Does lung aging have an impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Journal of Organ Dysfunction

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 204-220

  Ito, Kazuhiro ^a  

^a NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aging; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Corticosteroid; Emphysema; Lung function; Oxidative stress; Sirtuin

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ANTIOXIDANT; CIGARETTE SMOKE; CORTICOSTEROID; GLUTATHIONE DERIVATIVE; LIPOFUSCIN; RESVERATROL; SIRTUIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THEOPHYLLINE;

AGING; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEATH; DISEASE COURSE; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG EFFECT; EMPHYSEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LUNG FUNCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLLUTANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENESCENCE; TELOMERE;

EID: 35848966152     PISSN: 17471060     EISSN: 17471079     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17471060601137407     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Calverley PM. Caring for the burden of COPD. Thorax 2006;61:831-2.
2. Lopez AD, Shibuya K, Rao C, Mathers CD, Hansell AL, Held LS, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projections. Eur Respir J 2006;27:397-412.
3. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367:1747-57.
4. Lopez AD, Murray CC. The global burden of disease, 1990-2020. Nat Med 1998;4:1241-3.
5. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1436-42.
6. Lopez AD, Shibuya K, Rao C, Mathers CD, Hansell AL, Held LS, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projections. Eur Respir J 2006;27:397-412.
7. De Boer WI. Cytokines and therapy in COPD: a promising combination? Chest 2002;121(5 Suppl):209S-18S.
8. Murtagh E, Heaney L, Gingles J, Shepherd R, Kee F, Patterson C, et al. Prevalence of obstructive lung disease in a general population sample: the NICECOPD study. Eur J Epidemiol 2005;20:443-53.
9. Barnes PJ, Kleinert S. COPD - a neglected disease. Lancet 2004;364:564-5.
10. Shahab L, Jarvis M, Britton J, West R. Prevalence, diagnosis and relation to tobacco dependence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a nationally representative population sample. Thorax 2006;61:1043-7.
11. Weiner P, Magadle R, Waizman J, Weiner M, Rabner M, Zamir D. Characteristics of asthma in the elderly. Eur Respir J 1998;12:564-8.
12. Mahler JF. Mutant models of prolonged life span. Toxicol Pathol 2001;29:673-6.
13. Kirkwood TB, Austad SN. Why do we age? Nature 2000;408:233-8.
14. Kirkwood TB. Understanding the odd science of aging. Cell 2005;120:437-47.
15. GOLD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): global strategy for the diagnosis, management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report 2003. http://goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp
16. Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 12: new treatments for COPD. Thorax 2003;58:803-8.
17. Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2645-53.
18. Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:269-80.
19. Calverley PM, Walker P. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2003;362:1053-61.
20. Chung KF. Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J Suppl 2001;34:50s-9s.
21. Caramori G, Adcock I. Pharmacology of airway inflammation in asthma and COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2003;16:247-77.
22. Caramori G, Ito K, Adcock IM. Transcription factors in asthma and COPD. IDrugs 2004;7:764-70.
23. Allfrey VG, Faulkner R, Mirsky AE. Acetylation and methylation of histones and their possible role in the regulation of RNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1964;51:786-94.
24. Bannister AJ, Kouzarides T. The CBP co-activator is a histone acetyltransferase. Nature 1996;384:641-3.
25. Adcock IM, Ford P, Barnes PJ, Ito K. Epigenetics and airways disease. Respir Res 2006;7:21.
26. Urnov FD, Wolffe AP. Above and within the genome: epigenetics past and present. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001;6:153-67.
27. Barnes PJ. Inhaled corticosteroids are not beneficial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:342-4.
28. Barnes PJ, Pedersen S, Busse WW. Efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids. New developments. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:S1-53.
29. O'Riordan TG. Inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: new trials and old practices. J Aerosol Med 2003;16:1-8.
30. Alsaeedi A, Sin DD, McAlister FA. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Med 2002;113:59-65.
31. Ito K, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Glucocorticoid receptor recruitment of histone deacetylase 2 inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced histone H4 acetylation on lysines 8 and 12. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:6891-903.
