Assessment of Ventricular Function with Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 487-504

  Walsh, Thomas F ^a   Hundley, W Gregory ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR MARNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ECHO PLANAR IMAGING; EXERCISE TEST; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE VOLUME; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE VOLUME; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 35549000922     PISSN: 10649689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2007.08.006     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Haase A., Frahm J., and Mathaei D. Rapid three-dimensional MR imaging using the FLASH technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 67 (1986) 256-266
2. Balaban R. The physics of image generation by magnetic resonance. In: Manning W.J., and Pennell D.J. (Eds). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance. 1st edition (2002), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 3-17
3. Mirowitz S., Eilenberg S., and White R. Cardiac MR imaging techniques and strategies. In: Gutierrez F., Brown J., and Mirowitz S. (Eds). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (1992), Mosby, Chicago 17-22
4. Masood S., Yang G.Z., Pennell D.J., et al. Investigating intrinsic myocardial mechanics: the role of MR tagging, velocity phase mapping, and diffusion imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 12 (2000) 873-883
5. Longmore D.B., Klipstein R.H., Underwood S.R., et al. Dimensional accuracy of magnetic resonance in studies of the heart. Lancet 1 8442 (1985) 1360-1362
6. Semelka R.C., Tomei E., Wagner S., et al. Normal left ventricular dimensions and function: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with cine MR imaging. Radiology 174 3 Pt 1 (1990) 763-768
7. Debatin J.F., Nadel S.N., Paolini J.F., et al. Cardiac ejection fraction: phantom study comparing cine MR imaging, radionuclide blood pool imaging, and ventriculography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2 2 (1992) 135-142
8. Germain P., Roul G., Kastler B., et al. Interstudy variability in left ventricular mass measurement. Comparison between M-mode echography and MRI. Eur Heart J 13 8 (1992) 1011-1019
9. Sandstede J., Lipke C., Beer M., et al. Age- and gender-specific differences in left and right ventricular cardiac function and mass determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 10 3 (2000) 438-442
10. Salehian O., Schwerzmann M., Merchant N., et al. Assessment of systemic right ventricular function in patients with transposition of the great arteries using the myocardial performance index: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 110 20 (2004) 3229-3233
11. Nitz W. Fast and ultrafast nonecho-planar MR imaging techniques. Eur Radiol 12 12 (2002) 2866-2882
12. Oppelt A., Graumann R., Barfuss A., et al. FISP: a new fast MRI sequence. Electromedica 3 (1986) 15-18
13. Zur Y., Wood M.L., and Neuringer L.J. Motion-insensitive, steady-state free precession imaging. Magn Reson Med 16 (1990) 444-459
14. Duerk J.L., Lewin J.S., Wendt M., et al. Remember true FISP? A high SNR, near 1-second imaging method for T2-like contrast in interventional MRI at .2 T. J Magn Reson Imaging 8 (1998) 203-208
15. Chung Y.C., Merkle E.M., Lewin J.S., et al. Fast T(2)-weighted imaging by PSIF at 0.2 T for interventional MRI. Magn Reson Med 42 (1999) 335-344
16. Wendt M., Wacker F., Wolf K.J., et al. [Keyhole-true FISP: fast T2-weighted imaging for interventional MRT at 0.2 T]. Rofo 170 (1999) 391-393 [in German]
17. Barkhausen J., Ruehm S.G., Goyen M., et al. MR evaluation of ventricular function: true fast imaging with steady-state precession versus fast low-angle shot cine MR imaging: feasibility study. Radiology 219 (2001) 264-269
18. Fischer H., and Ladebeck R. Echo-planar imaging image artifacts. In: Schmitt F., Stehling M.K., and Turner R. (Eds). Echo-planar imaging: theory, technique, and application (1998), Springer, New York 179-210
19. Weiger M., Pruessmann K.P., and Boesiger P. Cardiac real-time imaging using SENSE: sensitivity-encoding scheme. Magn Reson Med 43 (2000) 177-184
20. Pruessmann K.P., Weiger M., Bornert P., et al. Advances in sensitivity encoding with arbitrary k-space trajectories. Magn Reson Med 46 (2001) 638-651
21. Weiger M., Pruessmann K.P., Leussler C., et al. Specific coil design for SENSE: a six-element cardiac array. Magn Reson Med 45 (2001) 495-504
