Intercropping systems with hardwood trees: What is the potential for Quebec?;Cultures intercalaires avec arbres feuillus: Quel potentiel pour le Québec?

Forestry Chronicle

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 526-538

  Rivest, David ^a   Olivier, Alain ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Crop productivity; Environmental benefits; Hardwood plantation; High value wood; Intercropping systems; Mixedwood plain ecozone; Profitability; Resource competition; Technical itinerary; Tree growth

Indexed keywords

HARDWOODS; PROFITABILITY; TIMBER;

CROP PRODUCTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS; HARDWOOD PLANTATION; HIGH-VALUE WOOD; INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS; MIXEDWOOD PLAIN ECOZONE; RESOURCE COMPETITION; TECHNICAL ITINERARY; TREE GROWTH;

FORESTRY;

BIODIVERSITY; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); CROP PRODUCTION; FORESTRY PRODUCTION; GROWTH RATE; INTERCROPPING; PLANTATION; SOIL FERTILITY;

FORESTRY; FORESTS; HARDWOODS; PROFITABILITY;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; QUEBEC [CANADA];

EID: 35548964144     PISSN: 00157546     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5558/tfc83526-4     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Akbulut, S., A. Keten et W.T. Stamps. 2003. Effect of alley cropping and arthropod diversity in Duzce, Turkey. J. Agr. Crop Sci. 189 : 261-269.
2. 15N-labeled fertilizer in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K.Koch) - Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States. Plant Soil 263 : 151-164.
3. Allen, S.C., S. Jose, P.K.R. Nair, B.J. Brecke, P. Nkedi-Kizza et C.L. Ramsey. 2004b. Safety-net role of tree roots : evidence from a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) - cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States. For. Ecol. Manage. 192 : 395-407.
4. Balandier, P. 1997. A method to evaluate needs and efficiency of formative pruning of fast-growing broad-leaved trees and results of an annual pruning. Can. J. For. Res. 27 : 809-816.
5. Balandier, P. et C. Dupraz. 1999. Growth of widely spaced trees. A case study from young agroforestry plantations in France. Agrofor. Syst. 43 : 151-167.
6. Baldy, C., C. Dupraz et S. Schilizzi. 1993. Vers de nouvelles agroforesteries en climats tempérés et médité rranéens. I. Aspects agronomiques. Cahiers Agricultures. 2 : 375-386.
7. BAPE. 2000. L'eau, ressource à protéger, à partager et à mettre en valeur. Rapport de la Commission sur la gestion de l'eau au Québec. Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement, Québec. [Internet]. Voir site www.bape.gouv.qc.ca/sections/archives/eau/ index.htm
8. Benjamin, T.J., W.L. Hoover, J.R. Seifert et A.R. Gillespie. 2000. Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. 4. The economic return of ecological knowledge. Agrofor. Syst. 48 : 79-93.
9. Brandle, J.R., L. Hodges et X. Zhou. 2004. Windbreaks in sustainable agriculture. Agrofor. Syst. 61 : 65-78.
10. Browaldh, M. 1995. The influence of trees on N dynamics in an agrisilvicultural system in Sweden. Agrofor. Syst. 30 : 301-313.
11. Burgess, P.J. 1999. Effects of agroforestry on farm biodiversity in the UK. Scottish Forestry 53 : 24-27.
12. Burgess, P.J., L.D. Incoll, D.T. Corry, A. Beaton et B.J. Hart. 2004. Poplar (Populus spp) growth and crop yields in a silvoarable experiment at three lowland sites in England. Agrofor. Syst. 63 : 157-169.
13. Burgess, S.S.O., M.A. Adams, N.C. Turner et C.K. Ong. 1998. The redistribution of soil water by tree roots systems. Oecologia 115 : 306-311.
14. Burken, J.G. et J.L. Schoor. 1997. Uptake and metabolism of atrazine by poplar trees. Environmental Science Technology. 31 : 1399-1406.