32. Ito K, Yamamura S, Essilfie-Quaye S, Cosio B, Ito M, Barnes PJ, et al. Histone deacetylase 2-mediated deacetylation of the glucocorticoid receptor enables NF-{kappa}B suppression. J Exp Med 2006;203:7-13.
33. Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Ito K. Histone acetylation and deacetylation: importance in inflammatory lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2005;25:552-63.
34. Ito K, Ito M, Elliott WM, Cosio B, Caramori G, Kon OM, et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1967-76.
35. Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J 1977;i:1645-8.
36. Janssens JP, Pache JC, Nicod LP. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J 1999;13:197-205.
37. Chan ED, Welsh CH. Geriatric respiratory medicine. Chest 1998;114:1704-33.
38. Tolep K, Kelsen SG. Effect of aging on respiratory skeletal muscles. Clin Chest Med 1993;14:363-78.
39. Mahler DA, Rosiello RA, Loke J. The aging lung. Clin Geriatr Med 1986;2:215-25.
40. Verbeken EK, Cauberghs M, Mertens I, Clement J, Lauweryns JM, Van de Woestijne KP. The senile lung. Comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs. 1. Structural aspects. Chest 1992;101:793-9.
41. Saetta M, Ghezzo H, Kim WD, King M, Angus GE, Wang NS, et al. Loss of alveolar attachments in smokers. A morphometric correlate of lung function impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:894-900.
42. Scichilone N, Messina M, Battaglia S, Catalano F, Bellia V. Airway hyperresponsiveness in the elderly: prevalence and clinical implications. Eur Respir J 2005;25:364-75.
43. Verbeken EK, Cauberghs M, Mertens I, Clement J, Lauweryns JM, Van de Woestijne KP. The senile lung. Comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs. 2. Functional aspects. Chest 1992;101:800-9.
44. Permutt S, Martin HB. Static pressure-volume characteristics of lungs in normal males. J Appl Physiol 1960;15:819-25.
45. Lee KW, Chung SY, Yang I, Lee Y, Ko EY, Park MJ. Correlation of aging and smoking with air trapping at thinsection CT of the lung in asymptomatic subjects. Radiology 2000;214:831-6.
46. Yamamoto Y, Tanaka A, Kanamaru A, Tanaka S, Tsubone H, Atoji Y, et al. Morphology of aging lung in F344/N rat: alveolar size, connective tissue, and smooth muscle cell markers. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003;272:538-47.
47. Stanbrook MB, Chapman KR, Kesten S. Gas trapping as a predictor of positive methacholine challenge in patients with normal spirometry results. Chest 1995;107:992-5.
48. Higgins BG, Britton JR, Chinn S, Lai KK, Burney PG, Tattersfield AE. Factors affecting peak expiratory flow variability and bronchial reactivity in a random population sample. Thorax 1993;48:899-905.
49. Hopp RJ, Bewtra A, Nair NM, Townley RG. The effect of age on methacholine response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;76:609-13.
50. Horsley JR, Sterling IJ, Waters WE, Howell JB. How common is increased airway reactivity amongst the elderly? Gerontology 1993;39:38-48.
51. Xu X, Niu T, Chen C, Wang B, Jin Y, Yang J, et al. Association of airway responsiveness with asthma and persistent wheeze in a Chinese population. Chest 2001;119:691-700.
52. Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Rosner B, Weiss ST. Predictors of longitudinal change in methacholine airway responsiveness among middle-aged and older men: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:376-81.
53. Vestbo J, Hansen EF. Airway hyperresponsiveness and COPD mortality. Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 2):ii11-14.
54. Brusasco V, Crimi E, Barisione G, Spanevello A, Rodarte JR, Pellegrino R. Airway responsiveness to methacholine: effects of deep inhalations and airway inflammation. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:567-73.
