Women's Rights to Reproductive and Sexual Health in a Global Context

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada

Volumn 28, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 991-997

  Erdman, Joanna N ^a   Cook, Rebecca J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Constitutional; Human rights; International; Reproductive and sexual heath

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ARTICLE; ETHNIC GROUP; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RIGHTS; INDIGENOUS PEOPLE; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; SEXUAL HEALTH; VIOLENCE; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; FEMALE; HEALTH; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMICS; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; REPRODUCTION; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 36048933433     PISSN: 17012163     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32295-2     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. UN Population and Development. Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt, September 5-13, 1994. New York: United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, ST/ESA/SER.A/149; 1994. UN, Department of Public Information, Platform for Action and Beijing Declaration. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, September 4-15, 1995. New York: UN; 1995.
2. United Nations General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted 18 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/180. Ratification by Canada 10 December 1981.
3. Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, General Recommendation 24, Article 12, women and health, para 6. UN Division for the Advancement of Women. CEDAW/C/1999/I/W.G.II/WP.2/Rev.1. Available at: Accessed: July 28, 2006. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#top.
4. United Nations Treaty Series. 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976), ratification by Canada 19 August 1976.
5. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Comment 14, The right to the highest attainable standard of health: 04/07/2000, E/C/12/2000/4, para 12(b)(iii). Available at: Accessed: August 3, 2006. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En?OpenDocument.
6. The World Bank. Round II country reports on health, nutrition and population among the poor and better off in 56 countries 2004, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/health/data/round2.htm.
7. Offences Against the Person Act, 1861, amended in Great Britain by the Infant Life Preservation Act, 1929 and in Northern Ireland by the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Act, 1945.
8. Family Planning Association of Northern Ireland v. Minister for Health, Social Services and Public Safety, [2005] Northern Ireland Law Reports 188 (Court of Appeal).
9. Rodgers S. Just Medicare: what's in, what's out, how we decide 2006, 107-136. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. C.M. Flood (Ed.).
10. Kouri R.P. Achieving reproductive rights: access to emergency oral contraception and abortion in Quebec. Just Medicare: what's in, what's out, how we decide 2006, 168-192. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. C.M. Flood (Ed.).
11. Excluded Services Regulation 46/93, enacted pursuant to the Health Services Insurance Act C.C.S.M. c.H35.
12. Jane Doe 1 v. Manitoba, [2004] M.J. No. 45.
13. Limacher J.J., Daniel I., Isaacksz S., Payne G.J., Dunn S., Coyte P.C. Early abortion in Ontario: options and costs. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006, 28:142-148.
14. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The care of women requesting induced abortion. National Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline 2004, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, Available at, Accessed: August 3, 2006. http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=662.
15. United Nations Treaty Series. 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 195 at 216, 5 I. L.M. 352 (entered into force 4 January 1969, ratified by Canada 15 November 1970).
16. United Nations. Report of the Secretary-General on the Preliminary Review by the Coordinator of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People on the Activities of the United Nations System in Relation to the Decade (E/2004/82) 2004, United Nations, New York.
17. UN Commission on Human Rights. Resolution on the elimination of violence against women, 61st Session, 20 April 2005, E.CN.4/RES/2005/41.
18. Women's Environmental and Development Organization. Beijing betrayed: women worldwide report that governments have failed to turn the platform into action 2005, 154. Women's Environment and Development Organization, New York.
19. Public Health Agency of Canada. Cervical cancer screening in Canada: 1998 surveillance report 1998, PHAC, Ottawa.
20. Steenbeek A. Empowering health promotion: a holistic approach in preventing sexually transmitted infections among First Nations and Inuit adolescents in Canada. J Holist Nurs 2004, 22(3):254-266.
21. Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action. Canada's failure to act: women's inequality deepens. Submission of the Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women on the Occasion of the Committee's Review of Canada's 5th Report 2003, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.fafia-afai.org/proj/ce/CEDAWAltReportJan03En.doc.
