Organic-rich and manganese sedimentation during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event in the Outer Carpathian basins; a new record from the Skole Nappe, Poland

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 256, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 21-46

  Bak, Krzysztof ^a  

^a PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Biostratigraphy; Carbon isotopes; Cenomanian Turonian; Ferromanganese sediments; Organic rich facies; Outer Carpathians

Indexed keywords

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; CARBON ISOTOPE; CENOMANIAN; FERROMANGANESE DEPOSIT; MARGINAL BASIN; MICROFOSSIL; NEW RECORD; ORGANIC CARBON; ORGANIC MATTER; PALEOENVIRONMENT; SEDIMENTATION RATE; TURONIAN;

CARPATHIANS; CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; POLAND; SKOLE BASIN;

EID: 36048957269     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Arthur M.A. North Atlantic Cretaceous black shales: the record at Site 398 and brief comparison with other occurrences. In: Sibuet J.C., and Ryan W.B.F. (Eds). Init. Repts. DSDP vol. 47 (1979) 719-752
2. Arthur M.A., and Premoli Silva I. Development of widespread organic carbon-rich strata in the Mediterranean Tethys. In: Schlanger S.O., and Cita M.B. (Eds). Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-Rich Facies (1982), Academic Press, London 7-54
3. Arthur M.A., Dean W.E., and Pratt L.M. Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Nature 335 (1988) 714-717
4. Ba{ogonek}k K. Biostratigraphy of deep-water agglutinated Foraminifera in Scaglia Rossa-type deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians, Poland. In: Hart M.B., Kaminski M.A., and Smart C. (Eds). Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera, Plymouth, England, September 12-19, 1997, Grzybowski Found. Spec. Public vol. 7 (2000) 15-41
5. Ba{ogonek}k M. Radiolaria from the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian deposits of the Silesian Unit (Polish Flysch Carpathians). Geol. Carpath. 51 (2000) 309-324
6. Ba{ogonek}k M. Radiolarian biostratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian deposits in the Subsilesian Nappe (Outer Western Carpathians). Geol. Carpath. 55 (2004) 239-250
7. Ba{ogonek}k K. Sedimentological, geochemical and microfaunal responses to environmental changes around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Outer Carpathian Basin; a record from the Subsilesian Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 237 (2006) 335-358
8. Ba{ogonek}k K. Deep-water facies succession around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Outer Carpathian basin: Sedimentary, biotic and chemical records in the Silesian Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 248 (2007) 255-290
9. Ba{ogonek}k K. Environmental changes around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in a marginal part of the Outer Carpathian Basin expressed by microfacies, microfossils and chemical records in the Skole Nappe (Poland). Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 77 (2007) 39-67
10. Ba{ogonek}k K., Ba{ogonek}k M., and Paul Z. Barnasiówka Radiolarian Shale Formation - a new lithostratigraphic unit in the Upper Cenomanian-Lowermost Turonian of the Polish Outer Carpathians (Silesian Series). Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 71 (2001) 75-103
11. Ba{ogonek}k K., Ba{ogonek}k M., and Gaździcka E. High resolution radiolarian, foraminiferal and calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian deep-water sediments in the Polish Outer Carpathians. In: Godet A., Mort H., Linder P., and Bodin S. (Eds). 7th International Symposium on the Cretaceous, 5-9 Sept. 2005, Neuchatel, Scientific Program and Abstracts (2005) 43
12. Ba{ogonek}k M., Ba{ogonek}k K., and Ciurej A. Mid-Cretaceous spicule-rich turbidites in the Silesian Nappe of the Polish Outer Carpathians: radiolarian and foraminiferal biostratigraphy. Geol. Q. 49 (2005) 275-290
13. Bengston P. The Turonian stage and substage boundaries. Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Natur. Belgique 66 (1996) 69-79
14. Bernhard J.M., Sen Gupta B.K., and Borne P.F. Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic bottom-water oxygen concentrations: Santa Barbara basin, U.S. Pacific continental margin. J. Foraminiferal. Res. 27 (1997) 301-310
15. Birkenmajer K. Stages of structural evolution of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Stud. Geol. Pol. 88 (1986) 7-32
16. Bonatti E., Kraemer T., and Rydell H.S. Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits. In: Horn D.R. (Ed). Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor. Nat. Sci. Found., Washington (1972) 159-166
17. Bonatti E., Zerbi M.R., and Rydell H.S. Metalliferous deposits from the Apennine ophiolites: Mesozoic equivalents of modern deposits from oceanic spreading centers. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87 (1976) 83-94
18. Bowman A.R., and Bralower T.J. Paleoceanographic significance of high-resolution carbon isotope records across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior and New Jersey coastal plain, USA. Mar. Geol. 217 (2005) 305-321
19. Bralower T.J., and Thierstein H.R. Low productivity and slow deep-water circulation in mid-Cretaceous oceans. Geology 12 (1984) 614-618
20. Brookins D.G. Mineral and Energy Resources: Occurrence, Exploitation, and Environmental Impact (1990), Prentice Hall College Div. 389 pp.
