메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 691-696

Prehospital trauma care: What do we really know?

Author keywords

ALS; BLS; Emergency medical technician; Paramedic; Prehospital; Trauma

Indexed keywords

EMERGENCY CARE; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; FLUID THERAPY; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INJURY; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; RURAL AREA; URBAN AREA; VASCULAR ACCESS;

EID: 35848931646     PISSN: 10705295     EISSN: 15317072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f1e77e     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (28)

References (79)
  • 1
    • 0030907977 scopus 로고
    • Urban-rural differences in prehospital care of major trauma
    • Grossman DC, Kim A, Macdonald SC, et al. Urban-rural differences in prehospital care of major trauma. J Trauma 1991; 42:723-729.
    • (1991) J Trauma , vol.42 , pp. 723-729
    • Grossman, D.C.1    Kim, A.2    Macdonald, S.C.3
  • 2
    • 0037313734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentre Canadian study of prehospital trauma care
    • Liberman M, Mulder D, Lavoie A, et al. Multicentre Canadian study of prehospital trauma care. Ann Surg 2003; 237:153-160.
    • (2003) Ann Surg , vol.237 , pp. 153-160
    • Liberman, M.1    Mulder, D.2    Lavoie, A.3
  • 4
    • 0027530079 scopus 로고
    • Impact of on-site care, prehospital time, and level of in-hospital care on survival in severely injured patients
    • Sampalis JS, Lavoie A, Williams JI, et al. Impact of on-site care, prehospital time, and level of in-hospital care on survival in severely injured patients. J Trauma 1993; 34:252-261.
    • (1993) J Trauma , vol.34 , pp. 252-261
    • Sampalis, J.S.1    Lavoie, A.2    Williams, J.I.3
  • 5
    • 0030694709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ineffectiveness of on-site intravenous lines: Is prehospital time the culprit?
    • Sampalis JS, Tamim H, Denis R, et al. Ineffectiveness of on-site intravenous lines: Is prehospital time the culprit? J Trauma 1997; 43:608-617.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.43 , pp. 608-617
    • Sampalis, J.S.1    Tamim, H.2    Denis, R.3
  • 6
    • 0021298124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trunkey DD. Is ALS necessary for prehospital trauma care? [editorial]. J Trauma 1984; 24:86.
    • Trunkey DD. Is ALS necessary for prehospital trauma care? [editorial]. J Trauma 1984; 24:86.
  • 7
    • 0030277784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive validity and internal consistency of the prehospital index measured on-site by physicians
    • Sampalis JS, Tamim H, Nikolis A, et al. Predictive validity and internal consistency of the prehospital index measured on-site by physicians. Accid Anal and Prev 1996; 28:675-684.
    • (1996) Accid Anal and Prev , vol.28 , pp. 675-684
    • Sampalis, J.S.1    Tamim, H.2    Nikolis, A.3
  • 8
    • 0021825057 scopus 로고
    • Impact of improved emergency medical services and emergency trauma care on the reduction in mortality from trauma
    • Ornato JP, Craren EJ, Nelson NM, Kimball KF. Impact of improved emergency medical services and emergency trauma care on the reduction in mortality from trauma. J Trauma 1985; 25:575-579.
    • (1985) J Trauma , vol.25 , pp. 575-579
    • Ornato, J.P.1    Craren, E.J.2    Nelson, N.M.3    Kimball, K.F.4
  • 9
    • 0021803807 scopus 로고
    • The impact of an air ambulance system on an established trauma center
    • Schwab CW, Peclet M, Zackowski SW, et al. The impact of an air ambulance system on an established trauma center. J Trauma 1985; 25:580-586.
    • (1985) J Trauma , vol.25 , pp. 580-586
    • Schwab, C.W.1    Peclet, M.2    Zackowski, S.W.3
  • 10
    • 0020504925 scopus 로고
    • The impact of a rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care service on trauma mortality
    • Baxt WG, Moody P. The impact of a rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care service on trauma mortality. JAMA 1983; 249:3047-3051.
