Skin morphology and its mechanical properties associated with loading

Pressure Ulcer Research: Current and Future Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 161-185

  Hagisawa, Satsue ^a   Shimada, Tatsuo ^b  

^a KUMAMOTO HEALTH SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b OITA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35648963411     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28804-X_11     Document Type: Chapter

References (77)

1. Osborne S (1987) A quality circle investigation. Nurs Times Feb. 18:73-76
2. Goode HF, Burns E, Walker BE (1992) Vitamin C depletion and pressure sores in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. BMJ 305(17):925-927
3. Exton-Smith AN, Sherwin RW (1961) The prevention of pressure sores: Significance of spontaneous bodily movements. Lancet 11:1124-1126
4. Defloor T (1999) The risk of pressure sores: A conceptual scheme. J Clin Nurs 8:206-216
5. Allman RM (1989) Pressure ulcers among the elderly. N Engl J Med 320(13):850-853
6. Anderson TP, Andberg MM (1979) Psychosocial factors associated with pressure sores. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 60:341-346
7. Krouskop TA (1983) A synthesis of the factors that contribute to pressure sore formation. Med Hypotheses 11(2):255-267
8. Schubert V, Fagrell B (1991) Evaluation of the dynamic cutaneous post-ischemic hyperemia and thermal responses in elderly subjects and in an area at risk for pressure sores. Clin Physiol 11:169-182
9. Hagisawa S, Ferguson-Pell M, Cardi M, Miller SD (1994) Assessment of skin blood content and oxygenation in spinal cord injured subjects during reactive hyperemia. J Rehabil Res Dev 31(1):1-14
10. Bader DL (1990) The recovery characteristics of soft tissues following repeated loading. J Rehabil Res Dev 27:141-150
11. Bogie KM, Nuseibeh I, Bader DL (1992) Transcutaneous gas tension in the sacrum during the acute phase of spinal injury. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 206(1):1-6
12. Holloway GA (1984) Physiological causes of skin breakdown, In National Symposium on the Care, Treatment and Prevention of Decubitus Ulcers. Conference Proceedings, Virginia, pp 13-16
13. Ferguson-Pell M, Hagisawa S (1988) Biochemical changes in sweat following prolonged ischemia. J Rehabil Res Dev 25(3):57-62
14. Polliack AA, Taylor R, Bader DL (1991) Sweat analysis of soft tissue under load. Annual Report 18, Oxford Orthopaedic Engineering Centre, pp 19-24
15. Hyman WA, Artigue RS (1977) Oxygen and lactic acid transport in skeletal muscle effect of reactive hyperemia. Ann Biomed Eng 5:260-272
16. McCord JM (1985) Oxygen-free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 312(3):159-163
17. Cute DC, Ishida T, Yarimizu K, Korthuis RJ (1988) Inflammatory responses to ischemia and reperfusion in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 179:169-187
18. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T (1999) Acute and chronic inflammation. In: Pathologic basis of disease, 6th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 50-88
19. Sundin BM, Hussein MA, Glasofer S, El-Falaky MH, Abdel-Aleem SM, Sachse RE, Klitzman B (2000) The role of allopurinol and deferoxamine in preventing pressure ulcers in pigs. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:1408-1421
20. Houwing R, Overgoor M, Kon M, Jansen G, Asbeck ACV, Haalboom JRE (2000) Pressure-induced skin lesions in pigs: reperfusion injury and the effects of vitamin E. J Wound Care 9(1):36-40
21. Husain T (1953) An experimental study of some pressure effects on tissues with reference to the bed-sore problem. J Pathol Bacteriol 66:347-358
22. Kosiak M (1961) Etiology of decubitus ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 42:19-29
23. Wilms-Kretschmer K, Majno G (1969) Ischemia of the skin. Am J Pathol 54(3):327-343
24. Nola GT, Vistnes LM (1980) Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 66(5):728-733
25. Groth KE (1942) Klinische Beobachtungen und Experimented Studien iiber die Entstehung des Decubitus. Acta Chir Scand 87 [Suppl 76]: 1-203