22. Prentice T. HIV/AIDS and Aboriginal women, children and families 2004, The Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network, Ottawa, 3. Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.caan.ca/english/grfx/resources/publications/Women_and_HIV.pdf.
23. Action Canada for Population and Development (ACPD) and Planned Parenthood Federation of Canada (PPFC). Report on Canada's compliance with the convention on the rights of the child in response to Canada's second periodic report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child 2003, ACPD and PPFC, Ottawa.
24. Smylie J. Aboriginal Health Issues Committee. A guide for health professionals working with Aboriginal people. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines, No. 100, January 2001. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can 2000, 22:1070-1081. Available at, Accessed July 25, 2006. http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/public/100E-PS2-December2000.pdf.
25. United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 28th Session 13-21 January 2003, General Assembly, Official Records, 58th Session, Supplement No 38 (A/58/380), 362, 56, 2003.
26. United Nations. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women on policies and practices that impact women's reproductive rights and contribute to, cause or constitute violence against women, E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.4. 21 January 1999: paras 52, 55.
27. Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, General Recommendation 19, violence against women, para 24(m). UN Division for the Advancement of Women. CEDAW/C/1992/L.1/Add.15, para 24(m).
28. Center for Reproductive Rights. Body and soul: forced sterilization and other assaults on Roma reproductive freedom 2003, CRR, New York.
29. United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Periodic Report, Mexico, UN Doc. CERD/C/473/Add.1 (2006), para. 17.
30. 20 November 1989, Can. T.S. 1992 No. 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990, ratified by Canada 12 January 1992). Available at: Accessed: August 3, 2006. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm.
31. Dehne K.L., Riedner G. Sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: the need for adequate health services 2005, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
32. UNAIDS. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2004: 4th Global Report (UNAIDS/04.16E) 2004, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland.
33. United Nations. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly: S-26.2: Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (A/RES/S-26/2), paras 47, 53 2001, United Nations, New York.
34. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The state of world population 2004: the Cairo consensus at ten: population, reproductive health and the global effort to end poverty 2004, 76. UNFPA, New York, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.unfpa.org/publications/detail.cfm?ID=197&filterListType.
35. Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) Beijing betrayed: women worldwide report that governments have failed to turn the platform into action 2005, Women's Environment and Development Organization, New York, Available at, Accessed. July 31, 2006. http://www.wedo.org/files/gmr_pdfs/gmr2005_asiapac.pdf.
36. Lindberg C.E. Emergency contraception for prevention of adolescent pregnancy. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2003, 28(3):199-204.
37. Hillard P.J. Oral contraceptive non-compliance: the extent of the problem. Adv Contracept 1992, 8(Suppl 1):1-13.
38. Kartoz C.R. New options for teen pregnancy prevention. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2004, 29(1):30-35.
39. Reddy D.A., Fleming R., Swain C. Effect of mandatory parental notification on adolescent girls' use of sexual health care services. JAMA 2002, 288:710.
40. Wilson K.W., Klein J.D. Health care and contraceptive use among adolescents reporting unwanted sexual intercourse. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002, 156(4):341.
41. Erdman J.N., Cook R.J. Protecting fairness in women's health: the case of emergency contraception. Just Medicare: what's in, what's out, how we decide 2006, 137-167. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. C. Flood (Ed.).
42. Sommers S.D., Chaiyakunapruk N., Gardner J.S., Winkler J. The emergency contraception collaborative prescribing experience in Washington state. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2001, 41(1):60-64.
43. Conard L.A.E., Fortenberry J.D., Blythe M.J., Orr D.P. Pharmacists' attitudes toward and practices with adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003, 157(4):317-318.
44. 20 November 1989, Can. T.S. 1992 No. 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990, ratified by Canada 12 January 1992), at Article 5.