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 3047-3051
    • Baxt, W.G.1    Moody, P.2
  • 11
    • 0034022946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency medical services (EMS) versus non-EMS transport of critically injured patients
    • Cornwell EE 3rd, Belzberg H, Hennigan K, et al. Emergency medical services (EMS) versus non-EMS transport of critically injured patients. Arch Surg 2000; 135:315-319.
    • (2000) Arch Surg , vol.135 , pp. 315-319
    • Cornwell 3rd, E.E.1    Belzberg, H.2    Hennigan, K.3
  • 12
    • 0030039778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paramedic vs private transportation of trauma patients
    • Demetriades D, Chan L, Cornwell E, et al. Paramedic vs private transportation of trauma patients. Arch Surg 1996; 131:133-138.
    • (1996) Arch Surg , vol.131 , pp. 133-138
    • Demetriades, D.1    Chan, L.2    Cornwell, E.3
  • 13
    • 0036857157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital care of the patient with major trauma
    • Fowler R, Pepe PE. Prehospital care of the patient with major trauma. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2002; 20:953-974.
    • (2002) Emerg Med Clin N Am , vol.20 , pp. 953-974
    • Fowler, R.1    Pepe, P.E.2
  • 14
    • 1842570243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of emergency medical services systems
    • Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, Adams JG, editors, St. Louis: Mosby;
    • Blackwell T. Principles of emergency medical services systems. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, Adams JG, editors. Rosen's Emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. pp. 2616-2625.
    • (2002) Rosen's Emergency medicine: Concepts and clinical practice , pp. 2616-2625
    • Blackwell, T.1
  • 15
    • 0035144316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital trauma management
    • Lockey DJ. Prehospital trauma management. Resuscitation 2001; 48:5-15.
    • (2001) Resuscitation , vol.48 , pp. 5-15
    • Lockey, D.J.1
  • 16
    • 0033770283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advanced or basic life support for trauma: Meta-analysis and critical review of the literature
    • Liberman M, Mulder D, Sampalis JS. Advanced or basic life support for trauma: meta-analysis and critical review of the literature. J Trauma 2000; 49:584-599.
    • (2000) J Trauma , vol.49 , pp. 584-599
    • Liberman, M.1    Mulder, D.2    Sampalis, J.S.3
  • 17
    • 0031763729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital advanced life support for major trauma: Critical need for clinical trials
    • Spaite DW, Criss EA, Vaenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Prehospital advanced life support for major trauma: critical need for clinical trials. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32:480-489.
    • (1998) Ann Emerg Med , vol.32 , pp. 480-489
    • Spaite, D.W.1    Criss, E.A.2    Vaenzuela, T.D.3    Meislin, H.W.4
  • 18
    • 0030735277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the scanty science of prehospital care
    • Callaham M. Quantifying the scanty science of prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30:785-790.
    • (1997) Ann Emerg Med , vol.30 , pp. 785-790
    • Callaham, M.1
  • 20
    • 33746727591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controversial aspects of the prehospital trauma care
    • Clin, This is a review paper regarding a controversial aspect of prehospital care
    • Berlot G, Bacer B, Gullo A. Controversial aspects of the prehospital trauma care. Crit Care Clin 2006; 22:457-468. This is a review paper regarding a controversial aspect of prehospital care.
    • (2006) Crit Care , vol.22 , pp. 457-468
    • Berlot, G.1    Bacer, B.2    Gullo, A.3
  • 21
    • 0020626203 scopus 로고
    • Impact of regionalization. The Orange County experience
    • West JG, Cales RH, Gazzaniga AB. Impact of regionalization. The Orange County experience. Arch Surg 1983; 118:740-744.
    • (1983) Arch Surg , vol.118 , pp. 740-744
    • West, J.G.1    Cales, R.H.2    Gazzaniga, A.B.3
  • 22
    • 0018778715 scopus 로고
    • Systems of trauma care. A study of two counties
    • West JG, Trunkey DD, Lim RC. Systems of trauma care. A study of two counties. Arch Surg 1979; 114:455-460.