22. Pruessmann K.P., Weiger M., and Boesiger P. Sensitivity-encoded cardiac MRI. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 3 (2001) 1-9
23. Huang J., Abendschein D., Davila-Roman V.G., et al. Spatio-temporal tracking of myocardial deformations with a 4-D B-spline model from tagged MRI. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 18 (1999) 957-972
24. Fischer S.E., McKinnon G.C., Maier S.E., et al. Improved myocardial tagging contrast. Magn Reson Med 30 (1993) 191-200
25. Fischer S.E., Stuber M., Dam J., et al. Late diastolic tag persistence with slice followed echo planar imaging. Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Meeting (1996), International Society of Magnetic Resonance 1, New York 297
26. Aletras A.H., and Wen H. Mixed echo train acquisition displacement encoding with stimulated echoes: an optimized DENSE method for in vivo functional imaging of the human heart. Magn Reson Med 46 (2001) 523-534
27. Kim D., Gilson W.D., Kramer C.M., et al. Myocardial tissue tracking with two-dimensional cine displacement-encoded MR imaging: development and initial evaluation. Radiology 230 3 (2004) 862-871
28. Rumancik W., Naidich D., Chandra R., et al. Cardiovascular disease: evaluation with MR phase imaging. Radiology 166 (1988) 63-68
29. Pelc L.R., Sayre J., Yun K., et al. Evaluation of myocardial motion tracking with cine-phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 29 (1994) 1038-1042
30. Jung B., Zaitsev M., Hennig J., et al. Navigator gated high temporal resolution tissue phase mapping of myocardial motion. Magn Reson Med 55 (2006) 937-942
31. Markl M., Schneider B., and Hennig J. Fast phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: improved assessment and analysis of left ventricular wall motion. J Magn Reson Imaging 15 (2002) 642-653
32. Jung B., Foll D., Bottler P., et al. Detailed analysis of myocardial motion in volunteers and patients using high temporal resolution MR tissue phase mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 24 (2006) 1033-1039
33. van Dijk P. Direct cardiac NMR imaging of heart wall and blood flow velocity. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8 (1984) 429-436
34. Wedeen V.J. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial kinematics. Technique to detect, localize, and quantify the strain rates of the active human myocardium. Magn Reson Med 27 (1992) 52-67
35. Nayler G.L., Firmin D.N., and Longmore D.B. Blood flow imaging by cine magnetic resonance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10 (1986) 715-722
36. Petersen S.E., Jung B.A., Wiesmann F., et al. Myocardial tissue phase mapping with cine phase-contrast MR imaging: regional wall motion analysis in healthy volunteers. Radiology 238 (2006) 816-826
37. Van der Geest R.J., and Reiber J.H. Quantification in cardiac, MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 10 (1999) 602-608
38. Wedeen V.J., Weisskoff R.M., Reese T.G., et al. Motionless movies of myocardial strain-rates using stimulated echoes. Magn Reson Med 33 (1995) 401-408
39. Rehr R.B., Malloy C.R., Filipchuk N.G., et al. Left ventricular volumes measured by MR imaging. Radiology 156 (1985) 717-719
40. Chuang M.L., Hibberd M.G., Salton C.J., et al. Importance of imaging method over imaging modality in noninvasive determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: assessment by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 477-484
41. Cranney G.B., Lotan C.S., Dean L., et al. Left ventricular volume measurement using cardiac axis nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Validation by calibrated ventricular angiography. Circulation 82 (1990) 154-163
42. Lawson M.A., Blackwell G.G., Davis N.D., et al. Accuracy of biplane long-axis left ventricular volume determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging in patients with regional and global dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 77 (1996) 1098-1104
43. Martin E.T., Fuisz A.R., and Pohost G.M. Imaging cardiac structure and pump function. Cardiol Clin 16 (1998) 135-160
44. Keller A.M., Peshock R.M., Malloy C.R., et al. In vivo measurement of myocardial mass using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 8 1 (1986) 113-117
45. Koch J.A., Poll L.W., Godehardt E., et al. Right and left ventricular volume measurements in an animal heart model in vitro: first experiences with cardiac MRI at 1.0 T. Eur Radiol 10 3 (2000) 455-458
46. Nahrendorf M., Hiller K.H., Hu K., et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in small animal models of human heart failure. Med Image Anal 7 3 (2003) 369-375
