Elders in the justice system: How the system treats elders in trials, during imprisonment, and on death row

Behavioral Sciences and the Law

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 677-699

  Gaydon, L Beth ^b   Miller, Monica K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b Department of Criminal Justice and Social Psychology ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRIMINAL JUSTICE; ELDERLY CARE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PRISONER; PUNISHMENT; REVIEW; WITNESS;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; CRIMINAL LAW; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; POLICY MAKING; UNITED STATES;

EID: 35948935063     PISSN: 07353936     EISSN: 10990798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bsl.781     Document Type: Review

References (213)

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8. Ageism and America, supra note 3 at 61.
9. Id.
10. Old Female Eyewitness, supra note 7 at 349.
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12. Id. at 1114.
13. Id.
14. Brian H. Bornstein, Memory Processes in Elderly Eyewitnesses: What We Know and What We Don't, 13 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND THE LAW 337, 340 (1995) [hereinafter Memory Processes in Elderly].
15. Id. at 346.
16. Id.
17. Old Female Eyewitness, supra note 7 at 350.
18. Id.
19. C.A. Elizabeth Brimacombe, Nyla Quinton, Natalie Nance, & Lynn Garrioch, Is Age Irrelevant? Perceptions of Young and Old Adult Eyewitnesses, 21 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 619, 624 (1997) [hereinafter Is Age Irrelevant?].
20. Id. at 631.
21. Jonathan M. Golding, John A. Yozwiak, & Terri L. Kinstle, The Effect of Gender in the Perception of Elder Physical Abuse in Court, 29 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 605, 607 (Oct 2005) [hereinafter Elder Physical Abuse].
22. Id. at 612.
23. Id.
24. Id.
25. Narina Nunez, Monica L. McCoy, Holly L. Clark, & Leigh A. Shaw, The Testimony of Elderly Victim/ Witnesses and Their Impact on Juror Decisions: The Importance of Examining Multiple Stereotypes, 23 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 413, 413 (1999) [hereinafter Multiple Stereotypes].
26. Id.
27. Id. at 420.
28. Id. at 422.
29. Allison M. Wright & Robyn E. Holliday, Police Officers' Perceptions of Older Eyewitnesses, 10 LEGAL & CRIMINAL PSYCHOL. 211, 223 (Sept. 2005).
30. Brian K. Payne & Bruce L. Berg, Perceptions of Nursing Home Workers, Police Chiefs, and College Students Regarding Crime Against the Elderly: An Exploratory Study, 24 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 139, 146 (1999) [hereinafter Exploratory Study].
31. Id. at 147.
32. Id.
33. Id.
34. Elder Physical Abuse, supra note 21 at 612.
35. Medical Economics, How Plaintiff's Lawyers Pick their Targets, available at http://www.memag.com/ memag/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=124124 (2004).
36. Michigan Lawyers Weekly, Is it Possible to Collect Large Damages for Elderly Plaintiffs? http://michiganautolaw.com/press/gursten7.php (1999).
37. Id.
38. Jane Goodman, Edith Greene, & Elizabeth F. Loftus, Runaway Verdicts or Reasoned Determinations: Mock Juror Strategies in Awarding Damages, 29 JURIMETRICS JOURNAL 285, 309 (1989) [hereinafter Juror Strategies].
39. Id.
40. Id.
41. EDIE GREENE & BRIAN BORNSTEIN, DETERMINING DAMAGES: THE PYSCHOLOGY OF JURY AWARDS (2003) 58 [hereinafter Determining Damages].
42. Id.
43. Id.
44. Juror Strategies, supra note 38 at 309.
45. Id.
46. Id.
47. Id.
48. Id.
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50. Canadaeast, Man, 89, Convicted on Manslaughter; Drove into California Market; Killing 10, available at http://www.canadaeast.com/cp/world/ article2.php?articleID=57113 (2006).
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52. Id.
53. Id.
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55. CNN, Judge: Market Crash Driver Too Ill for Prison, available at http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/11/20/ market.accident.ap/index.html CNN.com (11/20/06) [hereinafter Too Ill].
56. Id.
57. Id.
58. CNN, Former Klansman found Guilty of Manslaughter, available at http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/06/ 21/mississippi.killings/ (6/22/05).
59. Id.
60. CourtTvnews, During the First Day of Testimony, Klansman Taken from Murder Trial in Ambulance, available at http://www.courttv.com/trials/ killen/061605_ctv.html. (6/16/05).
61. Id.
62. Id.
63. Id.
64. Jackson Free Press, Mississippi vs. Edgar Ray Killen, available at http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/ neshoba.php (9/10/05).
65. CourtTV, Ex Klansman Receives 60 Years for 3 1964 Killings, available at http://www.courttv.com/trials/ killen/062305_sentence_ctv.html (6/23/05) [hereinafter 60 Years].