15. Cabanettes, A., D. Auclair et W. Imam. 1999. Diameter and height growth curves for widely-spaced trees in European agroforestry. Agrofor. Syst. 43 : 169-182.
16. Campbell, G.E., G.J. Lottes et J.O. Dawson. 1991. Design and development of agroforestry systems for Illinois, USA: silvicultural and economic considerations. Agrofor. Syst. 13 : 203-224.
17. Chifflot, V., G. Bertoni, A. Cabanettes et A. Gavaland. 2006. Beneficial effects of intercropping on the growth and nitrogen status of young wild cherry and hybrid walnut trees. Agrofor. Syst. 66 : 13-21.
18. Chirko, C.P., M.A. Gold, P.V. Nguyen et J.P. Jiang. 1996a. Influence of direction and distance from trees on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Qp) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. For. Ecol.Manage. 83 : 171-180.
19. Chirko, C.P., M.A. Gold, P.V. Nguyen et J.P. Jiang. 1996b. Influence on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Qp) at the tree and crop interface in a Paulownia - wheat intercropping system. For. Ecol.Manage. 89 : 149-156.
20. Cogliastro, A., K. Benjamin et A. Paquette. 2001. Nouvelles avenues vers une production de bois feuillus de qualité en plantation. Dans A. Cogliastro et A. Hallé (eds.). Actes du colloque : Dynamiser la sylviculture des feuillus. 24 novembre 2000, Montréal, QC. pp. 39-49. La société des amis de la maison de l'arbre, Montréal.
21. Cogliastro, A., K. Benjamin et A. Bouchard. 2006. Effects of full and partial clearing, with and without herbicide, on weed cover, light availability, and establishment success of white ash in shrub communities of abandoned pastureland in southwestern Quebec, Canada. New Forests 32 : 197-210.
22. Cogliastro, A., D. Gagnon et A. Bouchard. 1997. Experimental determination of soil characteristics optimal for the growth of ten hardwoods planted on abandoned farmland. For. Ecol.Manage. 96 : 49-63.
23. Cogliastro, A., D. Gagnon, S. Daigle et A. Bouchard. 2003. Improving hardwood afforestation success: an analysis of the effects of soil properties in southwestern Quebec. For. Ecol. Manage. 177 : 347-359.
24. Commission d'études sur la gestion de la forêt publique québécoise. 2004. Rapport : Commission d'étude scientifique, technique, publique et indépendante, chargée d'examiner la gestion des forêts du domaine de l'État. [Internet]. Voir site www.commissionforet.qc.ca/rapportfinal.htm.
25. Cutter, B.E. et H.E. Garrett. 1993. Wood quality in alleycropped estern black walnut. Agrofor. Syst. 22 : 25-32.
26. Dix, M.E., R.J. Johnson, M.O. Harrell, R.M. Case, R.J. Wright, L. Hodges, J.R. Brandle, M.M. Schoeneberger, N.J. Sunderman, R.L. Fitzmaurice, L.J. Young et K.G. Hubbard. 1995. Influence of trees on abundance of natural enemies of insect pests: a review. Agrofor. Syst. 29 : 303-311.
27. Dostie, G. 2006. Étude de la survie et de la croissance souterraine de sept espèces d'herbacées forestières à intérêt commercial en réponse au pH du sol et à l'intensité lumineuse. M.Sc. Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC.
28. Dupraz, C. 1994a. Les associations d'arbres et de cultures intercalaires annuelles sous climat tempéré. Rev. For. Fr. 46 : 72-83.
29. Dupraz, C. 1994b. Le chêne et le blé: l'agroforesterie peut-elle intéresser les exploitations européennes de grandes cultures? Rev. For. Fr. 46 : 84-95.
30. Dupraz, C. 1994c. Prospects for easing land tenure conflicts with agroforestry in Mediterranean France: a research approach for intercropped timber orchards. Agrofor. Syst. 25 : 181-192.
31. Dupraz, C. 1999. Adequate design of control treatments in long term agroforestry experiments with multiple objectives. Agrofor. Syst. 43 : 35-48.
