Japan's civilized war: International law as diplomacy in the sino-Japanese war (1894-1895)

Journal of the History of International Law

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 179-201

  Howland, Douglas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35548968072     PISSN: 1388199X     EISSN: 15718050     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/138819907X237165     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 17-23, 40-65, 75-114;
2. TJ. Lawrence The Society of Nations: Its Past, Present, and Possible Future (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1919), 1-575
3. Terry Nardin, Law, Morality and the Relations of States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 19-34,45-68;
4. and John Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1894), 52-60, 78-85. For a masterful summary of the historical development of Japan's role in the international system
5. see R.P. Anand, "Family of'Civilized' States and Japan: A Story of Humiliation, Assimilation, Defiance, and Confrontation", Journal of the History of International Law 5 (2003): 1-75.
6. Qi Qizhang, Jiawuzhanzhengshi (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1990), 41-55;
7. Qi Qizhang, Wanqinghaijun xingshuai shi (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1998), 382-965
8. and Sun Kefu and Sun Fang, "Lun jiawu 'Gaosheng' hao shijian", in Jiawu haizhanyu Zhongguo jindai haijun, ed. Zhang Wei (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1990), 260-272.
9. Ueda Toshio, "Nisshin sen'eki to kokusaiho", in Hanabusa Nagamichi hakushi kanreki kinen ronbun shu, ed. Hanabusa Nagamichi hakushi kanreki kinen ronbun shu henshu iinkai (Tokyo: Keio tsushin. 1962), 480-507.
10. Anand, "Family of 'Civilized' States and Japan", 27-30;
11. Hisashi Owada, "Japan, International Law, and the International Community", in Japan and International Law: Past, Present, and Future, ed. Nisuke Ando (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999), 359;
12. and Hidemi Suganami, "Japan's Entry into International Society", in The Expansion of International Society, ed. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984), 195.
13. Shiraha Yuzo, Nisshin-Nichiro senso to horitsugaku (Tokyo: Chuo daigaku shuppanbu, 2002), 120-190.
14. See Francis Anthony Boyle, Foundations of World Order (Durham : Duke University Press, 1999);
15. Siba Grovogui, Sovereigns, Quasi Sovereigns, and Africans (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996);
16. F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986);
17. F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963);
18. and John Hoffman, Sovereignty (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
19. See especially Paul Fauchille's "Préface" to Nagao Ariga, La guerre Sino-japonaise au point de vue du droit international (Paris: A. Pedone, 1896), v-x;
20. and Gerrit W. Gong, The Standard of'Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 3-23, 187-200.
21. On the slow process of treaty renegotiations, see Kajima Morinosuke, Modern Japan's Foreign Policy (Rutland, VT: Turtle, 1969);
22. Ian Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977);
23. and Louis G. Perez, Japan Comes of Age: Mutsu Munemitsu and the Revision of the Unequal Treaties (Cranberry, N.J.: Associated University Presses; Teaneck, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999).
24. Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964);
25. and Douglas Howland, Translating the West: Language and Political Reason in Nineteenth-century Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002).
26. Republica del Peru, Colección de los tratados, convenciones capitulaciones, armisticios, y otros actos diplomáticos y políticos celebrados desde la independencia hasta el día, precedida de una introducción que comprende la época colonial, ed. Ricardo Aranda (Lima: Imprenta del estado, 1890-1911), vol. 10:90-106;
27. Gaimusho honshu, Nihongaiko monjo (Tokyo: Gaimusho, 1956), vol. 11 (Meiji 8): 374-481;
28. and Takeda Yasumi, Maria Rusujiken: Oe Taku to dorei kaiho (Yokohama: Yurindo, 1981), 195-204.
29. See, for a range of examples, Boyle, Foundations of World Order, 38f., 58f.;
30. George A. Finch, The Sources of International Law (Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1937);
31. David Kennedy, "International Law and the Nineteenth Century: History of an Illusion", Quinnipiac Law Review 17 (Spring 1997): 99-138;
32. and James Lorimer, The Institutes of the Law of Nations (Edinburgh: Blackwell Sc Sons, 1883), vol. 1:19-90.
33. Ariga, La guerre Sino-japonaise, xii. Apart from the limited 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration, no international treaties on the laws of war were ratified between the 1864 Geneva Convention and the 1899 Hague Convention; for the 1874 Brussels Declaration
34. see James Lorimer, The Institutes of the Law of Nations (Edinburgh: Wm. Blackwood and Sons, 1883-1884), vol. 2: 337-402;
35. and for the 1875 Institut de droit international commentary thereof, see Resolutions of the Institute of International Law, ed. James Brown Scott (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1916), 7-12.
36. John Wesdake, "Introduction", to Sakuye Takahashi, Cases on International Law During the Chino-Japanese War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1899), xvii-xxvii.
37. Takahashi Sakue, Eisen 'Kosho'go no gekichin (Tokyo: Shueisha, 1903), 140-143.
38. Thomas Erskine Holland, "International Law in the War Between Japan and China", The United Service (August 1895): 109f;
39. and Westlake, "Introduction" to Takahashi, Cases on International Law, xv.
40. See also Anand, "Family of'Civilized' States and Japan", 20f.
41. Holland, "International Law", 109-113;