55. Scichilone N, Marchese R, Catalano F, Togias A, Vignola AM, Bellia V. The bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration diminishes with aging. Respir Med 2004;98:838-43.
56. Scichilone N, Kapsali T, Permutt S, Togias A. Deep inspiration-induced bronchoprotection is stronger than bronchodilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:910-6.
57. Scichilone N, Marchese R, Soresi S, Interrante A, Togias A, Bellia V. Deep inspiration-induced changes in lung volume decrease with severity of asthma. Respir Med 2006;Oct 16 [Epub ahead of print].
58. Kapsali T, Permutt S, Laube B, Scichilone N, Togias A. Potent bronchoprotective effect of deep inspiration and its absence in asthma. J Appl Physiol 2000;89:711-20.
59. Surh YJ, Kundu JK, Na HK, Lee JS. Redox-sensitive transcription factors as prime targets for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative phytochemicals. J Nutr 2005;135(12 Suppl):2993S-3001S.
60. Rahman I, Marwick J, Kirkham P. Redox modulation of chromatin remodeling: impact on histone acetylation and deacetylation, NF-kappaB and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:1255-67.
61. Rahman I. Regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein-1, and glutathione levels by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and dexamethasone in alveolar epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;60:1041-9.
62. Helenius M, Hanninen M, Lehtinen SK, Salminen A. Changes associated with aging and replicative senescence in the regulation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B. Biochem J 1996;318:603-8.
63. Korhonen P, Helenius M, Salminen A. Age-related changes in the regulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1997;225:61-4.
64. Chung HY, Sung B, Jung KJ, Zou Y, Yu BP. The molecular inflammatory process in aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:572-81.
65. Caramori G, Ito K, Adcock IM. Transcription factors in asthma and COPD. IDrugs 2004;7:764-70.
66. Kim HJ, Yu BP, Chung HY. Molecular exploration of age-related NF-kappaB/IKK downregulation by calorie restriction in rat kidney. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:991-1005.
67. Kim HJ, Jung KJ, Yu BP, Cho CG, Choi JS, Chung HY. Modulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors by calorie restriction during aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2002;123:1589-95.
68. Herbein G, Varin A, Fulop T. NF-kappaB, AP-1, zinc-deficiency and aging. Biogerontology 2006;7:409-19.
69. Chen LF, Greene WC. Regulation of distinct biological activities of the NF-kappaB transcription factor complex by acetylation. J Mol Med 2003;81:549-57.
70. Dimri GP, Campisi J. Altered profile of transcription factor-binding activities in senescent human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1994;212:132-40.
71. Fulop T, Larbi A, Douziech N, Levesque I, Varin A, Herbein G. Cytokine receptor signalling and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127:526-37.
72. Chung HY, Kim HJ, Shim KH, Kim KW. Dietary modulation of prostanoid synthesis in the aging process: role of cyclooxygenase-2. Mech Ageing Dev 1999;111:97-106.
73. Kim HJ, Kim KW, Yu BP, Chung HY. The effect of age on cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression: NF-kappaB activation and IkappaBalpha degradation. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:683-92.
74. Cao SX, Dhahbi JM, Mote PL, Spindler SR. Genomic profiling of short- and long-term caloric restriction effects in the liver of aging mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:10630-5.
75. Musci G, Persichini T, Casadei M, Mazzone V, Venturini G, Polticelli F, et al. Nitrosative/oxidative modifications and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127:544-51.
76. Cernadas MR, Sanchez DM, Garcia-Duran M, Gonzalez-Fernandez F, Millas I, Monton M, et al. Expression of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases in the vascular wall of young and aging rats. Circ Res 1998;83:279-86.
77. Paik DC, Dillon J, Galicia E, Tilson MD. The nitrite/collagen reaction: non-enzymatic nitration as a model system for age-related damage. Connect Tissue Res 2001;42:111-22.
78. Turko IV, Murad F. Protein nitration in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:619-34.
79. Dinarello CA. Interleukin 1 and interleukin 18 as mediators of inflammation and the aging process. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:447S-55S.
