Total lightning signatures of thunderstorm intensity over North Texas. Part I: Supercells

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 135, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 3281-3302

  Steiger, Scott M ^a   Orville, Richard E ^b   Carey, Lawrence D ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; LIGHTNING; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; TORNADOES; WEATHER FORECASTING;

REFLECTIVITY GRADIENT; SUPERCELLS; TORNADOGENESIS THEORY;

THUNDERSTORMS;

CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING; RADAR; REFLECTIVITY; SUPERCELL; THUNDERSTORM; TORNADO; UPDRAFT;

NORTH AMERICA; TEXAS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 35748951007     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR3472.1     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Baker, M. B., H. J. Christian, and J. Latham, 1995: A computational study of the relationships linking lightning frequency and other thundercloud parameters. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1525-1548.
2. Bluestein, H. B., and D. R. MacGorman, 1998: Evolution of cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics and storm structure in the Spearman, Texas, tornadic supercells of 31 May 1990. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1451-1467.
3. Boccippio, D. J., S. Heckman, and S. J. Goodman, 2001: A diagnostic analysis of the Kennedy Space Center LDAR network: 1. Data characteristics. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4769-4786.
4. Bruning, E. C., D. Rust, D. R. MacGorman, P. R. Krehbiel, R. Thomas, W. Rison, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin, 2002: Thunderstorm charge regions inferred from the vector electric field in combination with data from a lightning mapping array in STEPS. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 83 (Fall Meeting Suppl.), Abstract A71B-0095.
5. Carey, L. D., and S. A. Rutledge, 1998: Electrical and multiparameter radar observations of a severe hailstorm. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13 979-14 000.
6. Carey, L. D., and S. A. Rutledge, 2003: Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in severe and nonsevere storms over the central United States from 1989-1998. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4483, doi:10.1029/2002JD002951.
7. Carey, L. D., M. J. Murphy, T. L. McCormick, and N. W. S. Demetriades, 2005: Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line, trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03105, doi:10.1029/2003JD004371.
8. Coleman, L., T. Marshall, M. Stolzenburg, P. Krehbiel, R. Thomas, and D. Shown, 2000: Comparison of thunderstorm charge location indicated by the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and by balloon electric field soundings. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 81 (Fall Meeting Suppl.), Abstract A52C-27.
9. Cummins, K. L., M. J. Murphy, E. A. Bardo, W. L. Hiscox, R. B. Pyle, and A. E. Pifer, 1998: A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9035-9044.
10. Cummins, K. L., M. J. Murphy, and J. V. Tuel, 2000: Lightning detection methods and meteorological applications. Preprints, Fourth Int. Symp. on Military Meteorology, Malbork, Poland, WMO, 85-100.
11. Cummins, K. L., J. A. Cramer, C. J. Biagi, E. P. Krider, J. Jerauld, M. A. Uman, and V. A. Rakov, 2006: The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network: Post-upgrade status. Preprints, Second Conf. on Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 6.1.
12. Demetriades, N., M. J. Murphy, and K. L. Cummins, 2001: Cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning detection at LF and VHF: Early results from Global Atmospherics Dallas-Fort Worth LDAR II and IMPACT/ESP research networks. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 82 (Fall Meeting Suppl.), Abstract AE21A-07.
13. Detwiler, A. G., J. H. Helsdon, D. V. Kliche, Q. Mo, and T. A. Warner, 2002: Lightning characteristics of two storms observed during STEPS. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 311-314.
14. Dotzek, N., H. Höller, C. Théry, and T. Fehr, 2001: Lightning evolution related to radar-derived microphysics in the 21 July 1998 EULINOX supercell storm. Atmos. Res., 56, 335-354.
15. Dye, J. E., and Coauthors, 1986: Early electrification and precipitation development in a small, isolated Montana cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1231-1247.
16. Harlin, J. D., T. D. Hamlin, P. R. Krehbiel, R. J. Thomas, W. Rison, and D. Shown, 2000: LMA observations of tornadic storms during STEPS 2000. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 81 (Fall Meeting Suppl.), Abstract A52C-25.
17. Hondl, K. D., 2003: Capabilities and components of the Warning Decision Support System-Integrated Information (WDSS-II). Preprints, 19th Conf. on Interactive Information Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 14.7.
18. Johnson, J. T., P. L. MacKeen, A. Witt, E. D. Mitchell, G. J. Stumpf, M. D. Eilts, and K. W. Thomas, 1998: The Storm Cell Identification and Tracking algorithm: An enhanced WSR-88D algorithm. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 263-276.
19. Krehbiel, P. R., R. J. Thomas, W. Rison, T. Hamlin, J. Harlin, and M. Davis, 2000: GPS-based mapping system reveals lightning inside storms. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 81, 21-22, 25.
20. Lang, T. J., and S. A. Rutledge, 2002: Relationships between convective storm kinematics, precipitation, and lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2492-2506.
21. Lang, T. J., and Coauthors, 2004: The Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1107-1125.
22. Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell III, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornado-genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.
23. MacGorman, D. R., and K. E. Nielsen, 1991: Cloud-to-ground lightning in a tornadic storm on 8 May 1986. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1557-1574.
24. MacGorman, D. R., and W. D. Rust, 1998: The Electrical Nature of Storms. Oxford University Press, 422 pp.
25. MacGorman, D. R., D. W. Burgess, V. Mazur, W. D. Rust, W. L. Taylor, and B. C. Johnson, 1989: Lightning rates relative to tornadic storm evolution on 22 May 1981. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 221-250.