    • (1979) Arch Surg , vol.114 , pp. 455-460
    • West, J.G.1    Trunkey, D.D.2    Lim, R.C.3
  • 23
    • 0030930659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct transport to tertiary trauma centers versus transfer from lower level facilities: Impact on mortality and morbidity among patients with major trauma
    • Sampalis JS, Denis R, Frechette P, et al. Direct transport to tertiary trauma centers versus transfer from lower level facilities: impact on mortality and morbidity among patients with major trauma. J Trauma 1997; 43:288-296.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.43 , pp. 288-296
    • Sampalis, J.S.1    Denis, R.2    Frechette, P.3
  • 24
    • 3142523295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of a trauma care system: Evolution through evaluation
    • Liberman M, Mulder DS, Lavoie A, Sampalis JS. Implementation of a trauma care system: evolution through evaluation. J Trauma 2004; 56:1330-1335.
    • (2004) J Trauma , vol.56 , pp. 1330-1335
    • Liberman, M.1    Mulder, D.S.2    Lavoie, A.3    Sampalis, J.S.4
  • 25
    • 2942708083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evidence supporting a systematic approach to the care of the injured patient: From prevention to rehabilitation; MJM Focus: Special Forum on Trauma Care. McGill
    • Liberman M, Mulder DS, Sampalis JS. The evidence supporting a systematic approach to the care of the injured patient: from prevention to rehabilitation; MJM Focus: Special Forum on Trauma Care. McGill Journal of Medicine 2004; 7:223-237.
    • (2004) Journal of Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 223-237
    • Liberman, M.1    Mulder, D.S.2    Sampalis, J.S.3
  • 26
    • 35848947932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of trauma care systems: From Homer to telemedicine; MJM Focus: Special Forum on Trauma Care. McGill
    • Liberman M, Mulder DS, Sampalis JS. The history of trauma care systems: from Homer to telemedicine; MJM Focus: Special Forum on Trauma Care. McGill Journal of Medicine 2004; 7:124-222.
    • (2004) Journal of Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 124-222
    • Liberman, M.1    Mulder, D.S.2    Sampalis, J.S.3
  • 27
    • 33745230206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct transport within an organized state trauma system reduces mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury
    • Hartl R, Gerber LM, Iacono L, et al. Direct transport within an organized state trauma system reduces mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2006; 60:1250-1256.
    • (2006) J Trauma , vol.60 , pp. 1250-1256
    • Hartl, R.1    Gerber, L.M.2    Iacono, L.3
  • 28
    • 33646529707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic value of out-of-hospital emergency care: A structured literature review
    • Economic evaluation of prehospital emergency care through meta-analysis. No cost-effectiveness for most aspects of prehospital care was demonstrated
    • Lerner EB, Maio RF, Garrison HG, et al. Economic value of out-of-hospital emergency care: a structured literature review. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 47:515-524. Economic evaluation of prehospital emergency care through meta-analysis. No cost-effectiveness for most aspects of prehospital care was demonstrated.
    • (2006) Ann Emerg Med , vol.47 , pp. 515-524
    • Lerner, E.B.1    Maio, R.F.2    Garrison, H.G.3
  • 29
    • 33750832826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service on blunt trauma patient survival and prehospital care
    • Comparison of outcomes of similar injury severity blunt trauma patients treated in the prehospital setting by physician-staffed helicopters with patients treated using BLS. There was a trend to lower survival in the helicopter-ALS group
    • Iirola TT, Laaksonen MI, Vahlberg TJ, et al. Effect of physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service on blunt trauma patient survival and prehospital care. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13:335-339. Comparison of outcomes of similar injury severity blunt trauma patients treated in the prehospital setting by physician-staffed helicopters with patients treated using BLS. There was a trend to lower survival in the helicopter-ALS group.