80. Roubenoff R, Harris TB, Abad LW, Wilson PW, Dallal GE, Dinarello CA. Monocyte cytokine production in an elderly population: effect of age and inflammation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1998;53:M20-6.
81. Fagiolo U, Cossarizza A, Scala E, Fanales-Belasio E, Ortolani C, Cozzi E, et al. Increased cytokine production in mononuclear cells of healthy elderly people. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:2375-8.
82. Lavrovsky Y, Chatterjee B, Clark RA, Roy AK. Role of redox-regulated transcription factors in inflammation, aging and age-related diseases. Exp Gerontol 2000;35:521-32.
83. Meyer KC, Ershler W, Rosenthal NS, Lu XG, Peterson K. Immune dysregulation in the aging human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1072-9.
84. Kim HJ, Jung KJ, Yu BP, Cho CG, Chung HY. Influence of aging and calorie restriction on MAPKs activity in rat kidney. Exp Gerontol 2002;37:1041-53.
85. Fulop T Jr, Utsuyama M, Hirokawa K. Determination of interleukin 2 receptor number of Con A stimulated human lymphocytes with aging. J Clin Lab Immunol 1991;34:31-6.
86. Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Gasparini N, Bernardini G, Malavolta M, et al. The variations during the circadian cycle of liver CD1d-unrestricted NK1.1+/TCR gamma/delta+/ cells lead to successful ageing. Role of metallothionein/IL-6/gp130/PARP-1 interplay in very old mice. Exp Gerontol 2004;39:775-88.
87. Meyer KC, Rosenthal NS, Soergel P, Peterson K. Neutrophils and low-grade inflammation in the seemingly normal aging human lung. Mech Ageing Dev 1998;104:169-81.
88. Ribarac-Stepic N, Vulovic M, Koricanac G, Isenovic E. Basal and glucocorticoid induced changes of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor during aging: relation to activities of tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase. Biogerontology 2005;6:113-31.
89. Roth GS, Hess GD. Changes in the mechanisms of hormone and neurotransmitter action during aging: current status of the role of receptor and post-receptor alterations. A review. Mech Ageing Dev 1982;20:175-94.
90. Armanini D, Scali M, Vittadello G, Ribecco M, Zampollo V, Pratesi C, et al. Corticosteroid receptors and aging. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993;45:191-4.
91. Ranhotra HS, Sharma R. Modulation of hepatic and renal glucocorticoid receptors during aging of mice. Biogerontology 2001;2:245-51.
92. Ito K, Hanazawa T, Tomita K, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Oxidative stress reduces histone deacetylase 2 activity and enhances IL-8 gene expression: role of tyrosine nitration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;315:240-5.
93. Place RF, Noonan EJ, Giardina C. HDACs and the senescent phenotype of WI-38 cells. BMC Cell Biol 2005;6:37.
94. Wagner M, Brosch G, Zwerschke W, Seto E, Loidl P, Jansen-Durr P. Histone deacetylases in replicative senescence: evidence for a senescence-specific form of HDAC-2. FEBS Lett 2001;499:101-6.
95. Campisi J, Kim SH, Lim CS, Rubio M. Cellular senescence, cancer and aging: the telomere connection. Exp Gerontol 2001;36:1619-37.
96. Von Zglinicki T. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends Biochem Sci 2002;27:339-44.
97. Morla M, Busquets X, Pons J, Sauleda J, MacNee W, Agusti AG. Telomere shortening in smokers with and without COPD. Eur Respir J 2006;27:525-
98. Muller KC, Welker L, Paasch K, Feindt B, Erpenbeck VJ, Hohlfeld JM, et al. Lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show markers of senescence in vitro. Respir Res 2006;7:32.
99. Tuder RM, Yoshida T, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Petrache I. State of the art. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of alveolar destruction in emphysema: an evolutionary perspective. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:503-10.
100. Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nagai A. Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:886-93.