21. Brumsack H.J. Geochemistry of Cretaceous black shales from the Atlantic Ocean (DSDP Legs 11, 14, 36 and 41). Chem. Geol. 31 (1980) 1-25
22. Burnett J.A. Upper cretaceous. In: Bown P.R. (Ed). Calcareous Nannofossol Biostratigraphy (1998), Chapman and Hall, London 132-199
23. Caron M., Dall'Agnollo S., Accarie H., Barrera E., Kauffman E.G., Amédro F., and Robaszynski F. High resolution stratigraphy of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval at Pueblo (USA) and Wadi Bahlul (Tunisia): stable isotope and bio-events correlation. Geobios 39 (2006) 271-300
24. Chow N., Morad S., and Al-Aasm I.S. Origin of authigenic Mn-Fe carbonates and pore-water evolution in marine sediments; evidence from Cenozoic strata of the Arctic Ocean and Norwegian-Greenland Sea (ODP Leg 151). J. Sediment. Res. 70 (2000) 682-699
25. Dekov V.M., Scholten J.C., Botz R., Garbe-Schönberg C.-D., and Stoffers P. Fe-Mn-(hydr)oxide-carbonate crusts from the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea: Precipitation at the seawater/brine redoxline. Mar. Geol. 236 (2007) 95-119
26. De Lange G.J., Van Os B., Pruysers P.A., Middelbourg J.J., Castradori D., Van Santvoort P., Muller P.J., Eggenkamp H., and Prahl F.G. Possible early diagenetic alteration of palaeo proxies. In: Zahn M.A., et al. (Ed). Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Oceans's Role in Global Change, NATO ASI Series 1, vol. 17 (1994) 225-258
27. Dickens G.R., and Owen R.M. Global change and manganese deposition at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 11 (1993) 27-43
28. Dymond J., Suess E., and Lyle M. Barium in deep-sea sediment: a proxy for paleoproductivity. Paleoceanography 7 (1992) 163-181
29. Erbacher J., Friedrich O., Wilson P.A., Birch H., and Mutterlose J. Stable organic carbon isotope stratigraphy across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 of Demerara Rise, western tropical Atlantic. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6 (2005) Q06010 10.1029/2004GC000850
30. Espitalié J., Deroo G., and Marquis F. La pyrolyse Rock Eval et ses applications. Rév. Inst. Fr. Pét. 10 (1985) 755-784
31. Fischer J.K., Price G.D., Hart M.B., and Leng M.J. Stable isotope analysis of the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event in the Crimea. Cretac. Res. 26 (2005) 853-863
32. Gale A.S., Jenkyns H.C., Kennedy W.J., and Corfield R.M. Chemostratigraphy versus biostratigraphy: data around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. J. Geol. Soc. London 26 (1993) 29-32
33. Gale A.S., Hardenbol J., Hatway B., Kennedy W.J., Young J.R., and Phansalkar V. Global correlation of Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) sequences: evidence for Milankovitch control on sea level. Geology 30 (2002) 291-294
34. Gale A.S., Kennedy W.J., Voigt S., and Walaszczyk I. Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian Chalk succession at Eastbourne, Sussex, UK: ammonites, inoceramid bivalves and stable carbon isotopes. Cretac. Res. 26 (2005) 460-487
35. Geroch S., and Nowak W. Proposal of zonation for the Late Tithonian-Late Eocene, based upon arenaceous Foraminifera from the Outer Carpathians, Poland. In: Oertli H.J. (Ed). BENTHOS '83, 2nd Intern. Symp. on Benthic Foraminifera, Pau, April 11-15, 1983, Elf-Aquitane, ESO REP and TOTAL CFP, Pau & Bordeoux (1984) 225-239
36. Glasby G.P. Manganese: predominent role of nodules and crusts. In: Schulz H.D., and Zabel M. (Eds). Marine geochemistry (2000), Springer, Heidelberg-New York 335-372
37. Glasby G.P., Stüben D., Jeschke G., Stoffers P., and Garbe-Schönberg C.-D. A model for the formation of hydrothermal manganese crusts from the Pitcairn Island hotspot. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 4583-4597
38. Golonka J. Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Tectonophysics 381 (2004) 235-273
39. Golonka J., Oszczypko N., and Śla{ogonek}czka A. Late Carboniferous-Neogene geodynamic evolution and palaeogeography of the circum-Carpathian region and adjacent areas. Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 70 (2000) 107-136
40. Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., Smith A.G., et al. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (2004), Cambridge University Press
41. Grosheny D., Beaudoin B., Morel L., and Desmares D. High-resolution biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event in the Vocontian Basin, southeast France. Cretac. Res. 27 (2006) 629-640
42. Gucik S. Explanations to the Detailed Geological Map of Poland, scale 1:50,000; Krzywcza (1026) Sheet (1987), Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa [In Polish], 77 pp.
43. Gucik S., Jankowski L., Ra{ogonek}czkowski W., and Żytko K. Explanations to the Detailed Geological Map of Poland, scale 1:50,000; Rybotycze (1043) and Dobromil (1044) Sheets (1991), Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa [In Polish], 39 pp.
44. Gustafsson M., Holbourn A., and Kuhnt W. Changes in Northeast Atlantic temperature and carbon flux during the Cenomanian/Turonian paleoceanographic event: the Goban Spur stable isotope record. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 201 (2003) 51-66
45. Halbach P., Scherhag C., Hebisch U., and Marchig V. Geochemical and mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean. Miner. Depos. 16 (1981) 59-84
46. Hallam A., and Wignall P.B. Mass Extinctions and their Aftermath (1997), Oxford Univerity Press, Oxford
47. Hasegawa T. Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope events recorded in terrestrial organic matter from northern Japan. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 130 (1997) 251-273
48. Hart M.B., Dodsworth P., and Duane A.M. The late Cenomanian event in eastern England. Cretac. Res. 14 (1993) 495-508
49. Herbin J.P., Montadert L., Muller C., Gomez R., Thurow J., and Wiedman J. Organic-rich sedimentation at thr Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in oceanic and coastal basins in the North Atlantic and Tethys. In: Summerhayes C.P., and Shackleton N.J. (Eds). North Atlantic Palaeoceanography. Geol. Stud. Spec. Public vol. 21 (1986) 389-422
50. Hilbrecht H., Frieg C., Tröger K.-A., Voigt S., and Voigt T. Shallow water facies during the Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event: bio-events, isotopes, and sea level in southern Germany. Cretac. Res. 17 (1996) 229-253
51. Holbourn A.E.L., and Kuhnt W. Turonian-Santonian benthic foraminifer assemblages from Site 959D (Côte d'Ivoire - Ghana Transform Margin, Equatorial Atlantic): indication of a Late Cretaceous oxygen minimum zone. In: Mascle J., Lohmann G.P., and Moullade M. (Eds). Proceeding of the ODP, Sci. Res. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program) vol. 159 (1998) 375-387
52. Holbourn A., Kuhnt W., El Albani A., Ly A., Gomez R., and Herbin J.P. Palaeoenvironments and palaeobiogeography of the Late Cretaceous Casamance transect (Senegal, NW Africa): distribution patterns of benthic foraminifera, organic carbon and terrigenous flux. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 212 (1999) 335-377
53. Jarvis I., Murphy A.M., and Gale A.S. Geochemistry of pelagic and hemipelagic carbonates: criteria for identifying systems tracts and sea-level change. J. Geol. Soc. London 158 (2001) 685-696
54. Jarvis I., Gale A.S., Jenkyns H.C., and Pearce M.A. Secular variation in Late Cretaceous carbon isotopes: a new 13C carbonate reference curve for the Cenomanian-Campanian (99.6-70.6 Ma). Geol. Mag. 143 (2006) 561-608
55. Jenkyns H.C. Cretaceous anoxic events: from continents to oceans. J. Geol. Soc. London 137 (1980) 171-188
56. Jenkyns H.C., Gale A.S., and Corfield R.M. Carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italian Scaglia and its paleoclimatic significance. Geol. Mag. 131 (1994) 1-34
57. Keller G., Han Q., Adatte T., and Burns S.J. Palaeoenvironment of the Cenomanian-Turonian transition at Eastbourne, England. Cretac. Res. 22 (2001) 391-422
58. 18O, sea level and salinity variations at Pueblo, Colorado. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 211 (2004) 19-43