    • (2006) Eur J Emerg Med , vol.13 , pp. 335-339
    • Iirola, T.T.1    Laaksonen, M.I.2    Vahlberg, T.J.3
  • 30
    • 33747605996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fastest route between two points is not always a straight line: An analysis of air and land transfer of nonpenetrating trauma patients
    • Karanicolas PL, Bhatia P, Williamson J, et al. The fastest route between two points is not always a straight line: an analysis of air and land transfer of nonpenetrating trauma patients. J Trauma 2006; 61:396-403.
    • (2006) J Trauma , vol.61 , pp. 396-403
    • Karanicolas, P.L.1    Bhatia, P.2    Williamson, J.3
  • 31
    • 34447316756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seamon MJ, Fisher CA, Gaughan J, et al. Prehospital procedures before emergency department thoracotomy: 'scoop and run' saves lives. J Trauma 2007; 63:113-120. This study described mortality outcomes for trauma patients who underwent emergency department thoracotomy following arrival at hospital. Patients were divided into two groups based on their mode of transportation to the hospital (paramedic versus bystander/police). Mortality was double for paramedic transported patients.
    • Seamon MJ, Fisher CA, Gaughan J, et al. Prehospital procedures before emergency department thoracotomy: 'scoop and run' saves lives. J Trauma 2007; 63:113-120. This study described mortality outcomes for trauma patients who underwent emergency department thoracotomy following arrival at hospital. Patients were divided into two groups based on their mode of transportation to the hospital (paramedic versus bystander/police). Mortality was double for paramedic transported patients.
  • 32
    • 0020628422 scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive regional trauma/emergency medical services (EMS) delivery systems
    • Boyd DR, Cowley RA. Comprehensive regional trauma/emergency medical services (EMS) delivery systems. World J Surg 1983; 7:149-157.
    • (1983) World J Surg , vol.7 , pp. 149-157
    • Boyd, D.R.1    Cowley, R.A.2
  • 33
    • 35848957234 scopus 로고
    • Triage and resuscitation of critically ill patients in the emergency department: Current concepts and practice
    • Rady MY. Triage and resuscitation of critically ill patients in the emergency department: current concepts and practice. Eur J Emerg Med 1994;175:189.
    • (1994) Eur J Emerg Med , vol.175 , pp. 189
    • Rady, M.Y.1
  • 34
    • 0030020018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triage of critically ill patients: An overview of interventions
    • Rady MY. Triage of critically ill patients: an overview of interventions. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1996; 14:13-33.
    • (1996) Emerg Med Clin North Am , vol.14 , pp. 13-33
    • Rady, M.Y.1
  • 35
    • 0016527738 scopus 로고
    • A total emergency medical system for the state of Maryland
    • Cowley RA. A total emergency medical system for the state of Maryland. Maryland State Med J 1975; 24:37-45.
    • (1975) Maryland State Med J , vol.24 , pp. 37-45
    • Cowley, R.A.1
  • 36
    • 0034931505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The golden hour: Scientific fact or medical 'urban legend'?
    • Lerner EB, Moscati RM. The golden hour: scientific fact or medical 'urban legend'? Acad Emerg Med 2001; 8:758-760.
    • (2001) Acad Emerg Med , vol.8 , pp. 758-760
    • Lerner, E.B.1    Moscati, R.M.2
  • 37
    • 33947601837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baez AA, Lane PL, Sorondo B, et al. Predictive effect of out-of-hospital time in outcomes of severely injured young adult and elderly patients. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006; 21:427-430. This study described prehospital times and outcome in a large database cohort of severely injured trauma patients. In patients with ISS>15, longer prehospital time was associated with increased length of stay and complications, but was not associated with increased mortality.
    • Baez AA, Lane PL, Sorondo B, et al. Predictive effect of out-of-hospital time in outcomes of severely injured young adult and elderly patients. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006; 21:427-430. This study described prehospital times and outcome in a large database cohort of severely injured trauma patients. In patients with ISS>15, longer prehospital time was associated with increased length of stay and complications, but was not associated with increased mortality.