42. and Takahashi Sakuye, "Applications of International Law during the Chino-Japanese War", Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society of London 5 (1898-1901): 2f.
43. For translations and originals of decrees issued by the Governor of Taiwan, offering rewards for the heads of Japanese soldiers and officers and for the sinking of Japanese ships, see the British Foreign Office Archives, file FO 233/119, pp. 147-148.
44. Henri Ebren, "Obligation juridique de la déclaration de guerre", Revue générale de droit international public II (1904): 133-148.
45. In addition to Ebren, ibid., see Charles Dupuis, "La Declaration de guerre", Revue générale de droit international public !?} (1906): 725-733;
46. and Joseph R. Bakerand Louis W. McKernan, Selected Topics Connected with the Laws of Warfare, as of August 1, 1919 (Washington, D.C.,: G.P.O., 1919), 118-24.
47. Stephen C. Neff points out that legal positivists in the nineteenth century were divided between a subjective conception of war, which focused on intent, and an objective conception of war, which focused on actions; see War and the Law of Nations: A General History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 173-176.
48. See also Brien Hallett, The Lost Art of Declaring War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 21-26, 61-95.
49. Ariga, La guerre Sino-japonaise, 12-16;
50. see also S. C. M. Paine, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 112-121.
51. Takahashi, Eisen 'Kosho'go no gekichin, 79-95.
52. John Westlake, International Law, Part II, War, 2d. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913), vol. 2: 26f.
53. See, for example, Theodore D. Woolsey, Introduction to the Study of International Law, 4th. ed., revised and enlarged (N.Y: Scribner, Armstrong, Sc Co., 1874), 197-200.
54. See Fremantle's report to the Admiralty, 8 August 1894, in British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part I, Series E, Volume 4, Sino-Japanese War, 1894, ed. Ian Nish (N.p.: University Publications of America, 1989), in; and the Foreign Office memo of 17 August to the Admiralty and the Law Officers of the Crown, in idem., 127.
55. Baker and McKernan, Selected Topics Connected with the Laws of Warfare, 24-32;
56. and T J. Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, (London: Macmillan, 1895), 299-302.
57. Douglas Howland, "The Sinking of the S.S. Kowshing. An Exercise in International Law and Diplomacy", Modern Asian Studies: forthcoming.
58. Ariga, La guerre Sino-japonaise, 19;
59. Takahashi, Eisen 'Kosho'go nogekichin, 26f.
60. J.Westlake, "To the Editor of the Times, 3 August 1894, p. 10;
61. and T E. Holland, "To the Editor of the Times", 7 August 1894, p. 3.
62. Both letters are reprinted in Takahashi, Cases on International Law, 38-42.
63. See also British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series E, Volume 4:14-15,317-320;
64. and Lord Herschell, "The 'Kowshing Memorandum", 10 November 1894, in British Foreign Office Archives, file FO. 46/446.
65. Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff, eds., Documents on the Laws of War, 3d. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 221f.
66. See Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 (N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2002), 491-96;
67. Inoue Haruki, Ryojun gyakusatsu jiken (Tokyo: Chikuma shobo, 1995);
68. Paine, The Sino-Japanese War of1894-1895;, 207-222;
69. Shiraha, Nisshin-Nichiro senso to horitsugaku, 120-190;
70. Shirai Hisaya, Meiji kokka to Nisshin senso (Tokyo: Shakai hyoronsha, 1997), 141-88;
71. and Trumbull White, The War in the East: Japan, China, and Corea (N.p., 1895), 583-609.
72. Fukuzawa Yukichi, "Nisshin no senso wa bunmei no senso nari", Jiji shinpo, 1894.7. 29.
73. repr. Fukuzawa Yukichi zenshu, vol. 14 (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1961), 49if;
74. and Uchimura Kanzo, "Justification of the Korean War", in The Complete Works of Kanzo Uchimura, ed. Tajiro Yamamoto andYoichi Muto (Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1972), vol. 5: 66-75.
75. See also Hilary Conroy, The Japanese Seizure of Korea, 1868-1910 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, i960),127-139;
76. and Oka Yoshitake, "Nisshin senso to toji ni okeru taigai ishiki", Kokka gakkai zasshi 68 (12/1954): 101-130 and (2/1955): 223-254.
77. Ariga, La guerre Sino-japonaise, 77-93.
78. Holland, "International Law", 112f.
79. Takahashi, "Applications of International Law", 4-7, 21.
80. "Our New Treaty with Japan", New York Times, Dec. 17, 1894, p. 5;
81. and Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895), 85-90.
82. Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of International Law, xii.
83. Holland, "International Law", 116-119;
84. Takahashi, "Applications of International Law", 11-16;
85. and Takahashi, Cases on International Law, 10-23. On British government deliberation over whether or not Japan could establish a prize court
86. see British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series E, Volume 4:127f., 164f., 197f., 310f., 317-320.
87. Takahashi, Cases on International Law, 172-191.
88. Takahashi, Cases on International Law, 73-114.
89. Thomas Erskine Holland, A Manual of Naval Prize Law (London: Printed for HMSO by Darling Sc Son, 1888), 25f., 44, 62;
90. and Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, 398-407.
91. See also Institute of International Law, Resolutions of the Institute of International Law dealing with the Law of Nations, coll. James Brown Scott (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1916), 45-62, 71-77;
92. and Charles Cheney Hyde, Maritime War (Washington: G.P.O., 1918), 97-125.
93. Takahashi, "Applications of International Law", 2-4, 9f; and Takahashi, Cases on International Law, 9f.