Kinetic modeling of the polar wind

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

Volumn 69, Issue 16, 2007, Pages 1984-2027

  Tam, S W Y ^a,b   Chang, T ^a   Pierrard, V ^c  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c BELGIAN INSTITUTE FOR SPACE AERONOMY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Coulomb collisions; Fluid models; Hybrid models; Ion acceleration; Kinetic models; Photoelectrons

Indexed keywords

GEOMAGNETISM; IONOSPHERE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PHOTOELECTRONS; SATELLITE OBSERVATORIES; VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION;

COULOMB COLLISIONS; DAY-NIGHT ASYMMETRIES; ION ACCELERATION; POLAR WIND;

SOLAR WIND;

EID: 36148984633     PISSN: 13646826     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Abe T., Whalen B.A., Yau A.W., Horita R.E., Watanabe S., and Sagawa E. EXOS D (Akebono) suprathermal mass spectrometer observations of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 11191-11203
2. Abe T., Whalen B.A., Yau A.W., Sagawa E., and Watanabe S. Akebono observations of thermal ion outflow and electron temperature in the polar wind region. In: Chang T., and Jasperse J.R. (Eds). Physics of Space Plasma (1995) (1996), MIT Center for Theoretical Geo/Cosmo Plasma Physics, Cambridge, MA 3-14
3. Akimoto K., and Winske D. Generation of strong MHD Alfvénic turbulence. Physical Review Letters 64 (1990) 753-756
4. Axford W.I. The polar wind and the terrestrial helium budget. Journal of Geophysical Research 73 (1968) 6855-6859
5. Balescu R. Irreversible processes in ionized gases. Physics of Fluids 3 (1960) 52-63
6. Banerjee, S., Gavrishchaka, V.V., 2007. Multimoment convecting flux tube model of the polar wind system with return current and microprocesses. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.004.
7. Banks P.M., and Holzer T.E. The polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 73 (1968) 6846-6854
8. Banks P.M., and Holzer T.E. Reply to "Discussion of letter 'The polar wind'". Journal of Geophysical Research 74 (1969) 3734-3739
9. Banks P.M., and Holzer T.E. High-latitude plasma transport: the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 74 (1969) 6317-6332
10. Banks P.M., and Kockarts G. Aeronomy (1973), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
11. +. Geophysical Research Letters 21 (1994) 2279-2282
12. Barakat A.R., and Lemaire J. Monte Carlo study of the escape of a minor species. Physical Review A 42 (1990) 3291-3302
13. Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. Transport equations for multicomponent anisotropic space plasmas: a review. Plasma Physics 24 (1982) 389-418
14. + ions in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 88 (1983) 7887-7894
15. Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. Effect of hot electrons on the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 (1984) 9771-9783
16. Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. Effects of wave-particle interactions on the dynamic behavior of the generalized polar wind. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63 (2001) 75-83
17. Barakat A.R., Schunk R.W., Barghouthi I.A., and Lemaire J. Monte Carlo study of the transition from collision-dominated to collisionless polar wind flow. In: Chang T., Crew G.B., and Jasperse J.R. (Eds). Physics of Space Plasmas (1990). SPI Conference Proceedings and Reprint Series, Number 10 (1991), Scientific Publishers, Cambridge, MA 431-437
18. + velocity distribution in the polar wind. Geophysical Research Letters 22 (1995) 1857-1860
19. Barakat A.R., Thiemann H., and Schunk R.W. Comparison of macroscopic particle-in-cell and semikinetic models of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 29277-29287
20. Barakat A.R., Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. Dynamic features of the polar wind in the presence of hot magnetospheric electrons. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 29289-29303
21. Barakat A.R., Schunk R.W., and Demars H.G. Seasonal and solar activity dependence of the generalized polar wind with low-altitude auroral ion energization. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 A11 (2003) 1405 10.1029/2002JA009360
22. Barghouthi I.A., Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. Monte Carlo study of the transition region in the polar wind: an improved collision model. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 17583-17591
23. + polar wind: effect of velocity distributions with Kappa suprathermal tails. Astrophysics and Space Science 277 (2001) 427-436
24. Belova E.V., Davidson R.C., Ji H., and Yamada M. Kinetic effects on the stability properties of field-reversed configurations. II. Nonlinear evolution. Physics of Plasmas 11 (2004) 2523-2531
25. Blelly P.L., and Schunk R.W. A comparative study of the time-dependent standard 8-, 13- and 16-moment transport formulations of the polar wind. Annales Geophysicae 11 (1993) 443-469
26. Boeuf J.P., and Garrigues L. Low frequency oscillations in a stationary plasma thruster. Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998) 3541-3554
27. Bonetti, A., Bridge, H.S., Lazarus, A.J., Lyon, E.F., Rossi, B., Scherb, F., 1962. Results of Explorer 10 plasma measurements. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Inter-American Seminar on Cosmic Rays, Laboratorio de Fisica Cosmica de la Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz.