47. Caputo G., Tscholakoff D., Sechtem U., et al. Measurement of canine left ventricular mass by using MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148 (1987) 33-38
48. Holman E.R., Vliegen H.W., van der Geest R.J., et al. Quantitative analysis of regional left ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the pig assessed with cine magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 34 (1995) 161-169
49. Rudin M., Pedersen B., Umemura K., et al. Determination of rat heart morphology and function in vivo in two models of cardiac hypertrophy by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Basic Res Cardiol 86 2 (1991) 165-174
50. Pattynama P.M., Lamb H.J., van der Velde E.A., et al. Left ventricular measurements with cine and spin echo MR imaging: a study of reproducibility with variance component analysis. Radiology 187 (1993) 261-268
51. Semelka R.C., Tomei E., Wagner S., et al. Interstudy reproducibility of dimensional and functional measurements between cine magnetic resonance studies in the morphologically abnormal left ventricle. Am Heart J 119 (1990) 1367-1373
52. Stratemeier E.J., Thompson R., Brady T.J., et al. Ejection fraction determination by MR imaging: comparison with left ventricular angiography. Radiology 158 (1986) 775-777
53. Shapiro E.P., Rogers W.J., Beyar R., et al. Determination of left ventricular mass by MRI in hearts deformed by acute infarction. Circulation 79 (1989) 706-711
54. Meyer S., Curry G., Donsky M., et al. Influence of dobutamine on hemodynamics and coronary blood flow in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 38 (1976) 103-108
55. Lee V.S., Resnick D., Bundy J.M., et al. Cardiac function: MR evaluation in one breath hold with real-time true fast imaging with steady-state precession. Radiology 222 (2002) 835-842
56. Boxt L.M., and Katz J. Magnetic resonance imaging for quantitation of right ventricular volume in patients with pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Imaging 8 (1993) 92-97
57. Doherty III N.E., Fujita N., Caputo G.R., et al. Measurement of right ventricular mass in normal and dilated cardiomyopathic ventricles using cine magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 69 (1992) 1223-1228
58. Katz J., Whang J., Boxt L.M., et al. Estimation of right ventricular mass in normal subjects and in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 (1993) 1475-1481
59. Pattynama P.M., Lamb H.J., van der Velde E.A., et al. Reproducibility of MRI-derived measurements of right ventricular volumes and myocardial mass. Magn Reson Imaging 13 (1995) 53-63
60. Rominger M.B., Bachmann G.F., Pabst W., et al. Right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction with fast cine MR imaging in breath-hold technique: applicability, normal values from 52 volunteers, and evaluation of 325 adult cardiac patients. J Magn Reson Imaging 10 (1999) 908-918
61. Lorenz C.H., Walker E.S., Morgan V.L., et al. Normal human right and left ventricular mass, systolic function, and gender differences by cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 1 (1999) 7-21
62. Azhari H., Sideman S., Weiss J.L., et al. Three-dimensional mapping of acute ischemic regions using MRI: wall thickening versus motion analysis. Am J Physiol 259 (1990) 1492-1503
63. Henschke C.I., Risser T.A., Sandor T., et al. Quantitative computer-assisted analysis of left ventricular wall thickening and motion by two-dimensional echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 52 (1983) 960-964
64. Lieberman A.N., Weiss J.L., Jugdutt B.I., et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography and infarct size: relationship of regional wall motion and thickening to the extent of myocardial infarction in the dog. Circulation 63 (1981) 739-746
65. Holman E.R., van Jonbergen H.P., van Dijkman P.R., et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging studies with enzymatic indexes of myocardial necrosis for quantification of myocardial infarct size. Am J Cardiol 71 (1993) 1036-1040
66. van Rugge F.P., Holman E.R., van der Wall E.E., et al. Quantitation of global and regional left ventricular function by cine magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine stress in normal human subjects. Eur Heart J 14 (1993) 456-463
67. Reichek N. MRI myocardial tagging. J Magn Reson Imaging 10 (1999) 609-616
68. Wang J., Urheim S., Korinek J., et al. Analysis of postsystolic myocardial thickening work in selective myocardial layers during progressive myocardial ischemia. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 9 (2006) 1102-1111