101. Promislow DE. DNA repair and the evolution of longevity: a critical analysis. J Theor Biol 1994;170:291-300.
102. Simic MG. DNA markers of oxidative processes in vivo: relevance to carcinogenesis and anticarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1994;54(7 Suppl):1918s-23s.
103. Janssen YM, Van Houten B, Borm PJ, Mossman BT. Cell and tissue responses to oxidative damage. Lab Invest 1993;69:261-74.
104. Sekine Y, Kesler KA, Behnia M, Brooks-Brunn J, Sekine E, Brown JW. COPD may increase the incidence of refractory supraventricular arrhythmias following pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2001;120:1783-90.
105. Jett JR. Screening for lung cancer in high-risk groups: current status of low-dose spiral CT scanning and sputum markers. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2000;21:385-92.
106. Pastwa E, Blasiak J. Non-homologous DNA end joining. Acta Biochim Pol 2003;50:891-908.
107. Slupphaug G, Kavli B, Krokan HE. The interacting pathways for prevention and repair of oxidative DNA damage. Mutat Res 2003;531:231-51.
108. Espejel S, Martin M, Klatt P, Martin-Caballero J, Flores JM, Blasco MA. Shorter telomeres, accelerated ageing and increased lymphoma in DNA-PKcs-deficient mice. EMBO Rep 2004;5:503-9.
109. Vogel H, Lim DS, Karsenty G, Finegold M, Hasty P. Deletion of Ku86 causes early onset of senescence in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:10770-5.
110. Harman D. Free radical theory of aging: an update: increasing the functional life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1067:10-21.
111. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956;11:298-300.
112. Terman A, Brunk UT. Oxidative stress, accumulation of biological 'garbage', and aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:197-204.
113. MacNee W, Rahman I. Is oxidative stress central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Trends Mol Med 2001;7:55-62.
114. MacNee W. Oxidants/antioxidants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenesis to therapy. Novartis Found Symp 2001;234:169-85.
115. Rahman I, Morrison D, Donaldson K, MacNee W. Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1055-60.
116. MacNee W. Pulmonary and systemic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005;2:50-60.
117. MacNee W, Rahman I. Oxidants and antioxidants as therapeutic targets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:S58-65.
118. Escolar JD, Martinez MN, Escolar MA, Arranz M, Gallego B, Roche PA. Tobacco smoke and age as risk factors in emphysema. Morphometrical study on the rat. Histol Histopathol 1996;11:7-16.
119. Wallace DC. Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse. Science 1999;283:1482-8.
120. Esposito LA, Melov S, Panov A, Cottrell BA, Wallace DC. Mitochondrial disease in mouse results in increased oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:4820-5.
121. Terman A, Gustafsson B, Brunk UT. Mitochondrial damage and intralysosomal degradation in cellular aging. Mol Aspects Med 2006;27:471-82.
122. Brierley EJ, Johnson MA, Lightowlers RN, James OF, Turnbull DM. Role of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human aging: implications for the central nervous system and muscle. Ann Neurol 1998;43:217-23.
123. Cottrell DA, Ince PG, Blakely EL, Johnson MA, Chinnery PF, Hanna M, et al. Neuropathological and histochemical changes in a multiple mitochondrial DNA deletion disorder. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000;59:621-7.
124. Taylor RW, Barron MJ, Borthwick GM, Gospel A, Chinnery PF, Samuels DC, et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human colonic crypt stem cells. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1351-60.
125. Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 2005;120:483-95.
126. Hubbard RC, Ogushi F, Fells GA, Cantin AM, Jallat S, Courtney M, et al. Oxidants spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers can inactivate the active site of alpha 1-antitrypsin, rendering it ineffective as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. J Clin Invest 1987;80:1289-95.
127. Nadeem A, Raj HG, Chhabra SK. Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammation 2005;29:23-32.
128. Hanta I, Kocabas A, Canacankatan N, Kuleci S, Seydaoglu G. Oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with COPD. Lung 2006;184:51-5.
129. Carrard G, Dieu M, Raes M, Toussaint O, Friguet B. Impact of ageing on proteasome structure and function in human lymphocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003;35:728-39.
