Frailty in the elderly: The physical dimension

Europa Medicophysica

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 407-415

  Abate, M ^a   Di Iorio, A ^a   Di Renzo, D ^a   Paganelli, R ^a   Saggini, R ^a   Abate, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aged; Exercise; Frailty

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FEMALE; FRAIL ELDERLY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MALE; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FEMALE; FRAIL ELDERLY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 36049029629     PISSN: 00142573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Studenski S, Fried LP, Cutler GB Jr, Walston JD. Designing randomized, controlled trials aimed at preventing or delaying functional decline and disability in frail, older persons: a consensus report. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:625-34.
2. Lipsitz LA, Goldberger AL. Loss of 'complexity' and aging. Potential pplications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. JAMA 1992;267:1806-9.
3. Woodhouse KW, O'Mahony MS. Frailty and ageing. Age Ageing 1997;26:245-6.
4. Campbell AJ, Buchner DM. Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty. Age Ageing 1997;26:315-8.
5. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K. Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1929-33.
6. Bortz WM. A conceptual framework of frailty: a review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M283-8.
7. Goggins WB, Woo J, Sham A, Ho SC. Frailty index as a measure of biological age in a Chinese population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:1046-51.
8. Schuurmans H, Steverink N, Lindenberg S, Frieswijk N, Slaets JP. Old or frail: what tells us more? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:M962-5.
9. Studenski S, Hayes RP, Leibowitz RQ, Bode R, Lavery L, Walston J et al. Clinical Global Impression of Change in Physical Frailty: development of a measure based on clinical judgment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1560-6.
10. Mitnitski A, Song X, Skoog I, Broe G, Cox JL, Grunfeld E et al. Relative fitness and frailty of elderly men and women in developed countries and their relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:2184-9.
11. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M146-56.
12. Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Simonsick E, Salive ME, Corti C, Langlois J. Progressive versus catastrophic disability: a longitudinal view of the disablement process. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996;51:M123-30.
13. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:255-63.
14. Rubenstein LV, Calkins DR, Greenfield S, Jette AM, Meenan RF, Nevins MA et al. Health status assessment for elderly patients. Report of the Society of General Internal Medicine Task Force on Health Assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:562-9.
15. Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung HY. Persons with chronic conditions. Their prevalence and costs. JAMA 1996;276:1473-9.
16. Fried LP, Guralnik JM. Disability in older adults: evidence regarding significance, etiology, and risk. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:92-100.
17. Stuck AE, Walthert JM, Nikolaus T, Bula CJ, Hohmann C, Beck JC. Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:445-69.
18. Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health Measurement Scales. A practical guide to their development and use. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.
19. Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF et al. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1998;279:585-92.
20. Fried LP, Bandeen-Roche K, Kasper JD, Guralnik JM. Association of comorbidity with disability in older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52:27-37.
21. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1602-9.
22. Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Aragaki A, Cochrane BB, Brunner RL et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1321-30.
23. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:889-96.
24. Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:413-21.
25. Janssen I. Influence of sarcopenia on the development of physical disability: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:56-62.
26. Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Rubin SM et al. Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:324-33.
27. Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M772-7.
28. Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cournot M, Nourhashemi F, Reynish W, Riviere D et al. Sarcopenia, calf circumference, and physical function of elderly women: a cross-sectional study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1120-4.
29. Marcell TJ. Sarcopenia: causes, consequences, and preventions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:M911-6.
30. Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia: effects on body composition and function, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:1012-7.
31. Lee SJ, McPherron AC. Myostatin and the control of skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1999;9:604-7.
32. Colbert LH, Visser M, Simonsick EM, Tracy RP, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB et al. Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1098-104.
33. Ferrucci L, Penninx BW, Volpato S, Harris TB, Bandeen-Roche K, Balfour J et al. Change in muscle strength explains accelerated decline of physical function in older women with high interleukin-6 serum levels. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1947-54.
34. Morley JE, Baumgartner RN. Cytokine-related aging process. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:M924-9.
35. Penninx BW, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Nicklas BJ, Simonsick EM, Rubin S et al. Inflammatory markers and incident mobility limitation in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1105-13.
36. Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Newman AB el al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M326-32.
37. Hennessey JV, ChromiakJA, DellaVentura S, Reinert SE, Puhl J, Kiel DP et al. Growth hormone administration and exercise effects on muscle fiber type and diameter in moderately frail older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:852-8.
38. Papadakis MA, Grady D, Black D, Tierney MJ, Gooding GA, Schambelan M et al. Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:708-16.
39. Swerdloff RS, Wang C. Androgen deficiency and aging in men. West J Med 1993;159:579-85.
40. Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM. Diagnosis of hypogonadism in the aging male. Aging Male 2002;5:170-6.
41. Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Munzer T, Bellantoni MF, Busby-Whitehead J, Stevens TE et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2282-92.
42. Woodhouse LJ, Asa SL, Thomas SG, Ezzat S. Measures of submaximal aerobic performance evaluate and predict functional response to growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4570-7.
43. Bua EA, McKiernan SH, Wanagat J, McKenzie D, Aiken JM, Mitochondrial abnormalities are more frequent in muscles undergoing sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol 2002;92:2617-24.
44. Cadenas E, Davies KJ. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging, Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:222-30.
45. Jennings BJ, Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Nutrition, oxidative damage, telomere shortening, and cellular senescence: individual or connected agents of aging? Mol Genet Metab 2000;71:32-42.
46. Pollack M, Leeuwenburgh C. Apoptosis and aging: role of the mitochondria. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:B475-82.
47. Larsson L, Yu F, Hook P, Ramamurthy B, Marx JO, Pircher P. Effects of aging on regulation of muscle contraction at the motor unit, muscle cell, and molecular levels. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11 Suppl:S28-43.
48. Luff AR. Age-associated changes in the innervation of muscle fibers and changes in the mechanical properties of motor units. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;854:92-101.
49. Castaneda C, Charnley JM, Evans WJ, Crim MC. Elderly women accommodate to a low-protein diet with losses of body cell mass, muscle function, and immune response. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:30-9.
50. Cohen HJ. In search of the underlying mechanisms of frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:M706-8.
51. Jackman RW, Kandarian SC. The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. AmJ Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;287:C834-43.
52. Leeuwenburgh C, Gurley CM, Strotman BA, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Age-related differences in apoptosis with disuse atrophy in soleus muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288:R1288-96.
53. Powers SK, Kavazis AN, DeRuisseau KC. Mechanisms of disuse muscle atrophy: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288:R337-44.
54. Rittweger J, Frost HM, Schiessl H, Ohshima H, Alkner B, Tesch P et al. Muscle atrophy and bone loss after 90 days' bed rest and the effects of flywheel resistive exercise and pamidronate: results from the LTBR study. Bone 2005;36:1019-29.
55. Singh MA. Exercise comes of age: rationale and recommendations for a geriatric exercise prescription. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M262-82.
56. Bijnen FC, Feskens EJ, Caspersen CJ, Nagelkerke N, Mosterd WL, Kromhout D. Baseline and previous physical activity in relation to mortality in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:1289-96.
57. Blair SN, Kohl HW 3rd, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 1995;273:1093-8.
58. Hakim AA, Petrovitch H, Burchfiel CM, Ross GW, Rodriguez BL, White LR et al. Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. N Engl J Med 1998;338:94-9.
59. Lee IM, Skerrett PJ. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response relation? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:S459-71.
60. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee IM, Jung DL, Kampert JB. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:538-45.
61. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rexrode KM, Willett WC et al. Physical activity and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 2000;283:2961-7.
62. Binder EF, Schechtman KB, Ehsani AA, Steger-May K, Brown M, Sinacore DR et al. Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1921-8.
63. Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Lutz KJ, Evans WJ. A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol 1991;71:644-50.
64. Vincent KR, Braith RW, Feldman RA, Magyari PM, Cutler RB, Persin SA et al Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults aged 60 to 83. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1100-7.
65. Visser M, Pluijm SM, Stel VS, Bosscher RJ, Deeg DJ. Physical activity as a determinant of change in mobility performance: the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1774-81.
66. Landi F, Cesari M, Onder G, Lattanzio F, Gravina EM, Bernabei R. Physical activity and mortality in frail, community-living elderly patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:833-7.
67. Barry BK, Carson RG. The consequences of resistance training for movement control in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:730-54.
68. Latham NK, Bennett DA, Stretton CM, Anderson CS. Systematic eview of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:48-61.
69. Barton E, Morris C. Mechanisms and strategies to counter muscle atrophy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:M923-6.
70. Yarasheski KE. Exercise, aging, and muscle protein metabolism. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:M918-22.
71. Bruunsgaard H, Bjerregaard E, Schroll M, Pedersen BK. Muscle strength after resistance training is inversely correlated with base-line levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:237-41.
72. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Janssen PA, Lord SR, McKay HA. Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:657-65.
73. Seynnes O, Fiatarone Singh MA, Hue O, Pras P, Legros P, Bernard PL. Physiological and functional responses to low-moderate versus high-intensity progressive resistance training in frail elders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:503-9.
74. Mihalko S, McAuley E, Strenght training effects on subjective wellbeing and physical function in the elderly. J Phys Act Aging 1996;4:56-8.
75. Laukkanen P, Era P, Heikkinen RL, Suutama T, Kauppinen M, Heikkinen E. Factors related to carrying out everyday activities among elderly people aged 80. Aging (Milano) 1994;6: 433-43.
76. Fiatarone Singh MA. Exercise in the oldest old: some new insights and unanswered questions. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:2089-91.
77. Fiatarone MA. Fitness and function at the end of life. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:1439-40.
78. Bhasin S. Testosterone supplementation for aging-associated sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:1002-8.
79. Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3469-75.
80. Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A, Dobs A, Snyder PJ, Cunningham G et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2839-53.
81. Borst SE. Interventions for sarcopenia and muscle weakness in older people. Age Ageing 2004;33:548-55.