Spain's fisheries sector: From the birth of modern fishing through to the decade of the seventies

Ocean Development and International Law

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 359-374

  Sinde Cantorna, Ana I ^a   Castrillón, Isabel Diéguez ^a   Canto, Ana Gueimonde ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

Author keywords

History of fisheries; Spanish fisheries

Indexed keywords

FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHING INDUSTRY; OVERFISHING;

EURASIA; EUROPE; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

EID: 35848930592     PISSN: 00908320     EISSN: 15210642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00908320701530508     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. In its early years, steam was more closely linked to a supporting role for the traditional fleet than to a distant fleet. In other words, steamboats were used for ferrying the catches to the processing plants from the vessels that were traditionally responsible for supplying them. J. Giráldez Rivero, "Aproximaçom ao sector pesqueiro galego no primeiro terço do século XX," Agalia, Vol. 2, 1985, pp. 7-31.
2. Although there are indications that efforts were made in 1862 to convert old steamboats that ferried passengers in Cadiz Bay to trawlers, as had been done in the United Kingdom, it would not be until 1878 that successful deployment of these larger sized vessels was made, with the introduction of the first Spanish steam trawler, the Mamelena No. 1 which belonged to the Basque ship owner, Ignacio Mercader. E. López Losa, "Recursos naturales, derechos de propiedad y cambio técnico. La difusión del arrastre a vapor en las pesquerías vascas, 1878-1936," S. López García and J.M.Valdaliso (eds.), Q¿ué inventen ellos? Tecnología, empresa y cambio económico en la España contemporánea (Madrid: Alianza Universidad), 1997, pp. 157-209.
3. A. I. Sinde Cantorna, "El transporte de pescado en España y el problema de los vagones frigoríficos: 1890-1950," M. Muñoz Rubio, J. Sanz Fernández, and J. Vidal Olivares (eds. , Siglo y medio de ferrocarril en España: 1848-1998. Economía, industria y sociedad (Madrid: Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles), 1999, pp. 771-786.
4. M. M. Varela Lafuente, Procesos de producción en el sector pesquero en Galicia (Santiago: University of Santiago de Compostela), 1985.
5. Sinde Cantorna, supra note 3.
6. R. Robinson, "The evolution of railway fish traffic policies: 1840-1866," The Journal of Transport History, Vol. 7, 1986, pp. 32-44.
7. R. Robinson, "The development of the British distant-water trawling industry, 1880-1939," D. J. Starkey and A. G. Jamieson (eds.), Harvesting the Sea: Aspects of Britain's Maritime Economy since 1870 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press), 1998, pp. 148-166.
8. C. Reid, "The status of fishing ports in England and Wales, 1920-1994," International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. X, 1998, pp. 219-240.
9. J. R. Coull, World Fisheries Resources (New York: Routledge), 1993.
10. R. Mumby-Croft, "Investment and decision making in the UK distant water fishing industry: A case study of the Consolidated Steam Fishing and Ice Company 1905-1980," Management Decision, Vol. 39, 2001, pp. 78-85.
11. J. A. Maiz Alkorta, El sector pesquero vizcaíno, 1800-1960. Análisis de la interacción de los elementos ambiental, extractivo y comercial en la pesquería (University of Deusto-Bilbao: Doctoral Thesis), 1993, ms.
12. R. Cubillo de la Puente, El pescado en la alimentación de Castilla y León durante los siglos XVIII y XIX (León: University of León), 1998.
13. The spread of the railway network also led to the expansion of the wet fish industry in North America, see J. E. Candow, "The Evolution and Impact of European Fishing Stations in the Northwest Atlantic," P. Holm D. J. and Starkey (eds.), Technological Change in the North Atlantic Fisheries (Esbjerb: Studia Atlantica), 1999, pp. 9-33.
14. R. Robinson, "The evolution of railway fish traffic policies: 1840-1866," The Journal of Transport History, Vol. 7, 1986, pp. 32-44.
15. J. A. Knauss, "British Fisheries during the Industrial Revolution," Ocean Development and International Law, Vol. 36, 2005, pp. 1-11.
16. R. Robinson, "The diffusion of steam in the fishing industries of Northwest Europe," International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. X, 1998, pp. 179-200
17. and R. Robinson, "Steam power and distant-water trawling," D. J. Starkey, C. Reid, and N. Ashcroft (eds.), England's Sea Fisheries: The Commercial Sea Fisheries of England and Wales since 1300 (London: Chatham Publishing), 2000, pp. 206-216.
18. P. Ogea Porta and F. Balseyro, La Marina y el crédito naval. Estudio económico, histórico y de legislación financiera (Madrid: Morata), 1944.
19. D. Sahrhage and J. Lundbeck, A History of Fishing (Germany: Springer-Verlag), 1992.
20. A. I. Sinde Cantorna, Estrategias de crecimiento y formas de integración en la empresa pesquera gallega (Madrid: Fundación de Empresa Pública), 2000.
21. For fishing vessels, see: J. Giráldez Rivero, Crecimiento y transformación del sector pesquero gallego, 1880-1936 (Madrid: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), 1996.
22. The merchant navy is addressed by J. M. Valdaliso Gago, Los navieros vascos y la Marina Mercante en España: 1860-1935. Una historia económica (Bilbao: IVAP), 1991.