28. Bonetti A., Bridge H.S., Lazarus A.J., Rossi B., and Scherb F. Explorer 10 plasma measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 68 (1963) 4017-4063
29. Burgers J.M. Flow Equations for Composite Gases (1969), Academic Press, New York
30. Chiu Y.T., and Schulz M. Self-consistent particle and parallel electrostatic field distributions in the magnetospheric-ionospheric auroral region. Journal of Geophysical Research 83 (1978) 629-642
31. Cladis J.B. Parallel acceleration and transport of ions from polar ionosphere to plasma sheet. Geophysical Research Letters 13 (1986) 893-896
32. D'Angelo N. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a fully ionized plasma in a magnetic field. Physics of Fluids 8 (1965) 1748-1750
33. Davison B. Neutron Transport Theory (1957), Oxford University Press, Oxford
34. Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. Transport equations for multispecies plasmas based on individual bi-Maxwellian distributions. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 12 (1979) 1051-1077
35. Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. Solutions to bi-Maxwellian transport equations for the polar wind. Planetary and Space Science 37 (1989) 85-96
36. Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. Comparison of semikinetic and generalized transport models of the polar wind. Geophysical Research Letters 18 (1991) 713-716
37. Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. Semikinetic and generalized transport models of the polar and solar winds. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (1992) 1581-1595
38. Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. A multi-ion generalized transport model of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994) 2215-2226
39. Demars H.G., and Schunk R.W. Three-dimensional velocity structure of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 A9 (2002) 1250 10.1029/2001JA000252
40. Demars H.G., Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. Effect of centrifugal acceleration on the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (1996) 24565-24571
41. Demars H.G., Barakat A.R., Schunk R.W., and Thiemann H. Shocks in the polar wind. Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1996) 1721-1724
42. Demars H.G., Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. Trapped particles in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 419-429
43. Dessler A.J., and Cloutier P.A. The polar breeze (abstract). Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 49 (1968) 749
44. Dessler A.J., and Cloutier P.A. Discussion of letter by Peter M. Banks and Thomas E. Holzer, "The polar wind". Journal of Geophysical Research 74 (1969) 3730-3733
45. Fu G.Y., and Park W. Nonlinear hybrid simulation of the toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmode. Physical Review Letters 74 (1995) 1594-1596
46. Ganguli S.B. The polar wind. Reviews of Geophysics 34 (1996) 311-348
47. Ganguli S.B., and Gavrishchaka V.V. Low-frequency oscillations and transport processes induced by multiscale transverse structures in the polar wind outflow: a three-dimensional simulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (2001) 25601-25614
48. Ganguli S.B., Mitchell Jr. H.G., and Palmadesso P.J. Behavior of ionized plasma in the high latitude topside ionosphere: the polar wind. Planetary and Space Science 35 (1987) 703-713
49. Gavrishchaka, V.V., Banerjee, S., Guzdar, P.N., 2007. Large-scale oscillations and transport processes generated by multi-scale inhomogeneities in the ionospheric field-aligned flows: a 3-D simulation with a dipole magnetic field. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.008.