26. Kosiak M (1959) Etiology and pathology of ischemic ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 40:62-68
27. Dinsdale SM (1973) Decubitus ulcers in swine: Light and electron microscopy study of pathogenesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 55:51-56, 74
28. Daniel RK, Priest LD, Wheatley DC (1981) Etiologic factors in pressure sores: An experimental model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 62:492-498
29. Reswick JB, Rogers JE (1976) Experience at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital with devices and techniques to prevent pressure sores. In: Kenedi RM, Cowden JM, Scales JT (eds) Bedsore biomechanics. University Park Press, London, pp 301-310
30. Rose EH, Vistnes LM, Ksander GA (1977) The panniculus carnosus in the domestic pig. Plast Reconstr Surg 59(1):94-97
31. Le KM, Madsen BL, Barth PW, Ksander GA, Angell JB. Vistnes LM (1984) An in-depth look at pressure sores using monolithic silicon pressure sensors. Plast Reconstr Surg 74(6):745-754
32. Dodd KT, Gross DR (1991) Three-dimensional tissue deformation in subcutaneous tissues overlying bony prominences may help to explain external load transfer to the interstitium J Biomechanics 24(1):11-19
33. Sangeorzan BJ, Harrington RM, Wyss CD, Czerniecki JM, Matsen FA (1989) Circulatory and mechanical response of skin to loading. J Orthop Res 7:425-431
34. Todd BA, Thacker JG (1994) Three-dimensional computer model of the human buttocks, in vivo. J Rehabil Res Dev 31(2):111-119
35. Hagisawa S, Shimada T, Arao H, Asada Y (2001) Morphological architecture and distribution of blood capillaries and elastic fibres in the human skin. J Tissue Viability 11(2):59-63
36. Sanders JE, Goldstein BS, Leotta DF (1995) Skin response to mechanical stress: adaptation rather than breakdown - a review of the literature. J Rehabil Res Dev 32(3):214-226
37. Pasyk KA, Thomas SV, Hassett CA, Cherry GW, Faller R (1989) Regional differences in capillary density of the normal human dermis. Plast Reconstr Surg 83(6):939-947
38. Ryan TJ (1983) Cutaneous circulation, In: Goldsmith LA (ed) Biochemistry and physiology of the skin., Oxford University Press, New York, pp 828-831
39. Liu X, Zhang Y, Liao J (1998) Regional differences in density of children's skin - an enzyme histochemical and stereological study, Zhonghua Zheng Xing Shao Wai Ke Za Zhi 14(6):448-451
40. Tsuchida Y (1987) Regional differences in the skin blood flow at various sites of the body studied by Xenon 133. Plast Reconstr Surg 80(5):705-710
41. Scelsi R, Scelsi L, Bocchi R, Lotta S (1995) Morphological changes in the skin microlymphatics in recently injured paraplegic patients with ilio-femoral venous thrombosis. Paraplegia 33:472-475
42. Reddy NP (1990) Effects of mechanical stresses on lymph and interstitial fluid flows, In: Bader DL (ed) Pressure sores: clinical practice and scientific approach. Macmillan Scientific & Medical, London, pp 203-220
43. Shimada T, Morita T, Oya M. (1991) Structures and architectures of lymphatic capillaries: Morphological differences from blood capillaries. Jpn Soc Electron Microsc 26(1):66-71
44. Reddy NP, Patel K (1995) A mathematical model of flow through the terminal lymphatics. Med Eng Phys 17(2):134-140
45. Miller GE, Seale J (1981) Lymphatic clearance during compressive loading, Lymphology 14:161-166
46. Ghadially R (1998) Aging and the epidermal permeability barrier: implications for contact dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermatitis 9(3):162-169
47. Gibson T, Kenedi RM, Craik JE (1965) The mobile micro-architecture of dermal collagen. Br J Surg 52:764-770
48. Arao H, Obata M, Shimada T, Hagisawa S (1998) Morphological characteristics of the dermal papillae in the development of pressure sores. J Tissue Viability 8(3):17-23
49. Parry DAD, Barnes GRG, Craig AS (1978) A comparison of the size distribution of collagen fibrils in connective tissues as a function of age and a possible relation between fibril size distribution and mechanical properties. Proc R Soc Biol Sci 203:305-321
