Chemistry and fate of simazine

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Volumn 189, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-23

  Gunasekara, Amrith S ^a   Troiano, John ^b   Goh, Kean S ^b   Tjeerdema, Ronald S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HERBICIDE; SIMAZINE;

CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; POLLUTANT; REVIEW;

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HERBICIDES; SIMAZINE;

EID: 35748943240     PISSN: 01795953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-35368-5_1     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adams, NH, Levi, PE, Hodgson, E (1990) In vitro studies of the metabolism of atrazine, simazine, and terbutryn in several vertebrate species. J Agric Food Chem 38:1411-1417.
2. Ahrens, WH (1994) Herbicide Handbook, 7th Ed.Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL.
3. Albanis, TA, Hela, DG, Sakellarides, TM, Konstantinou, IK (1998) Monitoring of pesticide residues and their metabolites in surface and underground waters of Imathia (N. Greece) by means of solid-phase extraction disks and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 823:59-71.
4. Bacey, J, Starner, K, Spurlock, F (2004) The Occurrence and Concentration of Esfenvalerate and Permethrin in Water and Sediment in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Watersheds. EH 04-01. California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, pp 340-341.
5. Barriuso, E, Houto, S, Serra-Wittling, C (1997) Influence of compost addition to soil on the behavior of herbicides. Pestic Sci 49:65-75.
6. Battaglin, WA, Goolsby, DA (1999) Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers? Environ Sci Technol 33:2917-2925.
7. Beltran, J, Gerritse, RG, Hernandez, F (1998) Effect of flow rate on the adsorption and desorption of glyphosate, simazine, and atrazine in columns of sandy soils. Eur J Soil Sci 49:149-156.
8. Brereton, C, House, WA, Armitage, PD, Wotten, RS (1999) Sorption of pesticides to novel materials: Snail pedal mucus and blackfly silk. Environ Pollut 105:55-65.
9. CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulations) (2003a) Summary Report: Complete Report with Summary Data Indexed by Chemical. California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, pp 340-341. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur03rep/chmrpt03.pdf (verified February 1, 2006).
10. CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulations) (2003b) Top 100 Lists:THe Top 100 Pesticides Used Statewide (All Sites Combined) in 2003. California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, p 1. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur03rep/top100_ais.pdf (verified February 1, 2006).
11. Celis, R, Cornejo, J, Hermosin, MC, Koskinen, WC (1997) Sorption-desorption of atrazine and simazine by model soil colloidal components. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61:436-443.
12. Celis, R, Cornejo, J, Hermosin, MC, Koskinen, WC (1998) Sorption of atrazine and simazine by model associations of soil colloids. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:165-171.
13. Chevreuil, M, Garmouma, M, Teil, MJ, Chesterikoff, A (1996) Occurrence of organochlorines (PCBs, pesticides) and herbicides (triazines, phenylureas) in the atmosphere and in the fallout from urban and rural stations of the Paris area. Sci Total Environ 182:25-37.
14. Cogger, CG, Bristow, PR, Stark, JD, Getzin, LW, Montgomery, M (1998) Transport and Persistence of pesticide in alluvial soils: I. simazine. J Environ Qual 27:543-550.
15. Comber, SDW (1999) Abiotic persistence of atrazine and simazine in water. Pestic Sci 55:696-702.
16. Cook, A, Hutter, R (1984) Deethylsimazine bacterial dechlorination, deamination and complete degradation. J Agric Food Chem 32:581-585.
17. Cox, L, Hermosín,MC, Cornejo, J (1999) Leaching of simazine in organic-amended soils. Commun Soil Sci Plan 30:1697-1706.
18. Cox, L, Celis, R, Hermosín, MC, Cornejo, J, Zsolnay, A, Zeller, K (2000a) Effects of organic amendments on herbicide sorption as related to the nature of the dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 34:4600-4605.
19. Cox, L, Celis, R, Hermosín, MC, Cornejo, J (2000b) Natural soil colloids to retard simazine and 2,4-D leaching in soil. J Agric Food Chem 48:93-99.
20. Cox, L, Cecchi, A, Celis, R, Hermosín, MC, Koskinen,WC, Cornejo, J (2001) Effect of exogenous carbon on movement of simazine and 2,4-D in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65:1688-1695.
21. Cremlyn, RJ (1990) Agrochemicals: Preparation and Mode of Action. J Wiley, West Sussex, UK.
22. Cruz-Guzmán, M, Celis, R, Hermosín, MC, Cornejo, J (2004) Adsorption of the herbicide simazine by montmorillonite modified with natural organic cations. Environ Sci Technol 38:180-186.
23. Curren, MSS, King, JW (2001) Solubility of triazines pesticides in pure and modified subcritical water. Anal Chem 73:740-745.
24. Davis, NM, Lydy, MJ (2002) Evaluating best management practices at an urban golf course. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1076-1084.
25. Edwards, CA (1965) Effects of pesticide residues on soil invertebrates and plants. In: 5th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, UK, pp 239-261.
26. Ertunç, T, Hartlieb, N, Berns, A, Klein, W, Schaeffer, A (2002) Investigation on the binding mechanism of the herbicide simazine to dissolved organic matter in leachates from compost. Chemosphere 49:597-604.
27. Evgenidou, E, Fytianos, K (2002) Photodegradation of trazine herbicides in aqueous solutions and natural waters. J Agric Food Chem 50:6423-6427.
28. Filazzola, MT, Sanniono, F, Gianfreda, L (1999) Effect of various pollutants and soil-like constituents on laccase from Cerrena unicolor. J Environ Qual 28:1929-1938.
29. Flury, M (1996) Experimental evidence of transport of pesticides through field soils; a review. J Environ Qual 25:24-45.
30. García-Valcárcel, AI, Tadeo, JL (1999) Influence of soil moisture on sorption and degradation of hexazinon and simazine in soil. J Agric Food Chem 47:3895-3900.
31. Ghabbour, SI, Imam, M (1967) The effect of five herbicides on three oligochaete species. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 4:119-122.
32. Glenn, S, Angle, JS (1987) Atrazine and simazine in runoff from conventional and no-till corn watersheds. Agric Ecosyst Environ 18:273-280.
33. Glotfelty, DE, Leech, MM, Jersey, J, Taylor, AW (1989) Volatilization and wind erosion of soil surface applied atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and taxaphene. J Agric Food Chem 37:546-551.
34. Habecker, MA (1989) Environmental Contamination at Wisconsin Pesticide Mixing/Loading Facilities: Case Study, Investigations and Remedial Action Evaluation.Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Agricultural Resource Management Division, Madison, WI.
35. Harman-Fetcho, JA, McConnell, LL, Baker, JE (1999) Agricultural pesticides in the Patuxent river, a tributary of the Chesapeake bay. J Environ Qual 28:928-938.
36. 14C-labeled organic contaminants during composting of municipal biowaste. Sci Total Environ 278:1-10.
37. Hassink, J, Klein, A, Kordel, W, Klein, W (1994) Behavior of herbicides in non-cultivated soils. Chemosphere 28:285-295.
38. Holden, LR, Graham, JA, Whitmore, RW, Alexander, WJ, Pratt, RW, Liddle, SK, Piper, LL (1992) Results of the national alachlor well water survey. Environ Sci Technol 26:935-943.
39. Huston, PL, Pignatello, JJ (1999) Degradation of selected pesticide active ingredients and commercial formulations in water by the photo-assisted Fenton reaction. Water Res 33:1238-1246.
40. Kodama, T, Ding, L, Yoshida, M, Yajima, M (2001) Biodegradation of an s-triazine herbicide, simazine. J Mol Catal B Enzym 11:1073-1078.
41. Kosanke, GJ, Schwippert, WW, Beneke, TW (1988) The impairment of mobility and development in freshwater snails (Physafontinalis and Lymnaea stagnalis) caused by herbicides. Comp Biochem Phys C 90:373-380.
42. 14C-labeled soybean and corn pesticides in tropical soils of Brazil under laboratory conditions. J Agric Food Chem 50:4619-4627.
43. Lagas, P, Verdam, B, Loch, JPG (1989) Threat to groundwater quality by pesticides in the Netherlands. In: Sahuquillo J, Andreu J, O'Donnell T (eds) Groundwater Management: Quantity and Quality. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, UK, pp 171-180.
44. Laird, DA, Barriuso, E, Dowdy, RH, Koskinen, WC (1992) Adsorption of atrazine on smectites. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:62-67.
45. Lennartz, B, Louchart, X, Voltz, M, Andrieux, P (1997) Diuron and simazine losses to run off water in Mediterranean vineyards. J Environ Qual 26:1493-1502.
46. Liu, F, O'Connell, NV (2002) Off-site movement of surface-applied simazine from a citrus orchard as affected by irrigation incorporation. Weed Sci 50:672-676.
47. Liu, F, O'Connell, NV (2003) Movement of simazine in run off water and weed control from citrus orchard as affected by reduced rate of herbicide application. Bioresour Technol 86:253-258.
48. Long, T (1989) Groundwater contamination in the vicinity of agrichemical mixing and loading facilities. In: Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference: Proceedings. University of Illinois College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Services, Urbana-Champaign, IL, pp 139-149.
49. Louchart, X, Voltz, M, Andrieux, P, Moussa, R (2001) Herbicide transport to surface waters at field and watershed scales in a Mediterranean vineyard area. J Environ Qual 30:982-991.
50. Martin-Montalvo, D, Mengs, G, Ferrer, E, Allende, JL, Alonso, R, Martin, M (1997) Simazine degradation by immobilized and suspended soil bacterium. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 40:93-99.
51. Matsui, Y, Knappe, DRU, Iwaki, K, Ohira, H (2002) Pesticide adsorption by granular activated carbon adsorbers. 2. Effects of pesticide and natural organic matter characteristics on pesticide breakthrough curves. Environ Sci Technol 36:3432-3438.
52. Melnikov, NN (1971) Chemistry of pesticides. In: Gunther FA, Gunther JD (eds) Residue Reviews. Springer-Verlag, New York, 36:435.
53. Montgomery, JH (1997) Agrochemicals Desk Reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 162-168.
54. Mougin, C, Laugero, C, Asther, M, Dubroca, J, Frasse, P (1994) Biotransformation of the herbicide atrazine by the white rot fungus Phanerochete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:705-708.
55. Mougin, C, Laugero, C, Asther, M, Chaplain, V (1997) Biotransformation of s-traizine herbicides and related degradation products in liquid cultures by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Pestic Sci 49:169-177.
56. Noblet, JA, Smith, LA, Suffet, IHM (1996) Influence of natural dissolved organic matter, temperature, and mixing on the aboitic hydrolysis of triazines and organophosphate pesticides. J Agric Food Chem 44:3685-3693.
57. Oliveira, RS Jr, Koskinen, WC, Ferriera, FA (2001) Sorption and leaching potential of herbicides on Brazilian soils. Weed Res 41:97-110.
58. Power, M, Attrill, MJ, Thomas, RM (1999) Trends in agricultural pesticide (atrazine, lindane, simazine) concentrations in the Thames estuary. Environ Pollut 104:31-39.
59. Reddy, KN, Singh, M, Alvia, AK (1992) Sorption and leaching of bromacil and simazine in Florida flatwoods soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48:662-670.
60. Ritter, WF, Chirnside, AEM, Scarborough, RW (1996) Movement and degradation of triazines, alachlor, and metolachlor in sandy soils. J Environ Sci Health A 31:2699-2721.
61. 2. J Environ Sci Health B 36:809-819.
62. Sanders, HO (1969) Toxicities of pesticides to the crustacean Gammarus lacustris. Tech Pap Bur Sport Fish Wildl 25:1-17.
63. Sannino, F, Filazzola, MT, Violante, A, Gianfreda, L (1999a) Adsorption-desorption of simazine on montmorillonite coated by hydroxyl aluminum species. Environ Sci Technol 33:4221-4225.
64. Sannino, F, Filazzola, MT, Violante, A, Gianfreda, L (1999b) Fate of herbicides influenced by biotic and abiotic interactions. Chemosphere 39:333-341.
65. Sawunyama, P, Bailey, GW (2002) Computational chemistry study of the environmentally important acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of atrazine and related 2-chloro-s-triazines. Pestic Manage Sci 58:759-768.
66. Shertzer, RH, Hall, DW, Steffy, SA, Kime, RA (1998) Relationships between land uses and rainwater quality in a south central Pennsylvania watershed. J Am Water Res Assoc 34:13-26.
67. Spliid, NH, Koppen, B (1998) Occurrence of pesticides in Danish shallow ground water. Chemosphere 37:1307-1316.
68. Spurlock, F, Burow, K, Dubrovsky, N (2000) Chlor of luoro carbon dating of herbicide-containing well waters in Fresno and Tulare counties, California. J Environ Qual 29:474-483.
69. Stearman, GK, Wells, JM, Cripps, RW (1997) Leaching and run off of simazine, 2-4-D, and bromide from nursery plots. J Soil Water Conserv 52:137-144.
70. Strong, LC, Rosendahl, C, Johnson, G, Sadwosky, MJ, Wackett, LP (2002) Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 metabolizes diverse s-triazine ring compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5973-5980.
71. Tennant, AH, Peng, BC, Kligerman, AD (2001) Genotoxicity studies of three triazine herbicides: In vivo studies using the alkaline single cell gel (SCG) assay. Mutat Res 493:1-10.
72. Troiano, J, Garretson, C (1998) Movement of simazine in run off water from citrus orchard row middles as affected by mechanical incorporation. J Environ Qual 27:488-494.
73. Troiano, J, Nordmark, C (2002) Memo: Distribution of triazine residues in wells in relation to current and proposed maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Department of Pesticide Regulation, Cal/EPA, Sacramento,CA. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/pubs/memos.htm (verified February 1, 2006).
74. Troiano, J, Weaver, D, Marade, J, Spurlock, F, Pepple, M, Nordmark, C, Bartkowiak, D (2001) Summary of well water sampling in California to detect pesticide residues resulting from nonpoint-source applications. J Environ Qual 30:448-459.
75. U.S. EPA (2003) Consumer factsheet on simazine. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/dw_contamfs/simazine.html (verified September 25, 2006)
76. Vencill, WK, Armbrust, K, Hancock, GH, Johnson, D, McDonald, G, Kintner, D, Lichtner, F, McLean, H, Reynolds, J, Rushing, D, Senseman, S, Wauchope, D (2002) Simazine. In: Vencill WK (ed) Herbicide Handbook, 8th Ed.Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence, KS, pp 397-399.
77. Verschueren, K (1984) Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd Ed.Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 363-364.
78. Vink, JPM, van der Zee, SEATM (1997a) Effect of oxygen status on pesticide transformation and sorption in undistributed soil and lake sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:608-616.
79. Vink, JPM, van der Zee, SEATM (1997b) Pesticide biotransformation in surface waters: Multivariate analyses of environmental factors at field sites. Water Res 31:2858-2868.
80. Wade, HF, York, AC, Morey, E, Padmore, JM, Rudo, KM (1998) The impact of pesticide use on groundwater in North Carolina. J Environ Qual 27: 1018-1026.
81. Wang, Y-S, Duh, J-R, Lin, K-Y, Chen, Y-L (1996) Movement of three s-triazine herbicides atrazine, simazine, and ametryn in subtropical soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57:743-750.
82. Ware, GW, Whitacre, DM (2004) The Pesticide Book, 6th Ed. MeisterPRO Publications, Willoughby, OH.
83. Wauchope, RD (1978) The pesticide content of surface waters draining from agricultural fields: A review. J Environ Qual 7:459-472.
84. Wauchope, RD, Buttler, TM, Hornsby, AG, Augustijn-Beckers, PWM, Burt, JP (1992) The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision-making. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123:1-164.
85. 14C] simazine in canna hybrida "Yellow King Humbert". Environ Toxicol Chem 18:1462-1468.