130. Carrard G, Bulteau AL, Petropoulos I, Friguet B. Impairment of proteasome structure and function in aging. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002;34:1461-74.
131. Soti C, Csermely P. Aging cellular networks: chaperones as major participants. Exp Gerontol 2006;Jun 28 [Epub ahead of print].
132. Soti C, Csermely P. Aging and molecular chaperones. Exp Gerontol 2003;38:1037-40.
133. Terman A, Brunk UT. Aging as a catabolic malfunction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:2365-75.
134. Terman A, Brunk UT. Lipofuscin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:1400-4.
135. Allaire J, Maltais F, Leblanc P, Simard PM, Whittom F, Doyon JF, et al. Lipofuscin accumulation in the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Muscle Nerve 2002;25:383-9.
136. Turko IV, Murad F. Protein nitration in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:619-34.
137. Sawa T, Akaike T, Maeda H. Tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite formed from nitric oxide and superoxide generated by xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem 2000;275:32467-74.
138. Ricciardolo FL, Caramori G, Ito K, Capelli A, Brun P, Abatangelo G, et al. Nitrosative stress in the bronchial mucosa of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;116:1028-35.
139. Di Stefano A, Caramori G, Ricciardolo FL, Capelli A, Adcock IM, Donner CF. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an overview. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1156-67.
140. Hyun DH, Lee M, Halliwell B, Jenner P. Proteasomal inhibition causes the formation of protein aggregates containing a wide range of proteins, including nitrated proteins. J Neurochem 2003;86:363-73.
141. Irie Y, Saeki M, Kamisaki Y, Martin E, Murad F. Histone H1.2 is a substrate for denitrase, an activity that reduces nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:5634-9.
142. Ito K, Hanazawa T, Caramori G, Cosio B, Kharitonov S, Barnes PJ, et al. Denitration-like activity is reduced in COPF lung tissue. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;7280 (abstract).
143. Porcu M, Chiarugi A. The emerging therapeutic potential of sirtuin-interacting drugs: from cell death to lifespan extension. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005;26:94-103.
144. Grubisha O, Smith BC, Denu JM. Small molecule regulation of Sir2 protein deacetylases. FEBS J 2005;272:4607-16.
145. Baur JA, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5:493-506.
146. Kim MY, Zhang T, Kraus WL. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP-1: 'AR-laying' NAD+/ into a nuclear signal. Genes Dev 2005;19:1951-67.
147. Virag L. Structure and function of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1: role in oxidative stress-related pathologies. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2005;3:209-14.
148. Hassa PO, Haenni SS, Elser M, Hottiger MO. Nuclear ADP-ribosylation reactions in mammalian cells: where are we today and where are we going? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006;70:789-829.
149. Mostoslavsky R, Chua KF, Lombard DB, Pang WW, Fischer MR, Gellon L, et al. Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 2006;124:315-29.
150. Nabeshima Y. Klotho: a fundamental regulator of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2002;1:627-38.
151. Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H, Kawaguchi H, Suga T, Utsugi T, et al. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature 1997;390:45-51.
152. Suga T, Kurabayashi M, Sando Y, Ohyama Y, Maeno T, Maeno Y, et al. Disruption of the klotho gene causes pulmonary emphysema in mice. Defect in maintenance of pulmonary integrity during postnatal life. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000;22:26-33.
153. Funada Y, Nishimura Y, Yokoyama M. Imbalance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 is associated with pulmonary emphysema in Klotho mice. Kobe J Med Sci 2004;50:59-67.
154. Pardo A, Selman M. Proteinase-antiproteinase imbalance in the pathogenesis of emphysema: the role of metalloproteinases in lung damage. Histol Histopathol 1999;14:227-33.
155. Collis SJ, DeWeese TL, Jeggo PA, Parker AR. The life and death of DNA-PK. Oncogene 2005;24:949-61.
156. Cohen HY, Lavu S, Bitterman KJ, Hekking B, Imahiyerobo TA, Miller C, et al. Acetylation of the C terminus of Ku70 by CBP and PCAF controls Bax-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell 2004;13:627-38.