  • 39
    • 0023212776 scopus 로고
    • Prehospital advanced life support vs 'scoop and run' in trauma management
    • Gold CR. Prehospital advanced life support vs 'scoop and run' in trauma management. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:797-801.
    • (1987) Ann Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 797-801
    • Gold, C.R.1
  • 40
    • 0020804913 scopus 로고
    • Trauma
    • Trunkey DD. Trauma. Sci Am 1983; 249:28-35.
    • (1983) Sci Am , vol.249 , pp. 28-35
    • Trunkey, D.D.1
  • 41
    • 0023954497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-scene management of trauma patients by paramedics
    • Cwinn AA, Pons PT. On-scene management of trauma patients by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 17:189-190.
    • (1998) Ann Emerg Med , vol.17 , pp. 189-190
    • Cwinn, A.A.1    Pons, P.T.2
  • 42
    • 0007482452 scopus 로고
    • IV line placement: A time study for prehospital providers
    • Feldman R. IV line placement: a time study for prehospital providers. JEMS 1986; 11:43-45.
    • (1986) JEMS , vol.11 , pp. 43-45
    • Feldman, R.1
  • 43
    • 0023732320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital venous access in an urban paramedic system: A prospective on-scene analysis
    • Pons PT, Moore EE, Cusick JM, et al. Prehospital venous access in an urban paramedic system: a prospective on-scene analysis. J Trauma 1998; 28:1460-1463.
    • (1998) J Trauma , vol.28 , pp. 1460-1463
    • Pons, P.T.1    Moore, E.E.2    Cusick, J.M.3
  • 44
    • 0027931709 scopus 로고
    • A prospective in-field comparison of intravenous line placement by urban and nonurban emergency medical personel
    • Spaite DW, Valenzuela TD, Criss EA, et al. A prospective in-field comparison of intravenous line placement by urban and nonurban emergency medical personel. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24:209-214.
    • (1994) Ann Emerg Med , vol.24 , pp. 209-214
    • Spaite, D.W.1    Valenzuela, T.D.2    Criss, E.A.3
  • 45
    • 0023094380 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of pediatric prehospital care
    • Tsai A, Kallsen G. Epidemiology of pediatric prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:248-292.
    • (1987) Ann Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 248-292
    • Tsai, A.1    Kallsen, G.2
  • 46
    • 0022403962 scopus 로고
    • Prehospital endotracheal intubation: Rationale for training emergency medical personnel
    • Pepe PE, Copass MK, Joyce TH. Prehospital endotracheal intubation: rationale for training emergency medical personnel. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14:1085-1092.
    • (1985) Ann Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 1085-1092
    • Pepe, P.E.1    Copass, M.K.2    Joyce, T.H.3
  • 47
    • 0021926038 scopus 로고
    • Prehospital stabilization of critically injured patients: A failed concept
    • Smith JP, Boda BI, Hill AS, Frey CF. Prehospital stabilization of critically injured patients: a failed concept. J Trauma 1985; 25:65-70.
    • (1985) J Trauma , vol.25 , pp. 65-70
    • Smith, J.P.1    Boda, B.I.2    Hill, A.S.3    Frey, C.F.4
  • 48
    • 33646509435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital intravenous line placement assessment in the French emergency system: A prospective study
    • Minville V, Pianezza A, Asehnoune K, et al. Prehospital intravenous line placement assessment in the French emergency system: a prospective study. Eur J Anaes 2006; 23:594-597.
    • (2006) Eur J Anaes , vol.23 , pp. 594-597
    • Minville, V.1    Pianezza, A.2    Asehnoune, K.3
  • 49
    • 0025823965 scopus 로고
    • The detrimental effects of intravenous crystalloid after aortotomy in swine
    • Bickell WH, Bruttig SP, Millnamow GA, et al. The detrimental effects of intravenous crystalloid after aortotomy in swine. Surgery 1991; 110:529-536.
