Mild cognitive dysfunction: An epidemiological perspective with an emphasis on African Americans

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 215-226

  Unverzagt, Frederick W ^a   Sujuan Gao, ^a   Lane, Kathleen A ^a   Callahan, Christopher ^a,b   Ogunniyi, Adesola ^c   Baiyewu, Olusegun ^c   Gureje, Oye ^c   Hall, Kathleen S ^a   Hendrie, Hugh C ^a,b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR AGING RESEARCH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Aging; Cognition; Dementia; Epidemiology; Memory; Mild cognitive impairment

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNITY; COMPETENCE; DEMENTIA; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MEMORY DISORDER; METHODOLOGY; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NOMENCLATURE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION DISORDERS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEMENTIA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INDIANA; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MEMORY DISORDERS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 35948932961     PISSN: 08919887     EISSN: 15525708     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0891988707308804     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. DeKosky ST, Marek K. Looking backward to move forward: early detection of neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 2003 ; 302: 830-834.
2. Riley KP, Snowdon DA, Markesbery WR Alzheimer's neurofibrillary pathology and the spectrum of cognitive function: findings from the Nun Study. Ann Neurol. 2002 ; 51: 567-577.
3. Callahan CM, Hendrie HC, Tierney WM Documentation and evaluation of cognitive impairment in elderly primary care patients. Ann Intern Med. 1995 ; 122: 422-429.
4. Hendrie HC, Osuntokun BO, Hall KS, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 ; 152: 1485-1492.
5. Hendrie HC, Ogunniyi A., Hall KS, et al. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in 2 communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria, and African Americans residing in Indianapolis, Indiana. JAMA. 2001 ; 285: 739-747.
6. Unverzagt FW, Gao S., Baiyewu O., et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment: data from the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging. Neurology. 2001 ; 57: 1655-1662.
7. Kral VA Senescent forgetfulness: benign and malignant. CMAJ. 1962 ; 86: 257-260.
8. Hughes CP, Berg L., Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL A new scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1982 ; 140: 566-572.
9. Morris JC The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993 ; 43: 2412-2414.
10. Morris JC, McKeel DW, Storandt M., et al. Very mild Alzheimer's disease: informant-based clinical, psychometric, and pathologic distinction from normal aging. Neurology. 1991 ; 41: 469-478.
11. Morris JC, Storandt M., Miller JP, et al. Mild cognitive impairment represents early-stage Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2001 ; 58: 397-405.
12. Rubin EH, Morris JC, Grant EA, Vendegna T. Very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, I: clinical assessment. Arch Neurol. 1989 ; 46: 379-382.
13. Crook T., Bartus RT, Ferris SH, Whitehouse P., Cohen GD, Gershon S. Age-associated memory impairment: proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change: report of a National Institute of Mental Health work group. Dev Neuropsychol. 1986 ; 2: 261-276.
14. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC, Kokmen E., Kurland LT Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WMS-R norms for ages 56 to 94. Clin Neuropsychol. 1992 ; 6: 49-82.
15. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC, Kokmen E., Kurland LT Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clin Neuropsychol. 1992 ; 6: 83-104.
16. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Smith GE, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC Neuropsychological tests' norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT-R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT, and JLO. Clin Neuropsychol. 1996 ; 10: 262-278.
17. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Tangalos EG, Petersen RC, Kokmen E., Kurland LT The Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): norms for ages 55 years and older. Psychol Assess. 1990 ; 2: 304-312.
18. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Smith GE, et al. Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R norms for ages 56 to 97. Clin Neuropsychol. 1992 ; 6 (suppl): 1-30.
19. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation ; 1987.
20. Wechsler D. WAIS-III Administration and Scoring Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation ; 1997.
21. Levy R. ; Working Party of the International Psychogeriatric Association in Collaboration With the World Health Organization. Aging-associated cognitive decline [published correction appears in Int Psychogeriatr. 1994 ; 6: 133 ]. Int Psychogeriatr. 1994 ; 6: 63-68.
22. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired individuals. JAMA. 1995 ; 273: 1274-1278.
23. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999 ; 56: 303-308.
24. Smith GE, Petersen RC, Parisi JE, et al. Definition, course, and outcome of mild cognitive impairment. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 1996 ; 3: 131-147.
25. Ritchie K., Artero S., Touchon J. Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study. Neurology. 2001 ; 56: 37-42.
26. Fisk JD, Merry HR, Rockwood K. Variations in case definition affect prevalence but not outcomes of mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2003 ; 61: 1179-1184.
27. Petersen R. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004 ; 256: 183-194.
28. Petersen RC, Doody R., Kurz A., et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001 ; 58: 1985 -1992.
29. Graham JE, Rockwood K., Beattie LB, et al. Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet. 1997 ; 349: 1793-1796.
30. Ebly EM, Hogan DB, Parhad IM Cognitive impairment in the nondemented elderly: results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Arch Neurol. 1995 ; 52: 612-619.
31. Baiyewu O., Unverzagt FW, Ogunniyi A., et al. Cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older Nigerians: clinical correlates and stability of diagnosis. Eur J Neurol. 2002 ; 9: 573-580.