59. Keninson Falkner K., Klinkhammer G.P., Bowers T.S., Todd J.F., Lewis B.L., Landing W.M., and Edmond J.M. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1993) 3383-3397
60. Kennedy W.J., Walaszczyk I., and Cobban W.A. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Creataceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A (2005) Episodes 28
61. Koszarski L., and Śla{ogonek}czka A. Outer (flysch) Carpathians: Lower Cretaceous. In: Pożaryski W. (Ed). Geology of Poland (1973), Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa 492-495
62. Kotlarczyk J. Stratigraphy of the Ropianka formation or of Inoceramian beds in the Skole Unit of the Flysch Carpathians. [In Polish, English summary]. Pr. Geol. (PAN Oddz. Krak.) 108 (1978) 1-82
63. Krajewski K., Leśniak P.M., Ła{ogonek}cka B., and Zawidzki P. Origin of phosphatic stromatolites in the Upper Cretaceous condensed sequence of the Polish Jura Chain. Sediment. Geol. 136 (2000) 89-112
64. Ksia{ogonek}żkiewicz M. Geology of the Northern Carpathians. Geol. Rundsch. 45 (1956) 396-411
65. In: Ksia{ogonek}żkiewicz M. (Ed). Geological Atlas of Poland: stratigraphic and facial problems, vol. 13. Cretaceous and Older Paleogene in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Instytut Geologiczny (1962), Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa 20 maps, 20 pp. explanatory notes
66. Ksia{ogonek}żkiewicz M. Bathymetry of the Carpathian Flysch Basin. Acta Geol. Pol. 25 (1975) 309-367
67. Ksia{ogonek}żkiewicz M. Hypothesis of plate tectonics and the origin of the Carpathians. Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 47 (1977) 329-353
68. Kuhnt W., and Kaminski M.A. Upper Cretaceous deep-water agglutinated benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Western Mediterranean and adjacent areas. In: Wiedmann J. (Ed). Cretaceous of the Western Tethys. Proceedings of 3rd International Cretaceous Symposium, Stuttgart (Schweizerbart) (1989) 93-120
69. Kuhnt W., Kaminski M.A., and Moullade M. Late Cretaceous deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages from the North Atlantic and its marginal seas. Geol. Rundsch. 78 (1989) 1121-1140
70. Kuhnt W., Herbin J.P., Thurow J., and Wiedmann J. Distribution of Cenomanian-Turonian organic facies in the western Mediterranean and along the adjacent Atlantic margin. In: Huc A.Y. (Ed). Deposition of organic facies. AAPG Bull. vol. 30 (1990) 133-160
71. Kuhnt W., Geroch S., Kaminski M.A., Moullade M., and Neagu T. Upper Cretaceous abyssal claystones in the North Atlantic and Western Tethys: current status of biostratigraphical correlation using agglutinated foraminifers and palaeoceanographic events. Cretac. Res. 13 (1992) 467-478
72. Kuhnt W., Luderer F., Nederbragt S., Thurow J., and Wagner T. Orbital-scale record of the late Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE-2) in the Tarfaya Basin (Morocco). Int. J. Earth Sci. 94 (2005) 147-159
73. Kumar N., Anderson R.F., and Biscayae P.E. Remineralization of particulate authigenic trace metals in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Implications for proxies of export productivity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 3383-3397
74. Kunzendorf H., Glasby G.P., Stoffers P., and Pluger W.L. The distribution of rare elements and minor elements in manganese nodules, micronodules and sediments along an east-west transect in the southern Pacific. Lithos 30 (1993) 45-56
75. 2 levels: response to an oceanic anoxic event. Nature 399 6734 (1999) 342-345
76. Lafargue E., Marquis F., and Pillot D. Rock-Eval 6 applications in hydrocarbon exploration, production, and soil contamination studies. Rev. Inst. Franç. Pétrole 56 (1998) 421-437
77. Lipinski M., Warning B., and Brumsack H.-J. Trace metals signatures of Jurassic/Cretaceous black shales from the Norwegian Shelf and the Barents Sea. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 190 (2003) 459-475
78. Lüning S., Kolonic S., Belhadj E.M., Belhadj Z., Cota L., Barić G., and Wagner T. Integrated depositional model for the Cenomanian-Turonian organic-rich strata in North Africa. Earth Sci. Rev. 64 (2004) 51-117