32. Dupraz, C. 2001. Étude du fonctionnement écophysiologique de l'association noyer - blé dur. Dans Programme intégré de recherches en agroforesterie à Restinclières (PIRAT): rapport d'étude 2000, Montpellier. pp. 2-18. INRA, Montpellier, France.
33. Dupraz, C., P.J. Burgess, A. Gavaland, A.R. Graves, F. Herzog, L.D. Incoll, N. Jackson, K. Keesman, G. Lawson, I. Lecomte, F. Liagre, K. Mantzanas, M. Mayus, G. Moreno, J. Palma, V. Papanastasis, P. Paris, D. Pilbeam, Y. Reisner, M. van Noordwijk, G. Vincent et W. van der Werf. 2005. Synthesis of the SAFE (Silvoarable Agroforestry for Europe) project. INRA-UMR System Editions, Montpellier. 254 p. Voir site www.montpellier.inra.fr/safe/french/ index.htm
34. Dupraz, C., C. Fournier, Y. Balvay, M. Dauzat, S. Pesteur et V. Simorte. 1999a. Influence de quatre années de culture intercalaire de blé et de colza sur la croissance de noyers hybrides en agroforesterie. Dans Actes du colloque de Clermont-Ferrand : Bois et forêts des agriculteurs. pp. 95-114. CEMAGREF, Antony, France.
35. Dupraz, C. et S.M. Newman. 1997. Temperate agroforestry : the european way. Dans A.M. Gordon et S.M Newman (eds.). Temperate agroforestry systems. pp. 181-236. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
36. Dupraz, C., V. Simorte, M. Dauzat, G. Bertoni, A. Bernadac et P. Masson. 1999b. Growth and nitrogen status of young walnuts as affected by intercropped legumes in a Mediterranean climate. Agrofor. Syst. 43 : 71-80.
37. Dyack, B., K. Rollins et A.M. Gordon. 1999. A model to calculate ex ante the threshold value of interaction effects necessary for proposed intercropping projects to be feasible to the landowner and desirable to society. Agrofor. Syst. 44 : 197-214.
38. Eichhorn, M.P., P. Paris, F. Herzog, L.D. Incoll, F. Liagre, K. Mantzanas, M. Mayus, G. Moreno, V.P. Papanastasis, D.J. Pilbeam, A. Pisanelli et C. Dupraz. 2006. Silvoarable systems in Europe - past, present and future prospects. Agrofor. Syst. 67 : 29-50.
39. Environnement Canada. 2006. Les écozones du Canada. [Internet]. Voir site www.ccea.org/ecozones/fr/index.html.
40. Frochot, H., J.F. Picard et P. Dreyfus. 1986. La végétation herbacée, obstacle aux plantations. Rev. For. Fr. 37 : 271-279.
41. Gakis, S., K. Mantzanas, D. Alifragis, V.P. Papanastasis, A. Papaioannou, D. Seilopoulos et P. Platis. 2004. Effects of understory vegetation on tree establishment and growth in a silvopastoral system in northern Greece. Agrofor. Syst. 60 : 149-157.
42. Garrett, H.E. et L.E. Buck. 1997. Agroforestry practice and policy in the United States of America. For. Ecol. Manage. 91 : 5-15.
43. Garrett, H.E. et L.S. Harper. 1998. The science and practice of black walnut agroforestry in Missouri, USA: a temperate zone assessment. Dans L.E. Buck, J.P. Lassoie et E.C.M. Fernandes (eds.). Agroforestry in sustainable agricultural systems. pp. 97-110. CRC Press, New York, NY.
44. Garrett, H.E., J.E. Jones, W.B. Kurtz et J.P. Slusher. 1991. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) agroforestry - its design and potential as a land-use alternative. For. Chron. 67 : 213-218.
45. Garrett, H.E. et W.B. Kurtz. 1983. Silvicultural and economic relationships of integrated forestry farming with balck walnut. Agrofor. Syst. 1 : 245-256.
46. Garrett, H.E. et R.L. McGraw. 2000. Alley cropping practices. Dans H.E. Garrett, W.J. Rietveld et R.F. Fisher (eds.). North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice. pp. 149-188. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI.
47. Gillespie, A.R, S. Jose, D.B. Mengel, W.L. Hoover, P.E. Pope, J.R. Seifert, D.J. Biehle, T. Stall et T.J. Benjamin. 2000. Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. 1. Production physiology. Agrofor. Syst. 48 : 25-40.
48. Gordon, A.M. et S.M Newman. 1997. Temperate agroforestry systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 267 p.