50. Gombosi T.I. Physics of the Space Environment (1998), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
51. Gombosi T.I., and Killeen T.L. Effects of thermospheric motions on the polar wind: a time-dependent numerical study. Journal of Geophysical Research 92 (1987) 4725-4729
52. Gombosi T.I., and Nagy A.F. Time-dependent polar wind modeling. Advances in Space Research 8 8 (1988) 859-868
53. Gombosi T.I., and Nagy A.F. Time-dependent modeling of field-aligned current-generated ion transients in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (1989) 359-369
54. Gombosi T.I., and Schunk R.W. A comparative study of plasma expansion events in the polar wind. Planetary and Space Science 36 (1988) 753-764
55. Gombosi T.I., Cravens T.E., and Nagy A.F. A time-dependent theoretical model of the polar wind: preliminary results. Geophysical Research Letters 12 (1985) 167-170
56. Gombosi T.I., Kerr L.K., Nagy A.F., and Cannata R.W. Helium in the polar wind. Advances in Space Research 12 (1992) 6183-6186
57. Grad H. On the kinetic theory of rarefied gases. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 2 (1949) 331-407
58. Green J.L., and Waite Jr. J.H. On the origin of polar ion streams. Geophysical Research Letters 12 (1985) 149-152
59. Gurgiolo C., and Burch J.L. DE-1 observations of the polar wind-a heated and an unheated component. Geophysical Research Letters 9 (1982) 945-948
60. +. Geophysical Research Letters 12 (1985) 69-72
61. Hamasaki S., Krall N.A., Wagner C.E., and Byrne R.N. Effect of turbulence on theta pinch modeling by hybrid numerical models. Physics of Fluids 20 (1977) 65-71
62. Hewett D.W., and Seyler C.E. Reconnection phenomena during the formation phase of field-reversal experiments. Physical Review Letters 46 (1981) 1519-1522
63. Hinton F.L. Collisional transport in plasma. In: Galeev A.A., and Sudan R.N. (Eds). Basic Plasma Physics I (1983), North-Holland Publishing, New York 147-197
64. Ho C.W., Horwitz J.L., Singh N., Wilson G.R., and Moore T.E. Effects of magnetospheric electrons on polar plasma outflow: a semikinetic model. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (1992) 8425-8437
65. Ho C.W., Horwitz J.L., Singh N., and Wilson G.R. Plasma expansion and evolution of density perturbations in the polar wind: comparison of semikinetic and transport models. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 13581-13593
66. + polar wind in the transition region as influenced by ionospheric convection and electron heating. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (1997) 395-406
67. Holt E.H., and Haskell R.E. Foundations of Plasma Dynamics (1965), Macmillan Co., New York
68. Holzer T.E., Fedder J.A., and Banks P.M. A comparison of kinetic and hydrodynamic models of an expanding ion-exosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 76 (1971) 2453-2468
69. Horwitz J.L., Ho C.W., Scarbro H.D., Wilson G.R., and Moore T.E. Centrifugal acceleration of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994) 15051-15064
70. Hultqvist B. On the production of a magnetic-field-aligned electric field by the interaction between the hot magnetospheric plasma and the cold ionosphere. Planetary and Space Science 19 (1971) 749-759
71. Ichimaru S. Basic Principles of Plasma Physics: A Statistical Approach (1973), W.A. Benjamin, Reading, MA
72. Jasperse J.R. The photoelectron distribution function in the terrestrial ionosphere. In: Chang T.S., Coppi B., and Jasperse J.R. (Eds). Physics of Space Plasmas. SPI Conference Proceedings and Reprint Series Vol. 4 (1981), Scientific Publishers, Cambridge, MA 53-84
73. Khazanov G.V., Liemohn M.W., and Moore T.E. Photoelectron effects on the self-consistent potential in the collisionless polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (1997) 7509-7521
74. Khazanov G.V., Liemohn M.W., Krivorutsky E.N., and Moore T.E. Generalized kinetic description of a plasma in an arbitrary field-aligned potential energy structure. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 6871-6889
75. Khoyloo A., Barakat A.R., and Schunk R.W. On the discontinuity in kinetic solutions of the collisionless polar wind. Geophysical Research Letters 18 (1991) 1837-1840
76. Landau L.D. Die kinetische gleichung für den fall Coulombscher wechselwirkung. Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion 10 (1936) 154-164
77. Lee J.S., Doering J.P., Potemra T.A., and Brace L.H. Measurements of the ambient photoelectron spectrum from atmosphere explorer: II. AE-E measurements from 300 to 1000 km during solar minimum conditions. Planetary and Space Science 28 (1980) 973-996
78. + from the polar ionosphere: comparison of hydrodynamic and kinetic descriptions. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (1996) 17207-17216
79. Lemaire J. Effect of escaping photoelectrons in a polar exospheric model. Space Research 12 (1972) 1413-1416
80. + ion distributions in a new polar wind model. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 34 (1972) 1647-1658
81. Lemaire J., and Pierrard V. Kinetic models of solar and polar winds. Astrophysics and Space Science 277 (2001) 169-180
82. Lemaire J., and Scherer M. Model of the polar ionosphere. Planetary and Space Science 18 (1970) 103-120
83. Lemaire J., and Scherer M. Simple model for an ion-exosphere in an open magnetic field. Physics of Fluids 14 (1971) 1683-1694
84. Lemaire J., and Scherer M. Ion-exosphere with asymmetric velocity distribution. Physics of Fluids 15 (1972) 760-766
85. Lemaire J., and Scherer M. The effect of photoelectrons on kinetic polar wind models. Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique (Classe des Sciences) 58 (1972) 502-512
86. Lemaire J., and Scherer M. Kinetic models of the solar and polar winds. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 11 (1973) 427-468
87. Lemaire J., and Scherer M. Exospheric models of the topside ionosphere. Space Science Reviews 15 (1974) 591-640
88. Lemaire, J.F., Peterson, W.K., Chang, T., Schunk, R.W., Barakat, A.R., Demars, H.G., Khazanov, G.V., 2007. History of kinetic polar wind models and early observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.011.
