Information overload: A cross-national investigation of influence factors and effects

Marketing Intelligence and Planning

Volumn 25, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 691-718

  Klausegger, Claudia ^a   Sinkovics, Rudolf R ^b   Zou, Huan Joy ^c  

^a VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Communication technologies; Information management; Management strategy; Overload

Indexed keywords

EID: 35548969342     PISSN: 02634503     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/02634500710834179     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Arnott, R., Greenwald, B. and Stiglitz, J.E. (1994), "Information and economic efficiency", Information Economics and Policy, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 77-82.
2. Atkinson, R.C. and Shiffrin, R.M. (1968), "Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes", in Spence, K.W. and Spence, J.T. (Eds), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 89-195.
3. Barua, A., Kriebel, C.H. and Mukhopadhyay, T. (1995), "Information technologies and business value: An analytic and empirical investigation", Information Systems Research, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 3-23.
4. Bawden, D., Holtham, C. and Courtney, N. (1999), "Perspectives on information overload", Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, Vol. 51, pp. 249-55.
5. Bergstrom, F. (1995), "Information input overload, does it exist? Research at organism level and group level", Behavioral Science, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 56-75.
6. Bettman, J.R. and Jacoby, J. (1976), "Patterns of processing in consumer information acquisition", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 315-20.
7. Biehal, G. and Chakravarti, D. (1986), "Consumers' use of memory and external information in choice: Macro and micro perspectives", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 382-405.
8. Bjorner, S. (1998), "The empty glass and too much water", Online, Vol. 22 No. 2, p. 8.
9. Bork, T.A. (1994), Informationsuberlastung in der unternehmung, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Vienna.
10. Broadbent, D.E. (1975), The Magic Number Seven after Fifteen Years, Wiley, London, (Studies in long-term memory).
11. Brynjolfsson, E. (1993), "The productivity paradox of information technology", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36 No. 12, pp. 67-78.
12. Brynjolfsson, E. and Hitt, L. (1996), "Paradox lost? Firm-level evidence on the returns to information systems spending", Management Science,Vol. 42, INFORMS: Institute for Operations Research, Hanover, MD.
13. Buchanan, D., Claydon, T. and Doyle, M. (1999), "Organisation development and change: The legacy of the nineties", Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 20-37.
14. Butcher, H. (1998), Meeting Managers' Information Needs, Aslib, London.
15. Caplan, R. (1971), Organizational Stress and Individual Strain: A Social-Psychological Study of Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease among Administrators, Engineers, and Scientists, University of Michigan Microfilms No. 72-14822, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
16. Chase, W.G. and Simon, H.A. (1973), "The mind's eye in chess", in Chase, W.G. (Ed.), Visual Information Processing, Academic Press, New York, NY.
17. Cherry, C. (1957), On Human Communication, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
18. Chervany, N.L. and Dickson, G.W. (1974), "An experimental evaluation of information overload in a production environment", Management Science, Vol. 20 No. 10, pp. 1335-44.
19. Chong, V.K. (1996), "Management accounting systems, task uncertainty and managerial performance: A research note", Accounting, Organizations & Society, Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 415-21.
20. Cook, M. (1988), "Stress management", Management Services, Vol. 32 No. 11, pp. 18-21.
21. Cote, M. (2000), "The internet revolution", CA Magazine, Vol. 133 No. 2, p. 64.
22. Coupey, E. (1994), "Restructuring: Constructive processing of information displays in consumer choice", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 83-99.
23. Cukrowski, J. and Baniak, A. (1999), "Organizational restructuring in response to changes in information-processing technology", Review of Economic Design, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 295-306.
24. Cummings, L.L., O'Connell, M.J. and Huber, G.P. (1978), "Informational and structural determinants of decision-maker satisfaction", in King, B., Streufert, S. and Fiedler, F. (Eds), Managerial Control and Organizational Democracy, V.H. Winston and Sons, Washington, DC.
25. CyberAtlas (2005), "Population explosion!", available at: http:\\cyberatlas.internet.com\big_picture\geographics\article\0,1323,59 11_15_151151,00.html
26. Daft, R.L. and Lengel, R.H. (1986), "Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design", Management Science, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 554-71.