32. Backman L., Jones S., Berger AK, Laukka EJ, Small BJ Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 2005 ; 19: 520-531.
33. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Roth M., Brook PB, Reiss BB Memory complaints and impairment in normal, depressed, and demented elderly persons identified in a community survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 ; 47: 224-227.
34. Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, et al. Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology. 2006 ; 67: 834-842.
35. Schmand B., Jonker C., Geerlings MI, Lindeboom J. Subjective memory complaints in the elderly: depressive symptoms and future dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1997 ; 171: 373-376.
36. Schofield PW, Jacobs D., Marder K., Sano M., Stern Y. The validity of new memory complaints in the elderly. Arch Neurol. 1997 ; 54: 756-759.
37. Kemp NM, Brodaty H., Pond D., Luscombe G. Diagnosing dementia in primary care: the accuracy of informant reports. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002 ; 16: 171-176.
38. Tabert MH, Albert SM, Borukhova-Milov L., et al. Functional deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment: prediction of AD. Neurology. 2002 ; 58: 758-764.
39. Tuokko H., Frerichs R., Graham J., et al. Five-year follow-up of cognitive impairment with no dementia. Arch Neurol. 2003 ; 60: 577-582.
40. Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Schneider JA, et al. Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons. Neurology. 2002 ; 59: 198-205.
41. Ganguli M., Dodge HH, Shen C., DeKosky ST Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: an epidemiologic study. Neurology. 2004 ; 63: 115-121.
42. Manly JJ, Jacobs DM, Sano M., et al. Cognitive test performance among nondemented elderly African Americans and whites. Neurology. 1998 ; 50: 1238-1245.
43. Unverzagt FW, Hall KS, Torke AM, et al. Effects of age, education, and gender on CERAD neuropsychological test performance in an African American sample. Clin Neuropsychol. 1996 ; 10: 180-190.
44. Marcopulos BA, McLain CA, Giuliano AJ Cognitive impairment or inadequate norms? A study of healthy, rural, older adults with limited education. Clin Neuropsychol. 1997 ; 11: 111-131.
45. Fillenbaum G., Heyman A., Williams K., Prosnitz B., Burchett B. Sensitivity and specificity of standardized screens of cognitive impairment and dementia among elderly black and white community residents. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990 ; 43: 651-660.
46. Murden RA, McRae TD, Kaner S., Bucknam ME Mini-Mental State Exam scores vary with education in blacks and whites. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 ; 39: 149-155.
47. Brown LM, Schinka JA, Mortimer JA, Graves AB 3MS normative data for elderly African Americans. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 ; 25: 234-241.
48. Fillenbaum GG, Heyman A., Huber MS, Ganguli M., Unverzagt FW Performance of elderly African American and white community residents on the CERAD Neuropsychological Battery. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001 ; 7: 502-509.
49. Lucas JA, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, et al. A brief report on WAIS-R normative data collection in Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies. Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 ; 19: 184-188.
50. Lucas JA, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, et al. Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: WMS-R norms for African American elders. Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 ; 19: 189-213.
51. Lucas JA, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, et al. Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 ; 19: 243-269.
52. Ferman TJ, Lucas JA, Ivnik RJ, et al. Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: Auditory Verbal Learning Test norms for African American elders. Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 ; 19: 214-228.
53. Ross TP, Lichtenberg PA Expanded normative data for the Boston Naming Test for use with urban, elderly medical patients. Clin Neuropsychol. 1998 ; 12: 475-481.
54. Marcopulos BA, Mclain CA Are our norms "normal"? A 4-year follow-up study of a biracial sample of rural elders with low education. Clin Neuropsychol. 2003 ; 17: 19-33.
55. Friedman MA, Schinka JA, Mortimer JA, Graves AB Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: Norms for elderly African Americans. Clin Neuropsychol. 2002 ; 16: 356-372.
56. Johnson AS, Flicker LJ, Lichtenberg PA Reading ability mediates the relationship between education and executive function tasks. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2006 ; 12: 64-71.
57. Manly JJ, Byrd DA, Touradji P., Stern Y. Acculturation, reading level, and neuropsychological test performance among African American elders. Appl Neuropsychol. 2004 ; 11: 37-46.
58. Manly JJ, Jacobs DM, Touradji P., Small SA, Stern Y. Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and white elders. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002 ; 8: 341-348.
59. Byrd DA, Sanchez D., Manly JJ Neuropsychological test performance among Caribbean-born and US-born African American elderly: the role of age, education and reading level. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005 ; 27: 1056-1069.
60. Manly JJ, Jacobs DM, Sano M., et al. Effect of literacy on neuropsychological test performance in nondemented, education-matched elders. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1999 ; 5: 191-202.
61. Baiyewu O., Unverzagt FW, Lane KA, et al. The Stick Design test: a new measure of visuoconstructional ability. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005 ; 11: 598-605.
62. DiCarlo A., Baldereschi M., Amaducci L., et al. Cognitive impairment without dementia in older people: prevalence, vascular risk factors, impact on disability: the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 ; 48: 775-782.
63. Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, DeKosky ST, et al. Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: part 1. Arch Neurol. 2003 ; 60: 1385-1389.
64. Prencipe M., Santini M., Casini AR, Pezzella FR, Scaldaferri N., Culasso F. Prevalence of non-dementing cognitive disturbances and their association with vascular risk factors in an elderly population. J Neurol. 2003 ; 250: 907-912.
65. Busse A., Bischkopf J., Riedel-Heller SG, Angermeyer MC Mild cognitive impairment: prevalence and incidence according to different diagnostic criteria: results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+). Br J Psychiatry. 2003 ; 182: 449-454.
66. Hanninen T., Hallikainen M., Tuomainen S., Vanhanen M., Soininen H. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study in elderly subjects. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002 ; 106: 148-154.
67. Boeve B., McCormick J., Smith G., et al. Mild cognitive impairment in the oldest old. Neurology. 2003 ; 60: 477-480.
68. Ikeda M., Shigenobu K. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among the community-dwelling elderly: findings from the 2nd Nakayama study [in Japanese]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2003 ; 105: 381-386.
69. Pfeffer RI, Afifi AA, Chance JM Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a retirement community. Am J Epidemiol. 1987 ; 125: 420-436.
70. Prencipe M., Casini AR, Ferretti C., Lattanzio MT, Fiorelli M., Culasso F. Prevalence of dementia in an elderly rural population: effects of age, sex, and education. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996 ; 60: 628-633.
71. Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group. Canadian Study of Health and Aging: study methods and prevalence of dementia. CMAJ. 1994 ; 150: 899-913.
72. Manly JJ, Bell-McGinty S, Tang MX, Schupf N, Stern Y, Mayeux R. Implementing diagnostic criteria and estimating frequency of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community. Arch Neurol. 2005 ; 62: 1739-1746.
73. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Hyde JB, Fellowes JL, Miller ND, Roth M. A follow-up study of dementia diagnosed in the community using the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1990 ; 81: 78-82.
74. Larrieu S., Letenneur L., Orgogozo JM, et al. Incidence and outcome of mild cognitive impairment in a population-based prospective cohort. Neurology. 2002 ; 59: 1594-1599.
75. Busse A., Bischkopf J., Riedel-Heller SG, Angermeyer MC; Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged LEILA75+. Mild cognitive impairment: prevalence and predictive validity according to current approaches. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 ; 108: 71-81.
76. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J., White LR Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 ; 138: 353-364.
77. Launer LJ, Masaki K., Petrovitch H., Foley D., Havlik RJ The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA. 1995 ; 274: 1846-1851.
78. Guo Z., Fratiglioni L., Winblad B., Viitanen M. Blood pressure and performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination in the very old: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Kungsholmen Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 ; 145: 1106-1113.
79. Pandav R., Dodge HH, DeKosky ST, Ganguli M. Blood pressure and cognitive impairment in India and the United States: a cross-national epidemiological study. Arch Neurol. 2003 ; 60: 1123-1128.
80. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bennett DA, et al. Blood pressure and late-life cognitive function change: a biracial longitudinal population study. Neurology. 2004 ; 62: 2021-2024.
81. Elias MF, Elias PK, Sullivan LM, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham heart study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 ; 27: 260-268.
82. Murray M., Lane K., Gao S., et al. Preservation of cognitive function with antihypertensive medications: a longitudinal analysis of a community-based sample of African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2002 ; 162: 2090-2096.
83. Luchsinger JA, Reitz C., Patel B., Tang MX, Manly JJ, Mayeux R. Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2007 ; 64: 570-575.
84. Gregg EW, Yaffe K., Cauley JA, et al. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? Arch Intern Med. 2000 ; 160: 174-180.
85. Grodstein F., Chen J., Wilson R., Manson J. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women. Diabetes Care. 2001 ; 24: 1060-1065.
86. Logroscino G., Kang J., Grodstein F. Prospective study of type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in women aged 70-81 years. BMJ. 2004 ; 328: 548-553.
87. Yaffe K., Barrett-Connor E., Lin F., Grady D. Serum lipoprotein levels, statin use, and cognitive function in older women. Arch Neurol. 2002 ; 59: 378-384.
88. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Wilson RS Dietary fat intake and 6-year cognitive change in an older biracial community population. Neurology. 2004 ; 62: 1573-1579.
89. Li G., Shofer J., Kukull W., et al. Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer disease: a community-based cohort study. Neurology. 2005 ; 65: 1045-1050.
90. Basu R., Dodge H., Stoehr GP, Ganguli M. Sedative-hypnotic use of diphenhydramine in a rural, older adult, community-based cohort: effects on cognition. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003 ; 11: 205-213.
91. Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Kirshner M., Shen C., Dodge H., Ganguli M. Serum anticholinergic activity in a community-based sample of older adults: relationship with cognitive performance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 ; 60: 198-203.
92. Bozoki A., Giordani B., Heidebrink JL, Berent S., Foster NL Mild cognitive impairments predict dementia in nondemented elderly patients with memory loss. Arch Neurol. 2001 ; 58: 411-416.
93. Tabert MH, Manly JJ, Liu XH, et al. Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 ; 63: 916-924.