundamental Rights: Frequently Asked Questions', http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/unit/charte/en/faqs.html.
22. US Supreme Court, Roper v. Simmons, 1 March 2005, p. 24, http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/04pdf/03-633.pdf.
23. See section on the origins of modern European foreign policy in Robert Kagan, 'Power and Weakness', Policy Review, no. 113, June-July 2002, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3460246.html.
24. European Union, Delegation to USA, 'EU Memorandum'.