50. Silver FH, Kato YP, Ohno M, Wasserman AJ (1992) Analysis of mammalian connective tissue: relationship between hierarchical structure and mechanical properties. J Long-Term Effects Med Implants 2(2, 3):165-198
51. Richey M, Richey HK, Fenske NA (1988) Aging-related skin changes: development and clinical meaning. Geriatrics 43(4):49-64
52. Lavker RM, Zheng PS, Dong G (1986) Morphology of aged skin. Dermatol Clin 4(3):379-389
53. Fenske NA, Conard CB (1988) Aging skin. Am Fam Physician 37(2):219-230
54. Smith L (1989) Histopathologic characteristics and ultrastructure of aging skin. CUTIS 43:414-423
55. Daly CH, Odland GF (1979) Age-related changes in the mechanical properties of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 73:84-87
56. Gilchrest BA, Murphy GF, Soter NA (1982) Effect of chronologic aging and ultraviolet irradiation on Langerhans cells in human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 79(2):85-88
57. Kohn S, Kohn D, Schiller D (1990) Epidermal Langerhans' cells in elderly patients with decubital ulcers. J Dermatol 17:724-728
58. Rodriguez GP, Claus-Walker J (1988) Biochemical changes in skin composition in spinal cord injury: a possible contribution to decubitus ulcers. Paraplegia 26:302-309
59. Klein L, Dawson MH, Heiple KG (1977) Turnover of collagen in the adult rat after denervation. J Bone Joint Surg 159-A (8): 1065-1067
60. Rodriguez GP, Claus-Walker J, Kent MC, Garza HM (1989) Collagen metabolite excretion as a predictor of bone-and skin-related complications in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70:442-444
61. Stover SL (1987) Arthritis related interests in spinal cord injury J Rheumatol 14 [Suppl 15]: 82-88
62. Tanaka K (1963) Structural changes in the capillary of the skin in chronic spinal cord injured patients examined with vital microscopy. Scientific Report of National Hakone Sanatorium, Japan, pp 222-231 (in Japanese)
63. Van Den Hoogen F, Brawn LA, Sherriff S, Watson N, Ward JD (1986) Arteriovenous shunting in quadriplegia. Paraplegia 24:282-286
64. Fischer TW, Wigger-Alberti W, Eisner P (2001) Assessment of 'dry skin': Current bioengineering methods and test designs. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14:183-195
65. Blank IH (1953) Further observation on factors which influence the water content of stratum corneum. I Invest Dermatol 259-269
66. Wildnauer RH, Bothwell JW, Douglass AB (1971) Stratum corneum biomechanical properties. I. Influence of relative humidity on normal and extracted human stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 56(1):72-78
67. Allman RM, Laprade CA, Noel LB, Walker JM, Moorer CA, Dear MR, Smith CR (1986) Pressure sores among hospitalized patients. Ann Int Med 195:337-342
68. Berlowitz DR, Wilking SVB (1989) Risk factors for pressure sores: A comparison of cross-sectional and cohort-derived data. J Am Geriatr Soc 37:1043-1050
69. Yarkony GM (1993) Aging skin, pressure ulcers and spinal cord injury, In: Whitenock GG et al (eds) Aging with spinal cord injury. Demos, New York, pp 39-52
70. Sanders JE, Goldstein BS (2001) Collagen fibril diameters increase and fibril densities decrease in skin subjected to repetitive compressive and shear stresses. J Biomechanics 34:1581-1587
71. Wang YH, Sanders JE (2003) How does skin adapt to repetitive mechanical stress to become load tolerant? Med Hypotheses 61(1):29-35
72. Shea JD (1975) Pressure sores classification and management. Clin Orthop 112:89-100
73. Vermillion C (1990) Operating room acquired pressure ulcers. Decubitus 3(1):26-30
74. Witkowski JA, Parish LC (1982) Histopathology of the decubitus ulcer. J Am Acad Dermatol 6:1014-1021
75. Barnett SE (1987) Histology of the human pressure sore. CARE - Science and Practice 5:13-18
76. Moore JC, Ray AK, Shakespeare PG (1993) Ultrastructure of human dermis and wounds. Br J Plast Surg 46:460-465
77. Shimamura K, Watanabe H (2001) Histological study of pressure ulcers from cadaver sacral skin with special reference to the site of initial pathological changes and the progress of the tissue damage. Jpn J P U 3(3):305-314 (English abstract)