    • (1991) Surgery , vol.110 , pp. 529-536
    • Bickell, W.H.1    Bruttig, S.P.2    Millnamow, G.A.3
  • 50
    • 0026754415 scopus 로고
    • A scoop and run or stabilize hemorrhagic shock with normal saline or small volume hypertonic saline?
    • Krausz MM, Bar-Ziv M, Rabinovici R, Gross D. A scoop and run or stabilize hemorrhagic shock with normal saline or small volume hypertonic saline? J Trauma 1992; 33:6-10.
    • (1992) J Trauma , vol.33 , pp. 6-10
    • Krausz, M.M.1    Bar-Ziv, M.2    Rabinovici, R.3    Gross, D.4
  • 51
    • 0027467987 scopus 로고
    • Effect of blood pressure on hemorrhage volume and survival in a near-fatal hemorrhage model incorporating a vascular injury
    • Stern SA, Dronen SC, Birer P, Wang X. Effect of blood pressure on hemorrhage volume and survival in a near-fatal hemorrhage model incorporating a vascular injury. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:155-163.
    • (1993) Ann Emerg Med , vol.22 , pp. 155-163
    • Stern, S.A.1    Dronen, S.C.2    Birer, P.3    Wang, X.4
  • 52
    • 0025014909 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock with hypertonic saline
    • Gross D, Landau EH, Klin B, Krausz MM. Treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock with hypertonic saline. Surg Gynec Obstet 1990; 170:106-112.
    • (1990) Surg Gynec Obstet , vol.170 , pp. 106-112
    • Gross, D.1    Landau, E.H.2    Klin, B.3    Krausz, M.M.4
  • 53
    • 0023685241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is hypertonic saline resuscitation safe in 'uncontrolled' hemorrhagic shock?
    • Gross D, Landau EH, Assalia A, Krausz MM. Is hypertonic saline resuscitation safe in 'uncontrolled' hemorrhagic shock? J Trauma 1998; 28:751-756.
    • (1998) J Trauma , vol.28 , pp. 751-756
    • Gross, D.1    Landau, E.H.2    Assalia, A.3    Krausz, M.M.4
  • 54
    • 0024593845 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative measurement of bleeding following hypertonic saline therapy in 'uncontrolled' hemorrhagic shock
    • Gross D, Landau EH, Klin B, Krausz MM. Quantitative measurement of bleeding following hypertonic saline therapy in 'uncontrolled' hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:79-83.
    • (1989) J Trauma , vol.29 , pp. 79-83
    • Gross, D.1    Landau, E.H.2    Klin, B.3    Krausz, M.M.4
  • 55
    • 0026705361 scopus 로고
    • Use of hypertonic saline/ dextran solution versus lactated ringers solution as a resuscitation fluid after uncontrolled aortic hemorrhage in anesthetized swine
    • Bickell WH, Bruttig SP, Millanamow GA, et al. Use of hypertonic saline/ dextran solution versus lactated ringers solution as a resuscitation fluid after uncontrolled aortic hemorrhage in anesthetized swine. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:1077-1085.
    • (1992) Ann Emerg Med , vol.21 , pp. 1077-1085
    • Bickell, W.H.1    Bruttig, S.P.2    Millanamow, G.A.3
  • 56
    • 0028100188 scopus 로고
    • Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries
    • Bickell WH, Wall MJ, Pepe PE. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1105-1109.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 1105-1109
    • Bickell, W.H.1    Wall, M.J.2    Pepe, P.E.3
  • 57
    • 0026662645 scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of preoperative fluid resuscitation in hypotensive patients with penetrating truncal injury: A preliminary report
    • Martin RR, Bickell WH, Pepe PE, et al. Prospective evaluation of preoperative fluid resuscitation in hypotensive patients with penetrating truncal injury: a preliminary report. J Trauma 1992; 33:354-362.
