The European Union as a leader in international multilateral negotiations - A problematic aspiration?

International Relations

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 445-458

  Elgström, Ole ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

European Union; Images; Leadership; Multilateral negotiation; Roles

Indexed keywords

EID: 36148992240     PISSN: 00471178     EISSN: 17412862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0047117807083071     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. 'EU lyckades i Johannesburg' ('The EU succeeded in Johannesburg'), Sydsvenska Dagbladet, 2002, quoting Commissioners Margot Wallström and Poul Nielson after the Sustainable Development Summit 2002.
2. 'Russia's Kyoto Accord Raises Hopes for Part II', European Voice, 14-20 October 2004, quoting EU Commission spokesperson on the environment Ewa Hedlund, after Russia's decision to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2004.
3. European Commission, Directorate General Trade (2005), 'The EU and the WTO', available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/issues/newround/ index_en.htm (accessed 15 August 2007).
4. See, however, K. V. Laatikainen and K. E. Smith (eds), The European Union at the United Nations. Intersecting Multilateralisms (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
5. O. Elgström and M. Smith, 'Introduction', in O. Elgström and M. Smith (eds), EU Roles in International Politics (London: Routledge, 2006).
6. K. Holsti, 'National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly, 14, 1970, pp. 239-40; A. Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 227.
7. L. Aggestam, 'Role Theory and European Foreign Policy Analysis', paper presented at the ECPR Joint Session of Workshops, Granada, Spain, 14-19 April 2005.
8. Aggestam, 'Role Theory', p. 11.
9. I. Manners, 'Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?', Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 2002, pp. 235-58; H. Sjursen (ed.), 'What Kind of Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective', special issue of the Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 2006; K. E. Smith, 'Conceptualising the EU's International Identity: Sui Generis or Following the Latest Trends?', paper presented at the First Pan-European Conference on European Union Politics, Bordeaux, 26-28 September 2002.
10. Cf. A. Herrberg, 'The European Union and Russia: Toward a New Ostpolitik?', in C. Rhodes (ed.), The European Union in the World Community (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998).
11. J. Mitzen, 'Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma', European Journal of International Relations, 12(3), 2006, p. 358.
12. Cf. H. Larsen, 'The EU: A Global Military Actor?', Cooperation and Conflict, 37(3), 2002, p. 287.
13. I. W. Zartman, 'Two's Company and More's a Crowd. The Complexities of Multilateral Negotiation', in I. W. Zartman (ed.), International Multilateral Negotiation. Approaches to the Management of Complexity (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1994), p. 5.
14. Zartman, 'Two's Company', pp. 5, cf. p. 220.
15. G. Sjöstedt (ed.), International Environmental Negotiations (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993); Zartman, 'Two's Company'; cf. P. Larsson, 'Regimförhandlingar på miljöområdet' (Lund: Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, dissertation, 1996).
16. D. Metcalfe, 'Leadership in European Union Negotiations: The Presidency of the Council', International Negotiation, 3(3), 1998, pp. 413-33; A. Underdal, 'Leadership Theory: Rediscovering the Arts of Management', in W. Zartman, International Multilateral Negotiation, p. 178.
17. Underdal, 'Leadership Theory', p. 178.
18. M. Dubey, 'The Main Forces at Work', in A. S. Lall (ed.), Multilateral Negotiation and Mediation: Instruments and Methods (New York: Pergamon Press, 1985), p. 115; J. Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988), p. 69; Larsson, 'Regimfürhandlingar', p. 115.
19. R. Malnes, '"Leader" and "Entrepreneur" in International Negotiations: A Conceptual Analysis', European Journal of International Relations, 1(1), 1995, pp. 93-4.
20. Cf. Sjöstedt, 'International Environmental Negotiations', who writes about the leader as a 'driver', and R. W. Cox and H. K. Jacobson, 'The Framework for Inquiry', in R. W. Cox and H. K. Jacobson (eds), The Anatomy of Influence: Decision-Making in International Organization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974), who use the term 'initiator'.
21. L. Antrim, 'Dynamics of Leadership in UNCED', in B. I. Spector, G. Sjöstedt and W. I. Zartman, Negotiating International Regimes: Lessons Learned from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (London, Dordrecht and Boston: Graham and Trotman/ Martinus Nijhoff, 1994); Malnes, '"Leader" and "Entrepreneur"'; Underdal, 'Leadership Theory'; O. Young, 'Political Leadership and Regime Formation: On the Development of Institutions in International Society', International Organization, 45(3), 1991, pp. 281-308.
22. Young, 'Political Leadership'.
23. See Underdal, 'Leadership Theory', pp. 183-6.
24. J. Tallberg, 'The Power of the Presidency: Brokerage, Efficiency and Distribution in EU Negotiations', Journal of Common Market Studies, 42(5), 2004, pp. 999-1022; cf. Malnes, '"Leader" and "Entrepreneur"'.
25. See, however, O. Elgström, '"The Honest Broker?" The Council Presidency as Mediator', in O. Elgström (ed.), European Union Council Presidencies (London: Routledge, 2003), pp. 38-54.
26. Similar conclusions on reasons behind the EU's lack of effectiveness are made in K. V. Laatikainen, 'Pushing Soft Power: Middle Power Diplomacy at the UN', and K. E. Smith, 'The European Union, Human Rights, and the United Nations', both in Laatikainen and Smith, The European Union at the United Nations, pp. 87 and 166-7.
27. Cf. L. Aggestam, 'A European Foreign Policy? Role Conceptions and the Politics of Identity in Britain, France and Germany' (Stockholm: Department of Political Science, dissertation, 2004); Aggestam, 'Role Theory'.
28. S. Lucarelli, 'Interpreted Values: A Normative Reading of EU Role Conceptions and Performance', in O. Elgström and M. Smith (eds), EU Roles in International Politics (London: Routledge, 2006); Manners, 'Normative Power Europe'.