49. Graves, A.R., P.J. Burgess, F. Liagre, J.-P. Terreaux et C. Dupraz. 2005. Development and use of a framework for characterising computer models of silvoarable economics. Agrofor. Syst. 65 : 53-65.
50. Hou, Q., J. Brandle, K. Hubbard, M. Schoeneberger, C. Nieto et C. Francis. 2003. Alteration of soil water content consequent to root-pruning at a windbreak/crop interface in Nebraska, USA. Agrofor. Syst. 57 : 137-147.
51. e édition. Institut pour le développement forestier, Paris, France. 282 p.
52. INRA et CRPF. 2000. Agroforesterie à Restinclières pour l'Hérault et au-delà... Réalisations et perspectives. Institut national de la recherche agronomique/Centre régional de la propriété forestière, Montpellier, France. 19 p.
53. Janin, G., J.M. Leban, F. Ducci, B. Charrier et J. Mosedale. 1997. L'utilisation en agroforesterie des résineux et des feuillus. Les conséquences sur la qualité du bois produit. Dans Comptes rendus de l'atelier international : L'agroforesterie pour un développement rural durable. 23 au 29 juin 1997, Montpellier, France. pp. 303-305. CIRAD - Forêts, Montpellier, France.
54. Jose, S. et A.R. Gillespie. 1998. Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping. II. Effects of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) growth and physiology. Plant Soil 203 : 199-205.
55. Jose, S., A.R. Gillespie et S.G. Pallardy. 2004. Interspecific interactions in temperate agroforestry. Agrofor. Syst. 61 : 237-255.
56. th North American Agroforestry Conference : Growing a sustainable future. 23 au 29 juillet 1995, Boise, ID. pp. 54-55. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
57. Jose, S., A.R. Gillespie, J.R. Seifert et D.J. Biehle. 2000a. Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. 2. Competition for water. Agrofor. Syst. 48 : 41-59.
58. Jose, S., A.R. Gillespie, J.R. Seifert, D.B. Mengel et P.E. Pope. 2000b. Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA. 3. Competition for nitrogen and litter decomposition dynamics. Agrofor. Syst. 48 : 61-77.
59. Klaa, K., P.J. Mill et L.D. Incoll. 2005. Distribution of small mammals in a silvoarable agroforestry system in Northern England. Agrofor. Syst. 63 : 101-110.
60. Kort, J. 1988. Benefits of Windbreaks to field and forage crops. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 22 : 165-191.
61. Kort, J. et R. Turnock. 1999. Carbon reservoir and biomass in Canadian prairie shelterbelts. Agrofor. Syst. 44 : 175-186.
62. Kurtz, W.B. 2000. Economics and policy of agroforestry. Dans H.E. Garrett, W.J. Rietveld et R.F. Fisher (eds.). North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice. pp. 321-360. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, WI.
63. Kurtz, W.B., S.E. Thurman, M.J. Manson et H.E. Garrett. 1991. The use of agroforestry to control erosion: Financial aspects. For. Chron. 67 : 254-257.
64. Lee, K.H. et S. Jose. 2003. Soil respiration and microbial biomass in a pecan - cotton alley cropping system in southern USA. Agrofor. Syst. 58 : 45-54.
65. Lelle, M.A. et M.A. Gold. 1994. Agroforestry systems for temperate climates: lessons from Roman Italy. Forest Conserv. Hist. 38 : 118-126.
66. Lin, C.H., R.L. McGraw, M.F. George et H.E. Garrett. 1999. Shade effects on forage crops with potential in temperate agroforestry practices. Agrofor. Syst. 44 : 109-119.
67. Lu, J. 2006. Energy balance and economic benefits of two agroforestry systems in northern and southern China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 116 : 255-262.
68. Mary, F., C. Dupraz, E. Delannoy et F. Liagre. 1999. Incorporating agroforestry practices in the management of walnut plantations in Dauphiné, France: an analysis of farmers' motivations. Agrofor. Syst. 43 : 243-256.