27. Dawley, D.D. and Anthony, W.P. (2003), "User perceptions of e-mail at work", Journal of Business and Technical Communication, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 170-200.
28. de Rijk, A.E., Schreurs, K.M.G. and Bensing, J.M. (1999), "What is behind 'I'm so tired?" Fatigue experiences and their relations to the quality & quantity of external stimulation", Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 47 No. 6, pp. 509-23.
29. Desai, B.H. and Bawden, D. (1993), "Competitor intelligence in the pharmaceutical industry: The role of the information professional", Journal of Information Science, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 327-38.
30. Dreman, D. (2004), "The influence of affect on investor decision-making", Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 70-4.
31. Driver, M.J. and Mock, T.J. (1975), "Human information processing, decision style theory, and accounting information systems", Accounting Review, Vol. 50 No. 3, pp. 490-508.
32. Driver, M.J. and Streufert, S. (1969), "Integrative complexity: An approach to individuals and groups as information-processing systems", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 272-85.
33. Driver, M.J., Brousseau, K.R. and Hunsaker, P.L. (1993), The Dynamic Decision Maker, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA.
34. Edmunds, A. and Morris, A. (2000), "The problem of information overload in business organisations: A review of the literature", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 17-28.
35. Edwards, G. and Snyder, D.P. (1999), "Information innovation: Where do we go from here?", Journal for Quality & Participation, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 6-12.
36. Eppler, M. and Mengis, J. (2004), "The concept of information overload: A review of literature from organization science, accounting, marketing, mis, and related disciplines", The Information Society, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 325-44.
37. Ernst, H. (1998), "Was will ich wirklich wissen?", Psychologie Heute, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 20-6.
38. Farace, R.V., Monge, P.R. and Russell, H.M. (1977), Communicating and Organizing, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
39. Farhoomand, A.F. and Drury, D.H. (2002), "Managerial information overload", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45 No. 10, pp. 127-31.
40. Formisano, R.A., Olshavsky, R.W. and Tapp, S. (1982), "Choice strategy in a difficult task environment", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 474-80.
41. Foti, R.J. and Lord, R.G. (1987), "Prototypes and scripts: The effects of alternative methods of processing information on rating accuracy", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 318-40.
42. Friedman, M. and Rosenman, R.H. (1974), Type a Behavior and Your Heart, Fawcett Publications, Inc., Greenwich, CT.
43. Galbraith, J.R. (1974), "Organization design: An information processing view", Interfaces, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 28-36.
44. Geyer, F.R. (1992), "Alienation in community and society: Effects of increasing environmental complexity", Kybernetes, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 33-49.
45. Gilbert, D.T. and Osborne, R.E. (1989), "Thinking backward: Some curable and incurable consequences of cognitive busyness", Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, Vol. 57 No. 6, pp. 940-9.
46. Gilbert, D.T., Tafarodi, R.W. and Malone, P.S. (1993), "You can't not believe everything you read", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 65 No. 2, pp. 221-33.
47. Goodman, S.K. (1993), "Information needs for management decision-making", Records Management Quarterly, Vol. 27, Association of Records Managers & Administrators.
48. Griffeth, R.W., Carson, K.D. and Marin, D.B. (1988), "Information overload: A test of an inverted U hypothesis with hourly and salaried employees", Academy of Management Proceedings, pp. 232-7.
49. Harrison, T.P. and Rosenthal, R.E. (1988), "An implicit/explicit approach to multiobjective optimization with an application to forecast management planning", Decision Sciences, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 190-210.
50. Haugtvedt, C.P. and Petty, R.E. (1989), "Need for cognition and attitude persistence", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 33-6.
51. Haugtvedt, C.P. and Strathman, A.J. (1990), "Situational product relevance and attitude persistence", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 766-9.
52. Hering, F-J. (1986), Informationsbelastung in entscheidungsprozessen, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Vienna.
53. Heylighen, F. and Bernheim, J. (2000), "Global progress ii: evolutionary mechanisms and their side-effects", Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 351-74.
54. Hodgkinson, G.P. (2003), "The interface of cognitive and industrial, work and organizational psychology", Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76 No. 1, p. 1.
55. Hulbert, J., Farley, J.U. and Howard, J.A. (1972), "Information processing and decision making in marketing organizations", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 75-7.