89. Lenard A. On Bogoliubov's kinetic equation for a spatially homogeneous plasma. Annals of Physics 3 (1960) 390-400
90. Li P., Wilson G.R., Horwitz J.L., and Moore T.E. Effect of mid-altitude ion heating on ion outflow at polar latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research 93 (1988) 9753-9763
91. Lie-Svendsen O., and Rees M.H. An improved kinetic model for the polar outflow of a minor ion. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (1996) 2415-2433
92. Lin Z., and Chen L. A fluid-kinetic hybrid electron model for electromagnetic simulations. Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001) 1447-1450
93. Marubashi K. Escape of the polar-ionospheric plasma into the magnetospheric tail. Report of Ionosphere and Space Research in Japan 24 (1970) 322-346
94. Mitchell Jr. H.G., and Palmadesso P.J. A dynamic model for the auroral field line plasma in the presence of field-aligned current. Journal of Geophysical Research 88 (1983) 2131-2139
95. Nagai T., Waite Jr. J.H., Green J.L., Chappell C.R., Olsen R.C., and Comfort R.H. First measurements of supersonic polar wind in the polar magnetosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 11 (1984) 669-672
96. Neugebauer M., and Snyder C.W. Solar plasma experiment: preliminary Mariner II observations. Science 138 (1962) 1095-1097
97. Pannekoek A. Ionization in stellar atmospheres. Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands 1 (1922) 107-118
98. Papadopoulos K., Mankofsky A., and Drobot A. Long-range cross-field ion-beam propagation in the diamagnetic regime. Physical Review Letters 61 (1988) 94-97
99. Parker E.N. Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields. Astrophysical Journal 128 (1958) 664-676
100. + polar wind. Astrophysics and Space Science 302 (2006) 35-41
101. Pierrard V., and Lemaire J. Lorentzian ion exosphere model. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (1996) 7923-7934
102. Pierrard V., and Lemaire J. A collisional kinetic model of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 11701-11709
103. Porteous R.K., and Graves D.B. Modeling and simulation of magnetically confined low-pressure plasmas in two dimensions. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 19 (1991) 204-213
104. Pritchett P.L. Particle-in-cell simulations of magnetosphere electrodynamics. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 28 (2000) 1976-2000
105. Retterer J.M., Chang T., Crew G.B., Jasperse J.R., and Winningham J.D. Monte Carlo modeling of ionospheric oxygen acceleration by cyclotron resonance with broad-band electromagnetic turbulence. Physical Review Letters 59 (1987) 148-151
106. + flux in the Earth's topside ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 (1985) 5261-5268
107. Rosenbluth M.N., MacDonald W.M., and Judd D.L. Fokker-Planck equation for an inverse-square force. Physical Review 107 (1957) 1-6
108. Rosseland S. Electrical state of a star. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 84 (1924) 720-728
109. Savoini P., Scholer M., and Fujimoto M. Two-dimensional hybrid simulations of impulsive plasma penetration through a tangential discontinuity. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994) 19377-19391
110. Schunk R.W. Mathematical structure of transport equations for multispecies flows. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 15 (1977) 429-445
111. Schunk R.W. An update theory of the polar wind. Advances in Space Research 6 (1986) 79-88
112. Schunk, R.W., 2007. Time-dependent simulations of the global polar wind. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.009.