    • (1992) J Trauma , vol.33 , pp. 354-362
    • Martin, R.R.1    Bickell, W.H.2    Pepe, P.E.3
  • 58
    • 0141613119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On behalf of the WHO Pre-Hospital Trauma Care Steering Committee. Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding
    • CD002245
    • Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I. On behalf of the WHO Pre-Hospital Trauma Care Steering Committee. Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (3):CD002245.
    • Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2003 , Issue.3
    • Kwan, I.1    Bunn, F.2    Roberts, I.3
  • 59
    • 0037299526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endotracheal intubation in the field does not improve outcome in trauma patients who present without an acutely lethal traumatic brain injury
    • Bochicchio GV, Ilahi O, Joshi M, et al. Endotracheal intubation in the field does not improve outcome in trauma patients who present without an acutely lethal traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003; 54:307-311.
    • (2003) J Trauma , vol.54 , pp. 307-311
    • Bochicchio, G.V.1    Ilahi, O.2    Joshi, M.3
  • 60
    • 0034520325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital intubation in patients with severe head injury
    • Murray JA, Demetriades D, Berne TV, et al. Prehospital intubation in patients with severe head injury. J Trauma 2000; 49:1065-1070.
    • (2000) J Trauma , vol.49 , pp. 1065-1070
    • Murray, J.A.1    Demetriades, D.2    Berne, T.V.3
  • 61
    • 1942444515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital endotracheal intubation for trauma does not improve survival over bag-valve-mask ventilation
    • Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE. Prehospital endotracheal intubation for trauma does not improve survival over bag-valve-mask ventilation. J Trauma 2004; 56:531-536.
    • (2004) J Trauma , vol.56 , pp. 531-536
    • Stockinger, Z.T.1    McSwain, N.E.2
  • 62
    • 0033993802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients
    • Eckstein M, Chan L, Schneir A, Palmer R. Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients. J Trauma 2000; 48:643-648.
    • (2000) J Trauma , vol.48 , pp. 643-648
    • Eckstein, M.1    Chan, L.2    Schneir, A.3    Palmer, R.4
  • 63
    • 0033950423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of out-of-hospital pedictric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome
    • Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital pedictric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome. JAMA 2000; 283:783-790.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 783-790
    • Gausche, M.1    Lewis, R.J.2    Stratton, S.J.3
  • 65
    • 0023266123 scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of pneumatic garments in the prehospital management of penetrating abdominal injuries
    • Bickell WH, Pepe PE, Bailey ML, et al. Randomized trial of pneumatic garments in the prehospital management of penetrating abdominal injuries. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 16:653-658.
    • (1985) Ann Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 653-658
    • Bickell, W.H.1    Pepe, P.E.2    Bailey, M.L.3
  • 66
    • 0023073274 scopus 로고
    • Mistakes in treatment of accident cases before reaching hospital
    • Bodai BI, Walton CB. Mistakes in treatment of accident cases before reaching hospital. Br J Accid Surg 1987; 18:18-20.
    • (1987) Br J Accid Surg , vol.18 , pp. 18-20
    • Bodai, B.I.1    Walton, C.B.2
  • 68
    • 33746602267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-scene time in advanced trauma life support by anaesthesiologists
    • Hoyer CCS, Christensen EF, Andersen NT. On-scene time in advanced trauma life support by anaesthesiologists. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13:156-159.
    • (2006) Eur J Emerg Med , vol.13 , pp. 156-159
    • Hoyer, C.C.S.1    Christensen, E.F.2    Andersen, N.T.3
  • 69
    • 33646887966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehospital rapid sequence intubation for head trauma: Conditions for a successful program
    • Fakhry S, Scanlon JM, Robinson L, et al. Prehospital rapid sequence intubation for head trauma: Conditions for a successful program. J Trauma 2006; 60:997-1001.
    • (2006) J Trauma , vol.60 , pp. 997-1001
    • Fakhry, S.1    Scanlon, J.M.2    Robinson, L.3
  • 70
    • 31144449606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing emergency intubation in the prehospital setting - a multicentre study in the German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service
    • Helm M, Hossfeld B, Schafer S, et al. Factors influencing emergency intubation in the prehospital setting - a multicentre study in the German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96:67-71.