26. MacGorman, D. R., and Coauthors, 2002: Lightning relative to precipitation and tornadoes in a supercell storm during MEAPRS. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 423-426.
27. Mansell, E. R., D. R. MacGorman, C. Ziegler, and J. M. Straka, 2002: Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4075, doi:10.1029/2000JD000244.
28. Mazur, V., W. D. Rust, and J. C. Gerlach, 1986: Evolution of lightning flash density and reflectivity structure in a multicell thunderstorm. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8690-8700.
29. McCaul, E. W., J. Bailey, S. J. Goodman, R. Blakeslee, J. Hall, D. E. Buechler, and T. Bradshaw, 2002: Preliminary results from the North Alabama lightning mapping array. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, San Antonio, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 427-430.
30. McCormick, T. L., 2003: Three-dimensional radar and total lightning characteristics of mesoscale convective systems. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, 354 pp.
31. Murphy, M. J., and N. W. S. Demetriades, 2005: An analysis of lightning holes in a DFW supercell storm using total lightning and radar information. Extended Abstracts, Conf. on Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, San Diego, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 2.3.
32. NCDC, 2001: Storm Data. Vol. 43, No. 10, 174 pp. [Available from National Climatic Data Center, 151 Patton Ave., Asheville, NC 28801.]
33. Orville, R. E., and G. R. Huffines, 1999: Lightning ground flash measurements over the contiguous United States: 1995-97. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2693-2703.
34. Oye, D., and M. Case, 1995: REORDER: A program for gridding radar data, installation and use manual for the UNIX version. NCAR/Atmospheric Technology Division, Boulder, CO, 19 pp.
35. Perez, A. H., L. J. Wicker, and R. E. Orville, 1997: Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning associated with violent tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 428-437.
36. Proctor, D. E., 1991: Regions where lightning flashes began. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5099-5112.
37. Rakov, V. A., and M. A. Uman, 2003: Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge University Press, 687 pp.
38. Ray, P. S., D. R. MacGorman, W. D. Rust, W. L. Taylor, and L. W. Rasmussen, 1987: Lightning location relative to storm structure in a supercell storm and a multicell storm. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5713-5724.
39. Rison, W., R. J. Thomas, P. R. Krebbiel, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin, 1999: A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping system: Initial observations in central New Mexico. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3573-3576.
40. Rust, W. D., W. L. Taylor, and D. MacGorman, 1982: Preliminary study of lightning location relative to storm structure. Amer. Inst. Aeronaut. Astronaut. J., 20, 404-409.
41. Saunders, C. P. R., 1993: A review of thunderstorm electrification processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 642-655.
42. Saunders, C. P. R., and I. M. Brooks, 1992: The effects of high liquid water content on thunderstorm charging. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14 671-14 676.
43. Sharp, D. W., 2005: Operational applications of lightning data at WFO Melbourne, FL: A 15-year retrospective. Preprints, Conf. on Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, San Diego, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 1.1.
44. Stolzenburg, M., W. D. Rust, B. F. Smull, and T. C. Marshall, 1998a: Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions, 1. Mesoscale convective systems. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14 059-14 078.
45. Stolzenburg, M., W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall, 1998b: Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions, 2. Isolated storms. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14 079-14 096.
46. Stolzenburg, M., W. D. Rust, and T. C. Marshall, 1998c: Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions, 3. Synthesis. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14 097-14 108.
47. Storm Prediction Center, cited 2005: Storm reports. [Available online at http://spc.noaa.gov/climo/.]
48. Stumpf, G. J., A. Witt, E. D. Mitchell, P. L. Spencer, J. T. Johnson, M. D. Eilts, K. W. Thomas, and D. W. Burgess, 1998: The National Severe Storms Laboratory Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm for the WSR-88D. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 304-326.
49. Takahashi, T., 1978: Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548.
50. Thomas, R. J., P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, S. J. Hunyady, W. P. Winn, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin, 2004: Accuracy of the Lightning Mapping Array. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14207, doi:10.1029/2004JD004549.
51. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1986: Characteristics of isolated convective storms. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 331-358.
52. Wiens, K. C., S. A. Rutledge, and S. A. Tessendorf, 2005: The 29 June 2000 supercell observed during STEPS. Part II: Lightning and charge structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4151-4177.
53. Williams, E. R., 1989: The tripole structure of thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13 151-13 167.
54. Williams, E. R., 2001: The electrification of severe storms. Severe Convective Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 50, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 527-561.
55. Williams, E. R., and Coauthors, 1999: The behavior of total lightning activity in severe Florida thunderstorms. Atmos. Res., 51, 245-265.
56. Witt, A., M. D. Eilts, G. J. Stumpf, J. T. Johnson, E. D. Mitchell, and K. W. Thomas, 1998: An enhanced hail detection algorithm for the WSR-88D. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 286-303.
57. Ziegler, C. L., E. R. Mansell, D. R. MacGorman, and J. M. Straka, 2003: Electrification and lightning in a simulated supercell thunderstorm. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, France, International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity.