Is it an inside job? An examination of internal affairs complaint investigation files and the production of nonsustained findings

Criminal Justice Policy Review

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 353-377

  Liederbach, John ^a   Boyd, Lorenzo M ^b   Taylor, Robert W ^c   Kawucha, Soraya K ^c  

^a BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FAYETTEVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Complaints against police; Internal a fairs units; Police complaint review

Indexed keywords

EID: 35748933558     PISSN: 08874034     EISSN: 15523586     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0887403407303799     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Adams, K. (1993). Measuring the prevalence of police abuse of force. In W. A Geller & H. Toch (Eds.), And justice for all: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force (pp. 61 - 98). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
2. American Civil Liberties Union. (1966). Police power and citizen's rights: The case for an independent police review board. New York: Author.
3. American Civil Liberties Union. (1992). Fighting police abuse: A community action manual. New York: Author.
4. Banton, M. (1964). The policeman and the community. London: Tavistock.
5. Bartels, E.C., & Silverman, E.B. (2005). An exploratory study of the New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board mediation program. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 28, 619-630.
6. Bayley, D.H., & Mendelsohn, H. (1969). Minorities and the police. New York: The Free Press.
7. Bittner, E. (1970). The functions of police in modern society. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
8. Black, D. (1980). The manners and customs of the police. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
9. Black, D., & Reiss, A.J. (1967). Patterns of behavior and citizen transactions. In President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Field Survey no. 3. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
10. Brooks, L.W. (1993). Police discretionary behavior: A study of style. In R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.), Critical issues in policing (pp. 140 - 164). Chicago: Waveland.
11. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1998). Criminal victimization and perceptions of community safety in 12 cities. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
12. Cancino, J. (2001). Walking among giants 50 years later: An exploratory analysis of patrol officer use of violence. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 24, 144-161.
13. Chevigny, P. (1969). Police power: Police abuses in New York City. New York: Vintage Books.
14. Cincinnati Enquirer. (2001, April 19). Cincinnati's call to change, p. B-1.
15. Cole, D. (1999). No equal justice: Race and class in the American criminal justice system. New York: The New Press.
16. Davis, K. (1969). Discretionary justice. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
17. Dugan, J.R., & Breda, D.R. (1991). Complaints about police officers: A comparison among types and agencies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19, 165-171.
18. Fogel, D. (1987). Investigation and disciplining of police misconduct: A comparative view. Police Studies, 10, 1-15.
19. Goldsmith, A.J. (1988). New directions in police complaint procedures: Some conceptual and comparative departures. Police Studies, 11, 60.
20. Goldsmith, A.J. (1991). Complaints against the police: The trend to external review. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Goldstein, J. (1960). Police discretion not to invoke the criminal justice process: Low-visibility decisions in the administration of justice. Yale Law Journal, 69, 543-594.
22. Griswold, D.B. (1994). Complaints against police: Predicting dispositions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 22, 215-221.
23. Heaphy, J.F. (1978). Police practices: The general administrative survey. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
24. Hill, K.C. (2003). Meeting expectation: The application of restorative justice to the police complaint process. University for Oxford Centre for Criminological Research and Probation Studies: Oxford.
25. Holmes, M.D. (2000). Minority threat and police brutality: Determinants of civil rights criminal complaints in US municipalities. Criminology, 38, 343-367.
26. Huang, W.S., & Vaughn, M.S. (1996). Support and confidence: Public attitudes toward the police. In T. J. Flanagan & D. R. Longmire (Eds.), Americans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey 31 - 45). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
27. Hudson, J.R. (1970). Police-citizen encounters that lead to citizen complaints. Social Problems, 18, 179-193.
28. Human Rights Watch. (1998). Shielded from justice: Police brutality and accountability in the United States. New York: Author.
29. Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department. (1991). Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department. Los Angeles: Author.
30. Jackson, A.L., & Boyd, L.M. (2005). Minority-threat hypothesis and the workload hypothesis: A community-level examination of lenient policing in high crime communities. Criminal Justice Studies, 18, 29-50.
31. Kappeler, V.E., Sluder, R.D., & Alpert, G.P. (1998). Forces of deviance: Understanding the dark side of policing (2 nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
32. Kerstetter, W.A. (1987). Police leadership in America: Crisis and opportunity. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.
33. Langworthy, R.H., & Travis, L.F. III (2003). Policing in America: A balance of forces (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
34. Lersch, K.M. (1998). Predicting citizen race in allegations of misconduct against the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 87-97.
35. Levin, J., & Thomas, A.R. (1997). Experimentally manipulating race: Perceptions of police brutality in an arrest: A research note. Justice Quarterly, 14, 577-586.
36. Lundman, R. (1980). Police and policing: An introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
37. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. (1968). The 1968 report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders-Summary. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
38. New York City Police Department (Civilian Complaint Review Board) (1986). Nationwide survey of civilian complaint systems. New York: Author.
39. New York Times. (1997, October 23). From some parents, warning about police, pp. A-7.
40. Pate, A.M., & Fridell, L.A. (1993). Police use of force: Official reports, citizen complaints, and legal consequences. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
41. Pate, A. & Hamilton, E.E. (1991). Big Six: Policing America's Largest Cities. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
42. Petterson, W.E. (1991). Police accountability and civilian oversight of policing: An American perspective. In A. Goldsmith (Ed.), Complaints against the police: The trend to external review (pp. 259-291). New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Prenzler, T. & Ronkin, C. (2001). Models of police oversight: A critique. Policing and Society, 11, 151-180.
44. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice. (1967). A national survey of police-community relations: Field surveys V. Washington, DC: US Government printing Office.
45. Reiss, A.J. (1967). Studies on crime and law enforcement in major metropolitan areas. In President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Field Survey no. 3. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
46. Reiss, A.J. (1970). Police brutality-answers to key questions. In M. Lipinsky (Ed.), Law and order police encounters. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Publishing.
47. Rojek, J., Decker, S.H., & Wagner, A.E. (2005). Addressing police misconduct: The role of citizen complaints. In R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.), Critical issues in policing: Contemporary readings (pp. 258-279). Long Grove, IL: Waveland.
48. Rosenfeld, S. (1996, December 29). San Francisco pays big when cops shoot civilians. San Francisco Examiner, p. XX.
49. Russell, K. (1978). Complaints against the police: A sociological view. Glenfield, Leicester, England: Milltak Limited.
50. Skolnick, J.H. (1994). Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
51. Smothers, R. (1995, December 29). Atlanta police face criticism in recent killing by an officer. Atlanta Journal Constitution, p. XX.
52. Tuch, S.A., & Weitzer, R. (1997). Polls-trends: Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 642-663.
53. Verdugo, R.R. (2002). Race-ethnicity, social class, and zero tolerance policies: The cultural and structural wars. Education and Urban Society, 35, 50-75.
54. Wagner, A.E. (1980). Citizen complaints against the police: The complainant. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8, 373-377.
55. Walker, S. (2005). The new world of police accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Walker, S., & Archbold, C. (2000). Mediating citizen complaints against the police: An exploratory study. University of Missouri Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2, 231-244.
57. Walker, S., Archbold, C., & Herbst, L. (2002). Mediating citizen complaints against police o ficers: A guide for police and community leaders. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing.
58. Walker, S., & Graham, N. (1998). Citizen complaints in response to police misconduct: The results of a victimization survey. Police Quarterly, 1, 65-89.
59. Walker, S., & Wright, B. (1995). Citizen review of the police-1994: A national survey. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
60. West, P. (1987). PERF investigation of complaints against the police survey. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
61. Westley, W. (1970). Violence and the police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62. Winick, C. (1987). Public opinion on police mis-use of force: A New York study. Report to the Governor: Vol. III. Albany: New York State Commission on Criminal Justice and the Use of Force.
63. Wilson, J.Q. (1968). Varieties of police behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
64. Worrall, J.L. (2002). If you build it, they will come: Consequences of improved citizen complaint review procedures. Crime & Delinquency, 48, 355-379.