45. De Bruyn M., Packer S. Adolescents, unwanted pregnancy and abortion. Policies, counseling and clinical care 2004, Ipas, Chapel Hill, Available at, Accessed: July 28, 2006. http://www.ipas.org/publications/en/ADOLPOL_E04_en.pdf.
46. Christian Lawyers' Association v. National Minister of Health and Others 2004 (1) SA 509 (South African High Court), summarized in K. Isaacs, Legal Grounds: Reproductive and Sexual Rights in African Commonwealth Courts. 2005, 47-48. Center for Reproductive Rights, University of Toronto, New York and Toronto, Available at, Accessed: December 19, 2005. http://www.reproductiverights.org/pub_bo_legalgrounds.html.
47. United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Whole of the Twenty-Seventh Special Session of the General Assembly. SupplementNo. 19 (A/S-27/19/Rev.1) 2002, United Nations, New York.
48. United Nations Treaty Series. 21 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976, ratification by Canada 19 May 1976).
49. Karen Llontoy v. Peru. Human Rights Committee 85th Session. Case No. CCPR/C/85/D/1153/2003.
50. United Nations Treaty Series 22 November 1969, OAS Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 UNTS. 123 (entered into forceJuly 18, 1978).
51. Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. BMJ 1992, 304(6830):809-813.
52. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). State of world population. The promise of equality: gender equity, reproductive health and the MDGs 2005, 37. UNFPA, New York, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2005/pdf/en_swp05.pdf.
53. UN Millennium Project. Combating AIDS in the Developing World 2005, 22:32. Earthscan, London, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/HIVAIDS-complete.pdf.
54. World Health Organization. World Health Report 2004, 13. WHO, Geneva, Available at, Accessed: July 19, 2006. http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
55. Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign 2002 (10) BCLR 1033 (Constitutional Court of South Africa).
56. Coverage of selected services for HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support in low and middle income countries in 2003 2004, POLICY Project, Washington, DC, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.futuresgroup.com/Documents/CoverageSurveyReport.pdf.
57. Ogden J, Nyblade L. Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women; 2005. International Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDS. Visibility, voices and visions: a call for action from HIV positive women to policy makers. London: International Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDS; 2004.
58. Government of South Africa, Department of Health. Policy guideline for management of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections in sexual assault. Government of South Africa 2003, Available at, Accessed: July 31, 2006. http://www.doh.gov.za/search/index.html.
59. Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. Sex, work, rights: reforming Canadian criminal laws on prostitution 2005, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Toronto, Available at, Accessed: July 26, 2006. http://www.aidslaw.ca/Maincontent/issues/sexwork/SWreport.pdf.
60. Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. General Recommendation 19, violence against women,CEDAW/C/1992/L.1/Add.15.
61. UN Millennium Project. Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women. Task Force on Education and Gender Equality 2005, Earthscan, London.
62. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). UNFPA and young people: imagine 2003, UNFPA, New York, Available at, Accessed, July 31, 2006. http://www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/582_filename_unfpa_and_young_people.pdf.
63. Leung T.W., Leung W.C., Chan P.L., Ho P.C. A comparison of the prevalence of domestic violence between patients seeking termination of pregnancy and other gynecology patients. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002, 77(1):47-54.
64. Kaye D. Domestic violence among women seeking post-abortion care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003, 75(3):323-325.
65. Fisher W., Singh S.S., Shuper P.A., Carey M., Otchet F., MacLane-Brine D., Dal Bello D. Characteristics of women undergoing repeat induced abortion. CMAJ 2005, 172(5):637-641.
66. Morrow M., Hankivsky O., Varcoe C. Women and violence: the effects of dismantling the welfare state. Critical Social Policy 358 2004, 24(3).
67. Cherniak D., Grant L., Mason R., Moore B., Pellizzari R. Social Sexual Issues Committee. Intimate partner violence consensus statement. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline, No.157, April 2005. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005, 27(4):365-388. Available at. http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/public/157E-CP.