Two worlds of private tutoring: The prevalence and causes of after-school mathematics tutoring in Korea and the United States

Teachers College Record

Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1207-1234

  Lee, Jaekyung ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35648946459     PISSN: 01614681     EISSN: 14679620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Anderson, L. M., & Weiner, L. (2004). Early implementation of supplemental educational services under the No Child Left Behind Act: Year One Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
2. Baker, D. P., Akiba, M., LeTendre, G. K., & Wiseman, A. W. (2001). Worldwide shadow education: Outside-school learning, institutional quality of schooling, and cross-national mathematics achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 23, 1-17.
3. Beaton, A. E., Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Gonzalez, E. J., Kelly, D. L., & Smith, T. A. (1996). Mathematics achievement in the middle school years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.
4. Bloom, B. S. (1984). The 2-sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Researcher, 13, 4-16.
5. Bray, M. (1999). The shadow education system: Private tutoring and its implications for planners. Paris: UNESCO.
6. Chosunilbo (2003, October 22). Yeon-sa-kyo-yuk-bi cho-dan-wi-ro jeung-ga [Private education cost increases yearly in billion dollars]. Retrieved October 22, 2003, from http://www.chosun.com
7. Cohen, J. (2002). AM statistical software: User guide. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.
8. Cohen, P. A., Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1982). Educational outcomes of tutoring: A meta-analysis of findings. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 237-248.
9. Ellinger, T. R., & Beckham, G. M. (1997). South Korea: Placing education on top of the family agenda. Phi Delta Kappan, 78, 624-625.
10. Ferguson, R. F. (1998). Teachers' perceptions and expectations and the Black-White test score gap. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White test score gap (pp. 273-317). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
11. Fordham, S., & Ogbu, J. (1986). Black students' school success: Coping with the burden of "acting White." Urban Review, 18, 176-206.
12. Gordon, E. E., & Gordon, E. H. (1990). Centuries of tutoring: A history of alternative education in America and Western Europe. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
13. Goya, S. (1993). The secret of Japanese education. Phi Delta Kappan, 75, 126-132.
14. Harnisch, D. L. (1994). Supplemental education in Japan: Juku schooling and its implication. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 26, 323-334.
15. Holloway, S. D., Fuller, B., Hess, R. D., Azuma, H., Kashiwagi, K., & Gorman, K (1990). The family's influence on achievement in Japan and the United States. Comparative Education Review, 34, 196-208.
16. Hong, C. (2004, February 20). TV kwa-woi i-hu [After-school TV tutoring program]. Dongailbo. Retrieved July 1, 2005, from http://www.donga.com
17. Howson, A. G. (1995). Mathematics textbooks: A comparative study of grade eight texts. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Pacific Educational Press.
18. Juel, C. (1996). What makes literacy tutoring effective? Reading Research Quarterly, 31, 268-289.
19. Kim, Y C. (1997). Sa-kyo-yuk-bi mun-je-wa dae-ung-bang-an [Private education cost problems and solutions]. Paper presented at the Korea Development Institute forum on national policy development, Seoul, Korea.
20. Kim, Y., Kim, H., Yang, S., Yun, J., & Kim, J. (2003). Kwa-woi kyo-seub sil-tae jo-sa [A survey of private tutoring practices in Korea]. Seoul, Korea: Korean Educational Development Institute.
21. Korean Ministry of Education. (2000, June). Ka-yeol-kwa-woi ye-bang mit kong-kyo-yuk nae-silhwa bang-an jong-hap-bo-go-seo [Comprehensive report on plans for preventing excessive private tutoring and improving public education]. Seoul, Korea: Author.
22. Lee, C. (2005). Korean education fever and private tutoring. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2(1), 99-107.
23. Lee, G. (2002). The role of Korean parents in the literacy development of their children. International Journal of Early Childhood, 34, 1-8.
24. Lee, J. (1999). Missing links in international education studies: Can we compare the U.S. with East Asian countries? International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning 3(18). Retrieved May 20, 2003, from http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~iejll/volume3/lee.html
25. Lee, J. (2001). School reform initiatives as balancing acts: Policy variation and educational convergence among Japan, Korea, England and the United States. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 9(13). Retrieved May 22, 2003, from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v9n13.html
26. Lee, J. (Ed.). (2005). Revisiting education fever from international perspectives: Using research to inform educational policy [Special issue]. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2(1), 1-111.
27. Lee, V E., & Smith, J. B. (1999). Social support and achievement for young adolescents in Chicago: The role of school academic press. American Educational Research Journal, 36, 907-945.
28. McArthur, D., Stasz, C., & Zmuidzinas, M. (1990). Tutoring techniques in algebra. Cognition and Instruction, 7, 197-244.
29. National Center for Education Statistics. (1996). Pursuing excellence: A study of U.S. eighth-grade mathematics and science teaching, learning, curriculum, and achievement in international context. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
30. Preschool education fever/disappointing appointments. (2002, January 7). Korea Times. Retrieved May 25, 2003, from http://times.hankooki.com/ times.htm
31. Raudenbush, S. W. (1984). Magnitude of teacher expectancy effects on pupil IQ as a function of the credibility of expectancy induction: A synthesis of findings from 18 experiments. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 85-97.
32. Rohlen, T. P. (1980). The Juku phenomenon: An exploratory essay. Journal of Japanese Studies, 6(2), 207-242.
33. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
34. Schmidt, W. H., Jorde, D., Cogan, L., Barrier, E., Gonzalo, I., Moser, U., et al. (1996). Characterizing pedagogical flow: An investigation of mathematics and science teaching in six countries. Hingham, MA: Kluwer.
35. Shin, S., Kang, M., Lim, Y., Kim, H., & Kim, J., (1991). Kwa-woi-su-eob sil-tae-bun-seok yeon-gu [A study on private tutoring in Korea]. Seoul, Korea: Korean Educational Development Institute.
36. Sorensen, C. W. (1994). Success and education in South Korea. Comparative Education Review, 38, 10-35.
37. Sue, S., & Okazaki, S. (1990). Asian-American educational achievement: A phenomenon in search of an explanation. American Psychologist, 45, 913-20.
38. Stevenson, H., & Stigler, J. (1992). The learning gap: Why our schools are failing and what we can learn from Japanese and Chinese education. New York: Summit Books.
39. Sunderman, G. L., & Kim, J. (2004). Increasing bureaucracy or increasing opportunities? School district experience with supplemental educational services. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University.
40. Topping, K., & Whitley, M. (1990). Participant evaluation of parent-tutored and peer-tutored projects in reading. Educational Research, 32, 14-32.
41. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1997). Statistical Yearbook. Paris: Author.
42. U.S. Department of Education (1996). The national study of before- and after-school programs: analysis and highlights. Retrieved June 1, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/PES/esed/b4&aftr.html.
43. U.S. Department of Education (2002a). No Child Left Behind: The facts about 21st-century learning. Retrieved June 1, 2002, from http://www.nochildleftbehind.gov/start/facts/21centlearn.html
44. U.S. Department of Education. (2002b). Secretary Paige focuses on supplemental services. Community Update, No. 98.
45. U.S. Department of Education. (2003). When schools stay open late: The national evaluation of the 21st-century Community Learning Centers program, first year findings. Washington, DC: Author.
46. White, M. I. (1987). The Japanese educational challenge: A commitment to children. New York: Free Press.