79. Marcinowski R. The transgressive Cretaceous (Upper Albian trough Turonian) deposits of the Polish Jura Chain. Acta Geol. Pol. 24 (1974) 117-217
80. Marcinowski R., and Szulczewski M. Condensed Cretaceous sequence with stromatolites in the Polish Jura Chain. Acta Geol. Pol. 22 (1972) 515-538
81. Mackensen A., and Douglas R.G. Down-core distribution of live and dead deep-water benthic foraminifera in box cores from the Weddell Sea and the California continental borderland. Deep-Sea Res. 36 (1989) 879-900
82. McManus J., Berelson W.M., Klinkhammer G.P., Johnson K.S., Coale K.H., Anderson R.F., Kumar N., Burdige D.J., Hammond D.E., Brumsack H.J., McCorkle D.C., and Rushdi A. Geochemistry of barium in marine sediments: implications for its use as a paleoproxy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 3453-3473
83. Michard A., and Albarède F. The REE content of some hydrothermal fluids. Chem. Geol. 55 (1986) 51-60
84. Miller K.G., Sugarman P.J., Browning J.V., Kominz M.A., Hernandez J.C., Olsson R.K., Wright J.D., Feigenson M.D., and Van Sickel W. Late Cretaceous chronology of large, rapid sea-level changes: Glacioeustasy during the greenhouseworld. Geology 31 (2003) 585-588
85. Miller K.G., Sugarman P.J., Browning J.V., Kominz M.A., Olsson R.K., Feigenson M.D., and Hernandez J.C. Upper Cretaceous sequences and sea-level history, New Jersey Coastal Plain. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 116 (2004) 368-393
86. Moryc W. The Lower Cretaceous in the pre-Miocene substratum of the southern part of the Carpathians Foredeep in Poland. Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 67 (1997) 287-296
87. Mücke A., Dzigbodi-Adjimah K., and Annor A. Mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry and genesis of the Paleoproterozoic Cirimian manganese-formation of Nsuta/Ghana. Miner. Deposita 34 (1999) 297-311
88. Nahon D., and Parc S. Lateritic concentrations of manganese oxyhydroxides and oxides. Intern. J. Earth. Sci. 79 (1990) 319-326
89. Neagu T. Gerochammina n.g. and related genera from the Upper Cretaceous flysch-type benthic foraminiferal fauna, Eastern Carpathians - Romania. In: Hemleben C., et al. (Ed). Palaeoecology, Biostratigraphy, Paleoceanography and Taxonomy of Agglutinated Foraminifera (1990), Kluver Acad. Publ. 245-256
90. Nijenhuis I.A., Bosch H.-J., Sinninghe Damste J.S., Brumsack H.J., and De Lange G.J. Organic matter and trace element rich sapropels and black shales: a geochemical comparison. Earth Planet. Sci. Let. 169 (1999) 277-290
91. Norris R.D., and Wilson P.A. Low latitude sea-surface temperatures for the mid-Cretaceous and the evolution of planktonic foraminifera: comment and reply. Geology 27 (1998) 858
92. Norris R.D., Bice K.L., Magno E.A., and Wilson P. Jiggling the tropical thermostat in the Cretaceous hothouse. Geology 30 (2002) 299-302
93. Orth C.J., Attrep Jr. M., Quintana L.R., Elder W.P., Kauffan E.G., Diner R., and Villamil T. Elemental abundance anomalies in the late Cenomanian extinction interval: a search for the sources(s). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 117 (1993) 189-204
94. Oszczypko N. The structural position and tectonosedimentary evolution of the Polish Outer Carpathians. Przegl. Geol. (Warszawa) 52 (2004) 780-791
95. Oszczypko N. Late Jurassic-Miocene evolution of the Outer Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt and its foredeep basin (Western Carpathians, Poland). Geol. Q. 50 (2006) 169-194
96. Parc S., Nahon D., Tardy Y., and Vieillard P. Estimated solubility products and fields of stability for cryptomelane, nsutite, birnessite, and lithiophorite based on natural lateritic weathering sequences. Am. Mineral. 74 (1989) 466-475
97. Paul C.R.C., Lamolda M.A., Mitchel S.F., Vaziri M.R., Gorostidi A., and Marshall J.D. The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): a proposed European reference section. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 150 (1999) 83-121