56. Hwang, M.I. and Lin, J.W. (1999), "Information dimension, information overload and decision quality", Journal of Information Science, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 213-8.
57. Internet Systems Consortium (2005), "Domain survey information", Internet Systems Consortium, available at: www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/ (accessed May 19).
58. Jacoby, J. (1977), "Information load and decision quality: Some contested issues", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 569-73.
59. Jacoby, J. (1984), "Perspectives on information overload", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 432-5.
60. Jacoby, J., Speller, D.E. and Berning, C.K. (1974), "Brand choice behavior as a function of information load: Replication and extension", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 33-42.
61. Jamieson, R. and Szeto, R. (1989), "Impact of knowledge based information systems on organisations", Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 145-59.
62. Johnson, L. (1971), "A personnel perspective on managers' information overload", Management of Personnel Quarterly, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 21-6.
63. Kahn, B. (1998), "How consumer cope with information overload (mastering marketing supplement, part four of ten)", The Financial Times, October 5.
64. Katzer, J. and Fletcher, P. (1996), "The information environment of managers", in Auster, E. and Choo, M. (Eds), Managing Information for the Competitive Edge, Neal-Schuman, New York, NY, pp. 217-52.
65. Keller, K.L. and Staelin, R. (1987), "Effects of quality & quantity of information on decision effectiveness", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 200-13.
66. Keller, K.L. and Staelin, R. (1989), "Assessing biases in measuring decision effectiveness and information overload", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 504-8.
67. Kennedy, P.W. (1994), "Information processing and organization design", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 37-51.
68. Kenney, M. (1996), "The role of information, knowledge and value in the late 20th century", Futures, Vol. 28 No. 8, pp. 695-707.
69. Kiesler, S. and Sprouli, L. (1982), "Managerial response to changing environments: Perspectives on problem sensing from social cognition", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 548-70.
70. Kiessling, T.S., Marino, L.D. and Richey, R.G. (2006), "Global marketing teams: A strategic option for multinationals", Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 237-50.
71. Kilari, P.V. (1989), "The effects of information load on decision-makers and the use of heuristics", Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI.
72. Kivetz, R. and Simonson, I. (2000), "The effects of incomplete information on consumer choice", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 427-48.
73. Klapp, O.E. (1986), Overload and Boredom: Essays on the Quality of Life in the Information Society, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.
74. Königer, P. and Janowitz, K. (1995), "Drowning in information, but thirsty for knowledge", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 5-16.
75. Lange, S. and Hunsaker, C. (1998), "Information systems: Managing the database", New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, Vol. 1998 No. 21, pp. 81-95.
76. Lau, R., Ter Hofstede, A.H.M. and Bruza, P.D. (2001), "Belief revision for adaptive information filtering agents", International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems, Vol. 10 Nos 1/2, pp. 57-78.
77. Lee, B-K. and Lee, W-N. (2004), "The effect of information overload on consumer choice quality in an on-line environment", Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 159-83.
78. Lee, I.H. (1998), "Market crashes and informational avalanches", Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 65 No. 4, pp. 741-59.
79. Lehtonen, J. (1988), "The information society and the new competence", The American Behavioral Scientist (1986-1994), Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 104-11.
80. Lewis, D. (1996), Dying for Information?, Reuters Business Information, London.
81. Lin, N. and Ensel, W.M. (1989), "Life stress and health: Stressors and resources", American Sociological Review, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 382-99.
82. Lipowski, Z.J. (1970), "Physical illness, the individual and the coping processes", Psychiatry in Medicine, Vol. 1, pp. 91-102.
83. Lipowski, Z.J. (1975), "Sensory and information inputs overload: behavioral effects", Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 199-221.
84. Lucas, H.C. (1997), Information Technology for Management, 6th international edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
85. Lussier, D.A. and Olshavsky, R.W. (1979), "Task complexity and contingent processing on brand choice", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 154-65.
86. McCullough, J. and Best, R. (1980), "Consumer preferences for food label information: A basis for segmentation", Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 180-92.
87. McCune, J.C. (1998), "Data, data everywhere", Management Review, Vol. 87 No. 10, pp. 10-12.
88. Mackenzie, K.D. (1974), "Measuring a person's capacity for interaction in a problem solving group", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 149-69.