69. Edvardsen T., Rosen B.D., Pan L., et al. Regional diastolic dysfunction in individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy measured by tagged magnetic resonance imaging-the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am Heart J 151 1 (2006) 109-114
70. Lima J.A., Jeremy R., Guier W., et al. Accurate systolic wall thickening by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with tissue tagging: correlation with sonomicrometers in normal and ischemic myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 (1993) 1741-1751
71. Yeon S.B., Reichek N., Tallant B.A., et al. Validation of in vivo myocardial strain measurement by magnetic resonance tagging with sonomicrometry. J Am Coll Cardiol 38 (2001) 555-561
72. Fonseca C.G., Dissanayake A.M., Doughty R.N., et al. Three-dimensional assessment of left ventricular systolic strain in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diastolic dysfunction, and normal ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 94 11 (2004) 1391-1395
73. Palmon L.C., Reichek N., Yeon S.B., et al. Intramural myocardial shortening in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy with normal pump function. Circulation 89 (1994) 122-131
74. Bogaert J., Bosmans H., Maes A., et al. Remote myocardial dysfunction after acute anterior myocardial infarction: impact of left ventricular shape on regional function: a magnetic resonance myocardial tagging study. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1525-1534
75. Marcus J.T., Gotte M.J., Van Rossum A.C., et al. Myocardial function in infarcted and remote regions early after infarction in man: assessment by magnetic resonance tagging and strain analysis. Magn Reson Med 38 (1997) 803-810
76. Paetsch I., Foll D., Kaluza A., et al. Magnetic resonance stress tagging inischemic heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288 (2005) H2708-H2714
77. Rebergen S.A., Ottenkamp J., Doornbos J., et al. Postoperative pulmonary flow dynamics after Fontan surgery: assessment with nuclear magnetic resonance velocity mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 (1993) 123-131
78. Holmqvist C., Oskarsson G., Stahlberg F., et al. Functional evaluation of extracardiac ventriculopulmonary conduits and of the right ventricle with magnetic resonance imaging and velocity mapping. Am J Cardiol 83 (1999) 926-932
79. Fogel M.A. Assessment of cardiac function by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Cardiol 21 (2000) 59-69
80. Saito H., Dambara T., Aiba M., et al. Evaluation of cor pulmonale on a modified short-axis section of the heart by magnetic resonance imaging. Am Rev Respir Dis 146 (1992) 1576-1581
81. Pattynama P.M., Willems L.N., Smit A.H., et al. Early diagnosis of cor pulmonale with MR imaging of the right ventricle. Radiology 182 (1992) 375-379
82. Boxt L.M. MR imaging of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 4 (1996) 307-325
83. Casolo G.C., Poggesi L., Boddi M., et al. ECG-gated magnetic resonance imaging in right ventricular dysplasia. Am Heart J 113 (1987) 1245-1248
84. Blake L.M., Scheinman M.M., and Higgins C.B. MR features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am J Roentgenol 162 (1994) 809-812
85. McKenna W.J., Thiene G., Nava A., et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Br Heart J 71 (1994) 215-218
86. Keller D., Osswald S., Bremerich J., et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac MRI in relation to arrhythmia-free survival. Int J Card Imaging 19 (2003) 537-543
87. Hundley W.G., Hamilton C.A., Thomas M.S., et al. Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well-suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation 100 (1999) 1697-1702
88. Pennell D.J., Underwood S.R., Manzara C.C., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine stress in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 70 1 (1992) 34-40
89. Baer F.M., Theissen P., Smolarz K., et al. Dobutamine versus dipyridamole magnetic resonance tomography: safety and sensitivity in the detection of coronary stenosis. Z Kardiol 82 (1993) 494-503
90. van Rugge F.P., van der Wall E.E., de Roos A., et al. Dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 (1993) 431-439
91. van Rugge F.P., van der Wall E.E., Spanjersberg S.J., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine stress for detection and localization of coronary artery disease. Quantitative wall motion analysis using a modification of the centerline method. Circulation 90 (1994) 127-138