66. Id.
67. Id.
68. Too Ill, supra note 50.
69. CNN, Former Klansman found Guilty of Manslaughter, available at http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/06/ 21/mississippi.killings/ (6/22/05).
70. Is Age Irrelevant? supra note 19.
71. Memory and Suggestibility, supra note 11.
72. Is Age Irrelevant? supra note 19 at 631.
73. Old Female Eyewitness, supra note 7 at 61.
74. Multiple Stereotypes, supra note 25.
75. Edith Greene & Mary Dodge, The Influence of Prior Record Evidence on Juror Decision Making, 19 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 67 (1995);
76. Saul M. Kassin & Samuel R. Sommers, Inadmissible Testimony, Instruction to Disregard, and the Jury: Substantive Versus Procedural Considerations, 23 PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. BULL. 1046 (1997);
77. K.L. Pickel, Inducing Jurors to Disregard Inadmissible Evidence: A Legal Explanation Does Not Help, 19 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 407 (1995).
78. Id.
79. Is Age Irrelevant? supra note 19 at 631.
80. Exploratory Study, supra note 30 at 147.
81. Determining Damages, supra note 41.
82. Juror Strategies, supra note 38 at 309.
83. Too Ill, supra note 55.
84. 60 Years, supra note 65.
85. U.S. Department of Justice, Profile of Justice Inmates, 2002, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ pub/pdf/pji02.pdf (7/2004).
86. Id.
87. KATHLEEN AUREHAHN, SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION AND PUBLIC POLICY (2003) [herinafter Selective Incapacitation].
88. Id.
89. Order Under Law, 247.
90. Selective Incapacitation, supra note 85 at 132.
91. Id.
92. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Mid-Year 2002, available at http://www.ojp.us-doj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim02.pdf (April 2003) [hereinafter Inmates at Mid-Year 2002].
93. Selective Incapacitation, supra note 85.
94. Brian Brown & Greg Jolivette, A Primer: Three Strikes - The Impact After More Than a Decade, available at http://www.lao.ca.gov/2005/ 3_Strikes/3_strikes_102005.htm (October 2005).
95. Id.
96. Id.
97. James Morton, The Elderly in Prison, 69 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 189, 191 (2005).
98. Id.
99. Bureau of Justice Statistics, State Prison Expenditures, 2001, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ pub/pdf/spe01.pdf (2004) [hereinafter Expenditures 2001].
100. Id.
101. Expenditures 2001, supra note 97.
102. However, if inmates entering prison are already receiving Medicare benefits they can continue to receive their part A (partial) coverage.
103. Id.
104. Correctional Medical Authority, Annual Report of the CMA Incarcerating Elderly and Aging Inmates: Medical and Mental Health Implications, available at http://www.doh.state.fl.us/cma/reports/agingreport.pdf (2000).
105. Id.
106. Id.
107. Id.
108. Id.
109. Diane K. Duin & Mary Helen McSweeney, The Aging Male Inmate: Long-Term Care Service Needs and Resulting Policy Implications, 40 JOURNAL OF PASTORAL COUNSELING 97, 106 (2005).
110. Mark Taylor, Prisoners of the System, 37 MODERN HEALTHCARE 25, 27 (2/19/07).
111. Id.
112. Clinical Guidelines, National Commission on Correctional Health Care, http://www.ncchc.org/ resources/clinicalguides/Adult_High_Blood_Cholesterol.pdf 10/2006.
113. Dignity Denied, supra note 4 at 7.
114. Id.
115. Id.
116. Id.
117. Order Under Law, supra note 87 at 252.
118. Id. at 260.
119. Id.
120. Id.
121. Id.
122. Id.
123. Id.
124. Id.
125. Id. at 258.
126. Id.
127. Id.
128. On Parole in New Mexico, TECHBEAT 2005 National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, available at http://www.nlectc.org/ techbeat/spring2005/ParoleNM.pdf.
129. Id.
130. Id.
131. Id.
132. Id.
133. Konrad M. Kressley, Aging and Public Institutions, 39 FUTURIST, 28, 32 (2005).
134. Id.
135. B. Jaye Anno, Camelia Graham, James E. Lawrence, Ronald Shansky, Judy Bisbee, & John Blackmore, Correctional Health Care: Addressing the Needs of Elderly, Chronically Ill, and Terminally Ill Inmates, available at http://www.nicic.org/pubs/2004/018735.pdf (February 2004) at 31 [hereinafter Needs of Elderly].
136. Id.
137. Id. at 32.
138. Id.
139. Catherine M. Lemieux, Timothy B Dyeson, & Brandi Castiglione, Revisiting the Literature on Prisoners Who are Older: Are We Wiser? 82 PRISON JOURNAL 440, 459 (2002) [hereinafter Prisoners Who Are Older].
140. Id.
141. Needs of Elderly, supra note 133 at 32.
142. Id.
143. Id.
144. Id. at 33.
145. Prisoners Who Are Older, supra note 137.
146. Robert G. Madden & Raymie H. Wayne, Social Work and the Law: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Perspective, 48 SOCIAL WORK 338, 347 (July 2003).