89. Malhotra, N.K. (1984a), "Information and sensory overload", Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 1 Nos 3/4, pp. 9-21.
90. Malhotra, N.K. (1984b), "Reflections on the information overload paradigm in consumer decision making", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 436-40.
91. Malhotra, N.K., Jain, A.K. and Lagakos, S.W. (1982), "The information overload controversy: An alternative viewpoint", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 46 No. 2, pp. 27-37.
92. Marcusohn, L.M. (1995), "The information explosion in organizations", Swedish Library Research, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 25-41.
93. Martin, W.J. (1995), The Global Information Society, Aslib Gower, Hampshire.
94. Martins, L.L., Gilson, L.L. and Maynard, M.T. (2004), "Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here?", Journal of Management, Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 805-35.
95. Meadow, C.T. and Yuan, W. (1997), "Measuring the impact of information: Defining the concepts", Information Processing & Management, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 697-714.
96. Meyer, J-A. (1998), "Information overload in marketing management", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 200-9.
97. Miller, G.A. (1956), "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information", Psychological Review, Vol. 63, pp. 81-97.
98. Miller, J. (1960), "Information input overload and psychopathology", American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 116, pp. 695-704.
99. Miller, J.G. (1995), Living Systems, McGraw-Hill, London.
100. Morrison, C.J. and Berndt, E.R. (1990), Assessing the Productivity of Information Technology Equipment in the U.S. Manufacturing Industries, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 3582, Davis, CA.
101. Newell, A. and Simon, H.A. (1972), Human Problem Solving, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
102. O'Brien, D. (1989), "The quality of management and the role of technology", Management Services, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 53-9.
103. O'Mahony, M. (2003), "The role of information and communications technology inputs", National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 184, pp. 58-60.
104. Opiela, N. (2005), "Rational investing despite irrational behaviors", Journal of Financial Planning, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 34-42.
105. Oppenheim, C. (1997), "Managers' use and handling of information", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 239-48.
106. O'Reilly, C.A. (1980), "Individuals and information overload in organizations: Is more necessarily better?", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 684-96.
107. Owen, R.S. (1992), "Clarifying the simple assumption of the information load paradigm", Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 770-6.
108. Payne, J.W. (1976), "Task complexity and contingent processing in decision making: An information search and protocol analysis", Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 366-87.
109. Porter, M.E. and Millar, V.E. (1985), "How information gives you competitive advantage", Harvard Business Review, Vol. 63 No. 4, pp. 149-60.
110. Rader, M.H. (1981), "Dealing with information overload", Personnel Journal, Vol. 60 No. 5, pp. 373-5.
111. Reuters (1996), Report: Dying for Information? An Investigation into the Effects of Information Overload in the U.K. and Worldwide, Reuters Business Information and Benchmark Research, London.
112. Reuters (1997), Report: Glued to the Screen: A Investigation into Information Addiction Worldwide, Reuters Business Information and Benchmark Research, London.
113. Roberts, J.T. (1993), "Psychosocial effects of workplace hazardous exposures: Theoretical synthesis and preliminary findings", Social Problems, Special Issue on Enviornmental Justice, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 74-89.
114. Robey, D. and Taggart, W. (1982), "Human information processing in information and decision support systems", MIS Quarterly, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 61-73.
115. Rudd, J. (1983), "The consumer information overload controversy and public policy", Policy Studies Review, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 465-73.
116. Russo, J.E. (1974), "More information is better: A re-evaluation of Jacoby", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 68-73.
117. Sarkar, M.B., Butler, B. and Steinfield, C. (1995), "Intermediaries and cybermediaries: A continuing role for mediating players in the electronic marketplace", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 1 No. 3, available at: www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/sarkar.html.
118. Scammon, D.L. (1977), "Information load' and consumers", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 148-55.
119. Schalk, M.J.D. and van den Berg, P.T. (1993), "Mental health in information work", European Work & Organizational Psychologist, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 181-90.
120. Schick, A.G., Gordon, L.A. and Haka, S. (1990), "Information overload: A temporal approach", Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 199-220.
121. Schneider, S.C. (1987), "Information overload: Causes and consequences", Human Systems Management, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 143-53.