98. Pedersen T.F., and Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organic carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull. 74 (1990) 454-466
99. Perch-Nielsen K. Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Bolli H.M., Saunders J.B., and Perch-Nielsen K. (Eds). Plankton stratigraphy (1985), Cambridge Univ. Press 329-426
100. Peryt D., and Wyrwicka K. The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event in SE Poland. Cret. Res. 12 (1991) 65-80
101. Peryt D., and Wyrwicka K. The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event in Central Poland. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 104 (1993) 185-197
102. Piper D.Z. Rare earth elements in ferromanganese nodules and other marine phases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 (1974) 2401-2408
103. In: Poprawa D., and Nemčok J. (Eds). Geological Atlas of the Outer Carpathians and Their Foreland 1:500,000 (1998), Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa
104. Pratt L.M. Isotopic studies of organic matter and carbonate rocks of the Greenhorn marine cycle. In: Pratt, et al. (Ed). Fine-grained deposits and biofacies of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: Evidence of cyclic sedimentary processes. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985 Midyear Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Field Trip Guidebook vol. 4 (1985) 38-48
105. Robaszynski F., and Caron M. Foraminifères planctoniques du Crétacé: commentaire de la zonation Europe-Méditerranée. Bull Soc. Géol. France 166 (1995) 681-692
106. Sageman B.B., Meyers S.R., and Arthur M.A. Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian-Turonian boundary stratotype. Geology 34 (2006) 125-128
107. Sahagian D., Pinous O., Olferiev A., and Zakharov V. Eustatic curve for the Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous based on Russian Platform and Siberian stratigraphy: zonal resolution. AAPG Bulletin 80 (1996) 1433-1458
108. Schenau S.J., Prins M.A., De Lange G.J., and Monnin C. Barium accumulation in the Arabian Sea: controls on barite preservation in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 1545-1556
109. Schlanger S.O., and Jenkyns H.C. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnb. 55 (1976) 179-184
110. Schmiedl G., Mitschele A., Beck S., Emeis K.-C., Hemleben C., Schulz H., Sperling M., and Weldeab S. Benthic foraminiferal record of ecosystem variability in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during times of sapropel S5 and S6 deposition. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 190 (2003) 139-164
111. Scholle P.A., and Arthur M.A. Carbon isotope fluctuation in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool. AAPG Bulletin 64 (1980) 67-87
112. Schroeder J.O., Murray R.W., Leinen M., Pflaum R.C., and Janecek T.R. Barium in equatorial Pacific carbonate sediment: terrigenous, oxide, and biogenic associations. Paleoceanography 12 (1997) 125-146
113. Scopelliti G., Bellanca A., Coccioni R., Luciani V., Neria R., Baudin F., Chiari M., and Marcucci M. High-resolution geochemical and biotic records of the Tethyan 'Bonarelli Level' (OAE2, latest Cenomanian) from the Calabianca-Guidaloca composite section, northwestern Sicily, Italy. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 208 (2004) 293-317
114. Scopelliti G., Bellanca A., Neri R., Baudin F., and Coccioni R. Comparative high-resolution chemostratigraphy of the Bonarelli Level from the reference Bottaccione section (Umbria-Marche Apennines) and from an equivalent section in NW Sicily: consistent and contrasting responses to the OAE2. Chem. Geol. 228 (2006) 266-285
115. Scopelliti G., Bellanca A., Erba E., Jenkyns H.C., Neri R., and Tamagnini P. Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope stratigraphy for Italy and northern Africa (Novara di Sicilia section) in northeast Sicily. Geoph. Res. Abstracts 8 (2006) 07541
116. Schumacher S., Jorissen F.J., Dissard D., Kate K.E., Larkin, and Gooday A.J. Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminifera from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin (Arabian Sea). Mar. Micropal. 62 (2007) 45-73