147. DAVID B. WEXLER & BRUCE J. WINICK, LAW IN A THERAPEUTIC KEY: DEVELOPMENTS THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE xvii (1996).
148. Id.
149. Order Under Law, supra note 87 at 259.
150. Id.
151. Florida Corrections Commission 1999 Annual Report, Elderly Inmates, available at http://www.fcc. state.fl.us/fcc/reports/final99/1eld.html#56 (1999).
152. Order Under Law, supra note 87 at 259.
153. Id.
154. Id.
155. Prisoners Who Are Older, supra note 137.
156. Bureau of Justice Statistics Number of Death Row Inmates Declined for Fourth Year During 2004, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ press/cp04pr.pdf (2005).
157. Death Penalty Information Center, Growing Elderly Population on Death Row, available at http:// www.deampenaltyinfo.org/article.phpPdid= 1317andscid=64 (2005).
158. Id.
159. Id.
160. San Francisco Chronicle, Allen is First of Many Sick, Aged in Line at Death Row, available at http:// www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/ 2006/01/15/MNGBQGNOU31.DTL (Jan. 15 2006) [hereinafter First of Many Sick].
161. Id.
162. Roper v. Simmons, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005).
163. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2004).
164. The Gallup Poll, Support for the Death Penalty 30 Years After the Supreme Court Ruling, available at &http://www.galluppoll.com/content/? ci=23548&pg=1 (June 30 2006).
165. First of Many Sick, supra note 158.
166. New York Times National Briefing: West: California: High Court Rejects Last-Ditch Appeal by Convict, 76, available at http://query.nytimes.com/ gst/fullpage.html?res=9506EFD6143FF934A25752C0A9609C8B63 (1/17/06) [hereinafter High Court].
167. Id.
168. See, e.g., Allen v. Ornoski, 126 S. Ct. 1140 (2006).
169. Allen v. Ornoski, 126 S. Ct. 1140 (2006).
170. Id.
171. U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights.
172. Allen v. Ornoski, 435 F.3d 946 (9th Cir. 2006).
173. High Court, supra note 164.
174. Id.
175. Id.
176. Sherry F. Colb, Too Old to Die?: Considering Clarence Ray Allen's Last Plea for Clemency, available at http://writ.findlaw.com/colb/20060125.html (4/11/06).
177. Hubbard v. Campbell, 379 F. 3d 1245 (11th Cir. 2004).
178. Richard Willing, Death Row Population is Graying, USA TODAY (Feb. 2005).
179. Hubbard v. Campbell, 379 F. 3d 1245 (11th Cir. 2004).
180. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NINDS Dementia Information Page, available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/ dementias/dementia.htm (2006).
181. Hubbard v. Campbell, 542 U.S. 958 (2004).
182. Roper v. Simmons, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005).
183. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2004).
184. TChris. Death Penalty Questioned in Indiana. TalkLeft: The Politics of Crime, available at http:// www.talkleft.com/story/2005/01/18/641/77851 (January 2005).
185. CNN.com. Executions Halted in Two States After Botched Execution, available at http://www.cnn.com/ 2006/LAW/12/15/diaz.execution.ap/index.html (December 15, 2006).
186. Roper v. Simmons, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005).
187. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2004).
188. Rachel Kalbeitzer & Naomi E. Sevin Goldstein, Assessing the "Evolving Standards of Decency:" Perceptions of Capital Punishment for Juveniles, 24 BEHAV. SCIENCES & THE LAW 157, 164 (2006) [hereinafter Evolving Standards of Decency].
189. Id.
190. Roper v. Simmons, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005).
191. Evolving Standards of Decency, supra note 186 at 158.
192. Allen v. Ornoski, 435 F.3d 946 (9th Cir. 2006).
193. Roper v. Simmons, 125 S. Ct. 1183 (2005).
194. Id.
195. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2004).
196. Applying the Death Penalty, 5 SUPREME COURT DEBATES 129 (2002).
197. Laurence Armand French, Mental Retardation and the Death Penalty: The Clinical and Legal Legacy, 69 FEDERAL PROBATION 16, 20 (2005) [hereinafter Mental Retardation].
198. Id.
199. Death Penalty Information Center, Facts about the Death Penalty, available at http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/FactSheet.pdf (2006).
200. Id.
201. Id.
202. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment Statistics, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ glance/tables/exetab.htm (February 2006).
203. Id.
204. Id.
205. Id.
206. GEORGE F. COLE & CHRISTOPHER E. SMITH, THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 10th ed. (2004) [hereinafter American System].
207. Id.
208. Id.
209. American System, supra note 204.
210. Mental Retardation, supra note 195 at 16.
211. Order Under Law, supra note 87 at 259.
212. For example, Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2004).
213. Allen v. Ornoski, 435 F.3d 946 (9th Cir. 2006).