92. Nagel E., Lehmkuhl H.B., Bocksch W., et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 99 (1999) 763-770
93. Wahl A., Roethemeyer S., Paetsch I., et al. High-dose dobutamine stress MRI for follow-up after coronary revascularization procedures in patients with wall motion abnormalities at rest. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 4 (2002) 22-23
94. Wahl A., Roethemeyer S., Paetsch I., et al. Simultaneous assessment of wall motion and myocardial perfusion during high-dose dobutamine stress MRI improves diagnosis of ischemia in patients with known coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 4 (2002) 136-137
95. Sensky P.R., Jivan A., Hudson N., et al. Coronary artery disease: combined stress MR imaging protocol-one-stop evaluation of myocardial perfusion and function. Radiology 215 (2000) 608-614
96. Paetsch I., Jahnke C., Wahl A., et al. Comparison of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance, adenosine stress magnetic resonance, and adenosine stress magnetic resonance perfusion. Circulation 110 (2004) 835-842
97. Zoghbi W.A., Barasch E., and Dobutamine M.R.I. A serious contender in pharmacological stress imaging?. Circulation 99 6 (1999) 730-732
98. Wahl A., Paetsch I., Roethemeyer S., et al. High-dose dobutamine-atropine stress cardiovascular MR imaging after coronary revascularization in patients with wall motion abnormalities at rest. Radiology 233 (2004) 210-216
99. Kuijpers D., Ho K.Y., van Dijkman P.R., et al. Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of myocardial ischemia with the use of myocardial tagging. Circulation 107 12 (2003) 1592-1597
100. Bogaert J., Maes A., and Rademakers F.E. Functional recovery of subepicardial myocardial tissue in transmural myocardial infarction after successful reperfusion: an important contribution to the improvement of regional and global left ventricular function. Circulation 99 1 (1999) 36-43
101. Geskin G., Kramer C.M., Rogers W.J., et al. Quantitative assessment of myocardial viability after infarction by dobutamine magnetic resonance tagging. Circulation 98 3 (1998) 217-223
102. Sayad D.E., Willett D.L., Hundley W.G., et al. Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging with myocardial tagging quantitatively predicts improvement in regional function after revascularization. Am J Cardiol 82 9 (1998) 1149-1151 A10
103. Dendale P.A., Franken P.R., Waldman G.J., et al. Low-dosage dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging as an alternative to echocardiography in the detection of viable myocardium after acute infarction. Am Heart J 130 1 (1995) 134-140
104. Saito I., Watanabe S., and Masuda Y. Detection of viable myocardium by dobutamine stress tagging magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional analysis by automatic trace method. Jpn Circ J 64 7 (2000) 487-494
105. Motoyasu M., Sakuma H., Ichikawa Y., et al. Prediction of regional functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction with low-dose dobutamine stress cine MR imaging and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 5 4 (2003) 563-574
106. Kaandorp T.A., Bax J.J., Schuijf J.D., et al. Head-to-head comparison between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging in men with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 93 12 (2004) 1461-1464
107. Rerkpattanapipat P., Little W.C., Clark H.P., et al. Effect of the transmural extent of myocardial scar on left ventricular systolic wall thickening during intravenous dobutamine administration. Am J Cardiol 95 4 (2005) 495-498
108. Wellnhofer E., Olariu A., Nagel E., et al. Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation 109 18 (2004) 2172-2174
109. Rerkpattanapipat P., Darty S.N., Hundley W.G., et al. Feasibility to detect severe coronary artery stenoses with upright treadmill exercise magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 92 5 (2003) 603-606
110. Hundley W.G., Morgan T.M., Neagle C.M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging determination of cardiac prognosis. Circulation 106 18 (2002) 2328-2333
111. Rerkpattanapipat P., Morgan T.M., Neagle C.M., et al. Assessment of preoperative cardiac risk with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 90 4 (2002) 416-419
112. Roest A.A., Kunz P., Lamb H.J., et al. Biventricular response to supine physical exercise in young adults assessed with ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 87 (2001) 601-605