157. Koike M. Dimerization, translocation and localization of Ku70 and Ku80 proteins. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 2002;43:223-36.
158. Kaestner KH, Knochel W, Martinez DE. Unified nomenclature for the winged helix/forkhead transcription factors. Genes Dev 2000;14:142-6.
159. Greer EL, Brunet A. FOXO transcription factors at the interface between longevity and tumor suppression. Oncogene 2005;24:7410-25.
160. Essers MA, Vries-Smits LM, Barker N, Polderman PE, Burgering BM, Korswagen HC. Functional interaction between beta-catenin and FOXO in oxidative stress signaling. Science 2005;308:1181-4.
161. Liu JW, Chandra D, Rudd MD, Butler AP, Pallotta V, Brown D, et al. Induction of prosurvival molecules by apoptotic stimuli: involvement of FOXO3a and ROS. Oncogene 2005;24:2020-31.
162. Bluher M, Kahn BB, Kahn CR. Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue. Science 2003;299:572-4.
163. Wessells RJ, Fitzgerald E, Cypser JR, Tatar M, Bodmer R. Insulin regulation of heart function in aging fruit flies. Nat Genet 2004;36:1275-81.
164. Fujita T, Uchida K, Maruyama N. Purification of senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) and its androgen-independent decrease with age in the rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1116:122-8.
165. Fujita T. Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30): structure and biological function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;254:1-4.
166. Feng D, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Kuramoto M, Machida T, Maruyama N. Senescence marker protein-30 as a novel antiaging molecule. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:360-4.
167. Ishigami A, Kondo Y, Nanba R, Ohsawa T, Handa S, Kubo S, et al. SMP30 deficiency in mice causes an accumulation of neutral lipids and phospholipids in the liver and shortens the life span. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;315:575-80.
168. Maruyama N, Ishigami A, Kuramoto M, Handa S, Kubo S, Imasawa T, et al. Senescence marker protein-30 knockout mouse as an aging model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:383-7.
169. Sato T, Seyama K, Sato Y, Mori H, Souma S, Akiyoshi T, et al. Senescence marker protein-30 protects mice lungs from oxidative stress, aging, and smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:530-7.
170. Son TG, Zou Y, Jung KJ, Yu BP, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, et al. SMP30 deficiency causes increased oxidative stress in brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127:451-7.
171. Takeda T. Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): a biogerontological resource in aging research. Neurobiol Aging 1999;20:105-10.
172. Okuma Y, Nomura Y. Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) as an animal model of senile dementia: pharmacological, neurochemical and molecular biological approach. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998;78:399-404.
173. Butterfield DA, Poon HF. The senescence-accelerated prone mouse (SAMP8): a model of age-related cognitive decline with relevance to alterations of the gene expression and protein abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2005;40:774-83.
174. Uejima Y, Fukuchi Y, Nagase T, Matsuse T, Yamaoka M, Tabata R, et al. Influences of inhaled tobacco smoke on the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). Eur Respir J 1990;3:1029-36.
175. Teramoto S, Uejima Y, Oka T, Teramoto K, Matsuse T, Ouchi Y, et al. Effects of chronic cigarette smoke inhalation on the development of senile lung in senescence-accelerated mouse. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1997;197:1-11.
176. Teramoto S. Age-related changes in lung structure and function in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): SAMP/1 as a new model of senile hyperinflation of lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1361.
177. Kurozumi M, Matsushita T, Hosokawa M, Takeda T. Age-related changes in lung structure and function in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): SAM-P/1 as a new murine model of senile hyperinflation of lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:776-82.
178. Kasagi S, Seyama K, Mori H, Souma S, Sato T, Akiyoshi T, et al. Tomato juice prevents senescence-accelerated mouse P1 strain from developing emphysema induced by chronic exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006;290:L396-404.