23. V. Paz Andrade, Producciones y fluctuaciones pesqueras (Madrid: Unesa), 1954.
24. J. M. Navaz Sanz, Pesca marítima. Artes de pesca, embarcaciones, pesquerías, industrias (Madrid: Instituto Social de la Marina), 1945, p. 45
25. and D.Quiroga, "La Coruña Pesquera," Industrias Pesqueras, n 601-2, 1952, pp. 48-54.
26. "Pesquera Malagueña mothballed its 20 vessels in February 1927," Vasconia Industrial, 20 February 1927.
27. In June 1929, the company put all its corporate assets up for sale, Vasconia Industrial, 5 June 1929.
28. PEBSA (Pesquerías Españolas de Bacalao S.A.) was incorporated in Madrid in 1938, although it operated out of the port of A Coruña, where its entire fleet was registered and where it would subsequently open its processing plant. COPIBA (Compañía de Pesca e Industrias del Bacalao S.A.) was incorporated in 1940 and its operational center was Chapela (Vigo), on a site that now belongs to PESCANOVA.
29. PYSBE (Pesquerías y Secaderos de Bacalao de España) was incorporated in 1927 in Pasajes (Guipúzcoa). It was the first company that carried out this type of fishing on a continuous basis. Although there were previously other companies that had sent vessels to Newfoundland with good results, they did not uphold any kind of continuity over time, as in the case of a trawler from Galicia, the Melitón D. Domíinguez, which made several expeditions to Newfoundland in 1923. PYSBE would later open a factory in Ferrol in 1945. Industrias Pesqueras, 15 February 1945.
30. Until 1927, when the nationalization of cod fishing began and the creation of PYSBE coincided, almost all the cod consumed in Spain was imported (over 95%) from foreign countries. J. Lledó Martín, La pesca nacional (Madrid: Pegaso), 1943, p. 29.
31. Paz Andrade, supra note 21, p. 74.
32. In 1943, when those fishing areas were declared open, only two vessels were deployed by PYSBE. O. Rodríguez Martín, "La participación española en las áreas de Terranova, Groenlandia y Labrador," Información Comercial Española, No. 411, 1967, pp. 101-108.
33. A. García Barbancho, "El rendimiento de las parejas de arrastre," De Economía, Vol. 4, No. 24, 1953, pp. 371-385.
34. J. M. González Llanos Caruncho, "Tendencias actuales en la composición de las flotas mercantes y pesqueras," Second Address delivered at the Escuela de Guerra Naval, Madrid, 1953, p. 138, pro. ms.
35. J. Carmona Badía, "La economía en del siglo XX: Una panorámica," Papeles de Economía Española, Economía de las Comunidades Autónomas, Vol. 16, 1996, pp. 3-16.
36. Act 147/61, developed by Decree 7/1962 of the Ministry of Trade.
37. F. González Laxe, El proceso de crecimiento del sector pesquero español (1961-1978), (Santiago de Compostela: Doctoral Thesis, Santiago de Compostela), 1983, ms.
38. The first declaration of this kind was made by President Truman in 1945 when he declared that U.S. jurisdiction extended to all resources on the subsoil and seabed of the continental shelf. This would be followed two years later by Ecuador, Chile, and Peru, who would stake their own claims against unrestricted access to their waters. In 1958 at the First Convention on the Law of the Sea, no agreement was reached on the outer limit of territorial waters. At the time, few coastal states exceeded 12 miles, thus, 91% of the planet's coastal waters basically had unrestricted fisheries access.
39. Prior to what would be the Third Convention on the Law of the Sea, countries such as Argentina (1967) or Uruguay (1969) had already unilaterally extended their territorial waters.
40. L. Santos Rodríguez and J. F. Núñez Basañez, Fundamentos de pesca (Madrid: Fondo Editorial de Ingeniería Naval), 1994.
41. Resolution of The Hague of November 1976, whereby the EEZ was extended to 200 miles. The EEC closed its waters to fleets from several countries (Japan, then-USSR, Sweden) and, in turn, EEC vessels were expelled from the waters of a large number of countries.
42. Pursuant Article 61 and 62 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the coastal state is to determine: (a) the allowable catch of marine living resources in its EEZ, (b) the capacity of the catch to ensure the survival of the resources in its area against overfishing, and (c) the possibility of access by other states. On the last point, Article 62 states: "Where the coastal State does not have the capacity to harvest the entire allowable catch, it shall, through agreements or other arrangement... give other States access to the surplus of the allowable catch...."
43. P. Valdes Fernández, Administración de la empresa armadora de buques de pesca (Madrid: Industria Gráfica MAE), 1985.
44. The legislation was enacted on 8 October 1976 (Royal Decree 2517/76 of the Ministry of Trade).
45. In 1972, only two countries in the world had a fleet of vessels of more than 100 GRT that was larger than Spain's: The then-USSR, with 3,741 ships and 5,200,000 GRT; and Japan, with 2,898 ships and 1,170,000 GRT. The country that followed Spain in the ranking, and by a long way, was Poland, with 245 ships and 249,000 GRT. Industrias Pesquera, 1 February 1973.
46. Baartz, R., Entwicklung und strukturwandel der deutschen hochseeficherie unter besonderer berücksichtigung ihrer bedeutun für Siedlung, Wirtschaft and Verkehr Cuxhavens (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner), 1991.