117. Sen Gupta B.K., and Machain-Castillo M.L. Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Mar. Micropal. 20 (1993) 18-201
118. Sinninghe Damsté J.A., and Köster J. A euxinic southern North Atlantic Ocean during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 158 (1998) 165-173
119. Sinton C.W., and Duncan R.A. Potential links between ocean plateau volcanism and global ocean anoxia at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Econ. Geol. 92 (1997) 836-842
120. Snow L.J., Duncan R., and Bralower T.J. Trace element abundances in the Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to Caribbean plateau construction and oxygen anoxic 2. Paleoceanography 20 (2005) PA3005 10.1029/2004PA001093
121. Stein R. Surface-water paleo-productivity as inferred from the sediments deposited in oxic and anoxic deep-water environments of the Mesozoic Atlantic Ocean. In: Degens E.T., et al. (Ed). Biogeochemistry of black shales. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg vol. 60 (1986) 55-70
122. Stoll H.M., and Schrag D.P. High-resolution stable isotope records from the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Italy and Spain: glacial episodes in a greenhouse planet?. GSA Bull. 112 (2000) 308-319
123. Strasser A., Caron M., and Gjermeni M. The Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian of Roter Sattel, Romandes Prealps, Switzerland: a high resolution record of oceanographic changes. Cret. Res. 22 (2001) 173-199
124. Summerhayes C.P. Organic facies of Middle Cretaceous black shales in deep North Atlantic. Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 65 (1981) 2364-2380
125. Tissot B.P., and Welte D.H. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence (1985), Springer Verlag, Berlin 699 pp.
126. Toth J.R. Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geol. Sos. Am. Bull. 91 (1980) 44-54
127. Tribovillard N.-P., Caulet J.-P., Vergnaud-Grazzini C., Moureau N., and Tremblay P. Lack of organic matter accumulation on the upwelling-influenced Somalia margin in a glacial-interglacial transition. Mar. Geol. 133 (1996) 157-182
128. Tsikos H., Jenkyns H.C., Walsworth-Bell B., and Petrizzo M.R. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event: correlation and implications based on three key localities. J. Geol. Soc. 161 (2004) 711-719
129. Tyson R.V. Sedimentary Organic Matter: Organic Facies and Palynofacies (1995), Chapman and Hall, New York
130. Van Os B.J.H., Middelburg J.J., and de Lange G.J. Possible diagenetic mobilization of barium in sapropelic sediments from the eastern Mediterranean. Mar. Geol. 100 (1991) 125-136
131. 13C curve for Western and central Europe: the role of organic and inorganic carbon fluxes. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 91 (2000) 91-104
132. Voigt S., and Hilbrecht H. Late Cretaceous carbon isotope stratigraphy in Europe: correlation and relations with sea level and sediment stability. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Paleoecol. 134 (1997) 39-59
133. Voigt S., Wilmsen M., Mortimore R.N., and Voigt T. Cenomanian palaeotemperatures derived from the oxygen isotopic composition of brachiopods and belemnites: evaluation of Cretaceous palaeotemperature proxies. Int. J. Earth Sci. 92 (2003) 285-299
134. Von Breymann M.T., Emeis K.C., and Camerlenghi A. Geochemistry of sediments from the Peru upwelling area: Results from sites 680, 682, 685, and 688. Proc. ODP Sci. Results 112 (1990) 491-503
135. Wedepohl K.H. Environmental influences on the chemical composition of shales and clays. In: Ahrens L.H., Press F., Runcorn S.K., and Urey H.C. (Eds). Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Pergamon (1971) 307-331
136. Wedepohl K.H. The composition of the upper Wearth's crust and the natural cycles of selected metals. Metals in natural raw materials. Natural Resources. In: Merian E., et al. (Ed). Ms and Their Compounds in the Environment (1991), VCH, Weinheim 3-17