179. Katakura Y. Molecular basis for the cellular senescence program and its application to anticancer therapy. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006;70:1076-81.
180. Celedon JC, Lange C, Raby BA, Litonjua AA, Palmer LJ, DeMeo DL, et al. The transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFB1) gene is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hum Mol Genet 2004;13:1649-56.
181. Takizawa H, Tanaka M, Takami K, Ohtoshi T, Ito K, Satoh M, et al. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in small airway epithelium from tobacco smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1476-83.
182. Hodge SJ, Hodge GL, Reynolds PN, Scicchitano R, Holmes M. Increased production of TGF-beta and apoptosis of T lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003;285:L492-9.
183. Sarkar D, Park ES, Emdad L, Randolph A, Valerie K, Fisher PB. Defining the domains of human polynucleotide phosphorylase (hPNPaseOLD-35) mediating cellular senescence. Mol Cell Biol 2005;25:7333-43.
184. Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Molecular mechanisms of aging-associated inflammation. Cancer Lett 2006;236:13-23.
185. Sarkar D, Lebedeva IV, Emdad L, Kang DC, Baldwin AS Jr, Fisher PB. Human polynucleotide phosphorylase (hPNPaseold-35): a potential link between aging and inflammation. Cancer Res 2004;64:7473-8.
186. Migliaccio E, Giorgio M, Mele S, Pelicci G, Reboldi P, Pandolfi PP, et al. The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature 1999;402:309-13.
187. Rysz J, Stolarek RA, Luczynski R, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Kasielski M, et al. Increased hydrogen peroxide concentration in the exhaled breath condensate of stable COPD patients after nebulized N-acetylcysteine. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006;Apr 28 [Epub ahead of print].
188. Sadowska AM, Manuel-Y-Keenoy B, De Backer WA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of NAC in the treatment of COPD: discordant in vitro and in vivo dose-effects: a review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;20:9-22.
189. Rahman I, Biswas SK, Kirkham PA. Regulation of inflammation and redox signaling by dietary polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;72:1439-52.
190. Rahman I, Kilty I. Antioxidant therapeutic targets in COPD. Curr Drug Targets 2006;7:707-20.
191. Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, et al. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 2003;425:191-6.
192. Borra MT, Smith BC, Denu JM. Mechanism of human SIRT1 activation by resveratrol. J Biol Chem 2005;280:17187-95.
193. Kaeberlein M, McDonagh T, Heltweg B, Hixon J, Westman EA, Caldwell SD, et al. Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol. J Biol Chem 2005;280:17038-45.
194. Moonen HJ, Geraets L, Vaarhorst A, Bast A, Wouters EF, Hageman GJ. Theophylline prevents NAD+/ depletion via PARP-1 inhibition in human pulmonary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;338:1805-10.
195. Ito K, Lim S, Caramori G, Cosio B, Chung KF, Adcock IM, et al. A molecular mechanism of action of theophylline: Induction of histone deacetylase activity to decrease inflammatory gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:8921-6.
196. Cosio BG, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, Jazrawi E, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid responses in COPD macrophages. J Exp Med 2004;200:689-95.
197. Iizuka T, Ishii Y, Itoh K, Kiwamoto T, Kimura T, Matsuno Y, et al. Nrf2-deficient mice are highly susceptible to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Genes Cells 2005;10:1113-25.
198. Bonniaud P, Kolb M, Galt T, Robertson J, Robbins C, Stampfli M, et al. Smad3 null mice develop airspace enlargement and are resistant to TGF-beta-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 2004;173:2099-108.
199. Connert S, Wienand S, Thiel C, Krikunova M, Glyvuk N, Tsytsyura Y, et al. SH3P7/mAbp1 deficiency leads to tissue and behavioral abnormalities and impaired vesicle transport. EMBO J 2006;25:1611-22.
200. Yoshida M, Whitsett JA. Alveolar macrophages and emphysema in surfactant protein-D-deficient mice. Respirology 2006;11(Suppl):S37-40.