122. Schroder, H.M., Driver, M.J. and Streufert, S. (1967), Human Information Processing, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.
123. Schultz, U. and Vandenbosch, B. (1998), "Information overload in a groupware environment: Now you see it, now you don't", Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 127-48.
124. Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. (1959), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press, Champaign-Urbana, IL.
125. Shenk, D. (1997), Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut, HarperEdge, San Francisco, CA.
126. Siegel, D. and Griliches, Z. (1991), Purchased Services, Outsourcing, Computers and Productivity in Manufacturing, National Bureau of Economic Research WP No. 3678.
127. Simpson, C.W. and Prusak, L. (19950), "Troubles with information overload - moving from quantity to quality in information provision", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 413-25.
128. Sorohan, E.G. (1994), "Coping with overload", Training & Development, Vol. 48 No. 1, p. 13.
129. Sparrow, P. (1999), "Strategy and cognition: Understanding the role of management knowledge structures, organizational memory and information overload", Creativity & Innovation Management, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 140-8.
130. Sproles, G.B., Geistfeld, L.V. and Badenhop, S.B. (1978), "Informational inputs as influences on efficient consumer decision-making", Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 88-103.
131. Sproles, G.B., Geistfeld, L.V. and Badenhop, S.B. (1980), "Types and amounts of information used by efficient consumers", Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 14.
132. Stanley, A.J. and Clipsham, P.S. (1997), "Information overload - myth or reality?", IEE Colloquium on Information Overload, Vol. 340, available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/ tocresult.jsp?isNumber=14398.
133. Stiglitz, J.E. (1985), "Information and economic analysis: A perspective", The Economic Journal Supplement, Vol. 95, pp. 21-41.
134. Streufert, S. (1978), Behavior in the Complex Environment, V.H. Winston and Sons, Washington, DC.
135. Streufert, S. and Swezey, R.W. (1986), Complexity, Managers, and Organizations, Academic Press, Orlando FL.
136. Streufert, S., Streufert, S.C. and Denson, A.L. (1983), "Information load stress, risk taking, and physiological responsivity in a visual-motor task", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 13, pp. 145-63.
137. Summers, J.O. (1974), "Less information is better?", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 467-8.
138. Tushman, M.L. and Nadler, D.A. (1978), "Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 613-24.
139. van Bruggen, G.H., Smidts, A. and Wierenga, B. (1998), "Improving decision making by means of a marketing decision support system", Management Science, Vol. 44 No. 5, pp. 645-58.
140. van de Ven, W.P.M.M. and van Vliet, R.C.J.A. (1995), "Consumer information surplus and adverse selection in competitive health insurance markets: An empirical study", Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 149-69.
141. Volonino, L., Chandra Sekar, G. and Ramesh, R. (1987), "Decision quality and information load", paper presented at the 20th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii.
142. Waller, M.J. and Huber, G.P. (1995), "Functional background as a determinant of executives' selective perception", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 943-74.
143. Weick, K.E. (1995), Sensemaking in Organizations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
144. West, E.J.W. (1997), "Using the internet for business - web oriented routes to market and existing it infrastructures", Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, Vol. 29 No. 15, pp. 1769-76.
145. Wetherbe, J.C. (1991), "Executive information requirements: Getting it right", MIS Quarterly, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 51-65.
146. Wiedenbeck, S. (1985), "Novice/expert differences in programming skills", International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 383-90.
147. Wigand, R.T., Picot, A. and Reichwald, R. (1997), Information, Organization and Management: Expanding Markets and Corporate Boundaries, Wiley, Chichester.
148. Wilhelm, K. (2000), "Ground zero for a data explosion", Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163 No. 46, pp. 40-2.
149. Wilkie, W.L. (1974), "Analysis of effects of information load", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 462-6.
150. Wulff, A.I., Rasmussen, B. and Westgaard, R.H. (2000), "Documentation in large-scale engineering design: Information processing and defensive mechanisms to generate information overload", International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 295-310.
151. Wurman, R.S. (1987), Information Anxiety, Doubleday, New York, NY.
152. Yamin, M. and Forsgren, M. (2006), "Hymer's analysis of the multinational organization: Power retention and the demise of the federative MNE", International Business Review, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 166-79.
153. Zimbardo, P.G. (1995), Psychologie, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.