    • (2006) Br J Anaesth , vol.96 , pp. 67-71
    • Helm, M.1    Hossfeld, B.2    Schafer, S.3
  • 71
    • 34250374348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of prehospital ventilation on outcome after severe head injury
    • Warner KJ, Cuschieri J, Copass MK, et al. The impact of prehospital ventilation on outcome after severe head injury. J Trauma 2007; 62:1330-1338.
    • (2007) J Trauma , vol.62 , pp. 1330-1338
    • Warner, K.J.1    Cuschieri, J.2    Copass, M.K.3
  • 72
    • 33750963696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urgent airway intervention: Does outcome change with personnel performing the procedure?
    • Tracy S, Schinco MA, Griffen MM, et al. Urgent airway intervention: does outcome change with personnel performing the procedure? J Trauma 2006; 61:1162-1165.
    • (2006) J Trauma , vol.61 , pp. 1162-1165
    • Tracy, S.1    Schinco, M.A.2    Griffen, M.M.3
  • 73
    • 0000267183 scopus 로고
    • Advanced life support training is associated with decreased trauma death rates: An analysis of 12 417 trauma deaths
    • Messick J, Meyer AA. Advanced life support training is associated with decreased trauma death rates: an analysis of 12 417 trauma deaths. J Trauma 1990; 30:1621.
    • (1990) J Trauma , vol.30 , pp. 1621
    • Messick, J.1    Meyer, A.A.2
  • 74
    • 33644966977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of prehospital care times for trauma
    • Care, This is a meta-analysis of studies describing prehospital times. Outcomes are analyzed and compared based on urban, suburban and rural areas
    • Carr Bg, Caplan JM, Pryor JP, Branas CC. A meta-analysis of prehospital care times for trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006; 10:198-206. This is a meta-analysis of studies describing prehospital times. Outcomes are analyzed and compared based on urban, suburban and rural areas.
    • (2006) Prehosp Emerg , vol.10 , pp. 198-206
    • Carr, B.1    Caplan, J.M.2    Pryor, J.P.3    Branas, C.C.4
  • 76
    • 33744924855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of clustered data in multicenter trauma studies
    • Roudsari B, Nathens A, Koepsell T, et al. Analysis of clustered data in multicenter trauma studies. Injury 2006; 37:614-621.
    • (2006) Injury , vol.37 , pp. 614-621
    • Roudsari, B.1    Nathens, A.2    Koepsell, T.3
  • 77
    • 34547928335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roudsari B, Nathens A, Arreola-Risa C, et al. Emergency medical service (EMS) systems in developed and developing countries. Injury 2007; 38:1001-1013. This international study outlined the prehospital systems in multiple countries throughout the world.
    • Roudsari B, Nathens A, Arreola-Risa C, et al. Emergency medical service (EMS) systems in developed and developing countries. Injury 2007; 38:1001-1013. This international study outlined the prehospital systems in multiple countries throughout the world.
  • 78
    • 34548184448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roudsari B, Nathens A, Cameron P, et al. International comparison of prehospital trauma care systems. Injury 2007; 38:993-1000. This international study compared the three major types of EMS systems: BLS, ALS with EMTs as care providers and ALS with physicians as care providers.
    • Roudsari B, Nathens A, Cameron P, et al. International comparison of prehospital trauma care systems. Injury 2007; 38:993-1000. This international study compared the three major types of EMS systems: BLS, ALS with EMTs as care providers and ALS with physicians as care providers.
  • 79
    • 35848941905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sethi D, Kwan I, Kelly AM, Bunn F. On behalf of the WHO Pre-Hospital Trauma Care Steering Committee. Advanced trauma life support training for ambulance crews (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2004.
    • Sethi D, Kwan I, Kelly AM, Bunn F. On behalf of the WHO Pre-Hospital Trauma Care Steering Committee. Advanced trauma life support training for ambulance crews (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2004.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.