113. Schunk R.W., and Nagy A.E. Ionospheres-Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
114. Schunk R.W., and Sojka J.J. A three-dimensional time-dependent model of the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (1989) 8973-8991
115. Schunk R.W., and Sojka J.J. Global ionosphere-polar wind system during changing magnetic activity. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (1997) 11625-11651
116. Schunk R.W., and Watkins D.S. Electron temperature anisotropy in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (1981) 91-102
117. Schunk R.W., and Watkins D.S. Proton temperature anisotropy in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (1982) 171-180
118. Scudder J.D., and Olbert S. A theory of local and global processes which affect solar wind electrons: 1. The origin of typical 1 AU velocity distribution functions-steady state theory. Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979) 2755-2772
119. Shizgal B. Eigenvalues of the Lorentz Fokker-Planck equation. Journal of Chemical Physics 70 (1979) 1948-1951
120. Shizgal B., and Blackmore R. A discrete ordinate method of solution of linear boundary value and eigenvalue problems. Journal of Computational Physics 55 (1984) 313-327
121. Singh N., and Schunk R.W. Temporal behavior of density perturbations in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 (1985) 6487-6496
122. Snyder C.W., Neugebauer M., and Rao U.R. The solar wind velocity and its correlation with cosmic-ray variations and with solar and geomagnetic activity. Journal of Geophysical Research 68 (1963) 6361-6370
123. E altitude. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 2279-2296
124. Swift D.W. Use of a hybrid code to model the Earth's magnetosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 22 (1995) 311-314
125. Tam, W.Y.S., 1996. Self-consistent anisotropic kinetic effects of photoelectrons on the polar wind. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
126. Tam, S.W.Y., Yasseen, F., Chang, T., Ganguli, S.B., Retterer, J.M., 1995a. Anisotropic kinetic effects of photoelectrons on polar wind transport. In: Horwitz, J.L., Singh, N., Burch, J.L. (Eds.), Cross-Scale Coupling in Space Plasmas. Geophysical Monograph Series 93, pp. 133-139.
127. Tam S.W.Y., Yasseen F., Chang T., and Ganguli S.B. Self-consistent kinetic photoelectron effects on the polar wind. Geophysical Research Letters 22 (1995) 2107-2110
128. Tam S.W.Y., Yasseen F., and Chang T. Day-night asymmetry of polar outflow due to the kinetic effects of anisotropic photoelectrons. In: Horwitz J.L., Gallagher D.L., and Peterson W.K. (Eds). Geospace Mass and Energy Flow: Results From the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program (1998), Geophysical Monograph 104, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 97-106
129. Tam S.W.Y., Yasseen F., and Chang T. Further development in theory/data closure of the photoelectron-driven polar wind and day-night transition of the outflow. Annales Geophysicae 16 (1998) 948-968
130. + ions in the polar cap. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 (1985) 1619-1630
131. Wang J.G., Payne G.L., DuBois D.F., and Rose H.A. One-dimensional simulations of Langmuir collapse in a radiation-driven plasma. Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994) 2531-2546
132. Wilson G.R. Semikinetic modeling of the outflow of ionospheric plasma through the topside collisional to collisionless transition region. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (1992) 10551-10565
133. + upflows resulting from E×B convection heating in the high-latitude F region ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994) 17453-17466
134. Wilson G.R., Ho C.W., Horwitz J.L., Singh N., and Moore T.E. A new kinetic model for time-dependent polar plasma outflow: initial results. Geophysical Research Letters 17 (1990) 263-266
135. Wilson G.R., Khazanov G., and Horwitz J.L. Achieving zero current for polar wind outflow on open flux tubes subjected to large photoelectron fluxes. Geophysical Research Letters 24 (1997) 1183-1186
136. Winningham J.D., and Gurgiolo C. DE-2 photoelectron measurements consistent with a large scale parallel electric field over the polar cap. Geophysical Research Letters 9 (1982) 977-979
137. Winningham J.D., and Heikkila W.J. Polar cap auroral electron fluxes observed with Isis 1. Journal of Geophysical Research 79 (1974) 949-957
138. Winske D., and Yin L. Hybrid codes: past, present and future. In: Büchner J., Dum C.T., and Scholer M. (Eds). Space Plasma Simulation: Proceedings of the Sixth International School/Symposium, ISSS-6 (2001), Copernicus Gesellschaft, Berlin 62
139. Yasseen F., and Retterer J.M. Critical points in the 16-moment approximation. Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (1991) 1827-1830
140. Yasseen F., Retterer J.M., Chang T., and Winningham J.D. Monte-Carlo modeling of polar wind photoelectron distributions with anomalous heat flux. Geophysical Research Letters 16 (1989) 1023-1026
141. Yau A.W., Whalen B.A., Abe T., Mukai T., Oyama K.I., and Chang T. Akebono observations of electron temperature anisotropy in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (1995) 17451-17464
142. Yau, A.W., Abe, T., Peterson, W.K., 2007. The polar wind: Recent observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.010.