69. Mead, D.J. 2005. Opportunities for improving plantation productivity. How much? How quickly? How realistic? Biomass and Bioenergy 28 : 249-266.
70. Miller, A.W. et S.G. Pallardy. 2001. Resource competition across the tree-crop interface in a maize-silver maple temperate alley cropping stand in Missouri. Agrofor. Syst. 53 : 247-259.
71. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune. 2007.Ressources et industries forestières. Portrait statistique édition 2007. Direction du développement de l'industrie des produits forestiers, Chapitre 5.6 Reboisement. www.mrnfp.gouv.qc.ca/forets/ connaissances/connaissances-statistiques.jsp.
72. Montagnini, F. et P.K.R. Nair. 2004. Carbon sequestration : An underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry systems. Agrofor. Syst. 61 : 281-295.
73. Mulia, R. et C. Dupraz 2006. Unusual fine root distributions of two deciduous tree species in southern France: What consequences for modelling of tree root dynamics? Plant Soil 281 : 71-85.
74. Mungai, N.W., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer et K.A. Nelson. 2005. Spatial variation of enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems. Biol. Fertil. Soils 42 : 129-136.
75. Newman, S.M. et A.M. Gordon. 1997. Temperate agroforestry: synthesis and future directions. Dans A.M. Gordon et S.M Newman (eds.). Temperate agroforestry systems. pp. 251-266. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
76. Oelbermann, M., R.P. Voroney et A.M. Gordon. 2004. Carbon sequestration in tropical and temperate agroforestry systems: a review with examples from Costa Rica and southern Canada. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104 : 359-377.
77. Ong, C.K., J.E. Corlett, R.P. Singh et C.R. Black. 1991. Above and below ground interactions in agroforestry systems. For. Ecol. Manage. 45 : 45-57.
78. Ong, C.K., J.D. Deans, J. Wilson, J. Mutua, A.A.H. Khan et E.M. Lawson. 1999. Exploring belowground complementarity in agroforestry using sap flow and root fractal techniques. Agrofor. Syst. 44 : 87-103.
79. Ong, C.K. et P.A Huxley. 1996. Tree-crop interactions: a physiological approach. CAB International. Wallingford, UK. 386 p.
80. Pan, D., G. Domon, S. de Blois et A. Bouchard. 1999. Temporal (1958-1993) and spatial patterns of land use changes in Haut-Saint-Laurent (Quebec, Canada) and their relation to landscape physical attributes. Lands. Ecol. 14 : 35-52.
81. Pandey, D.N. 2002. Carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. Climate Policy 2 : 367-377.
82. Paquette, A., A. Bouchard et A. Cogliastro. 2006. Successful under-planting of red oak and black cherry in early-successional deciduous shelterwoods of North America. Ann. For. Sc. 63 : 823-831
83. Paris, P., F. Cannata et G. Olimpieri. 1995. Influence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping and polyethylene mulching on early growth of walnut (Juglans spp.) in central Italy. Agrofor. Syst. 31 : 169-180.
84. Paris, P., G. Olimpieri, L. Todaro, A. Pisanelli et F. Cannata. 1998. Leaf-water potential and soil-water depletion of walnut mulched with polyethylene and intercropped with alfalfa in central Italy. Agrofor. Syst. 40 : 69-81.
85. Paris, P., A. Pisanelli, L. Todaro, G. Olimpieri et F. Cannata. 2005. Growth and water relations of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) on a mesic site in central Italy : effects of understorey herbs and polyethylene mulching. Agrofor. Syst. 65 : 113-121.
86. Park, J., S.M. Newman et S.H. Cousins. 1994. The effects of poplar (P. trichocarpa x deltoides) on soil biological properties in a silvoarable system. Agrofor. Syst. 25 : 111-118.
87. Paul, K.I., P.J. Polglase, J.G. Nyakuengama et P.K. Khanna. 2002. Change in soil carbon following afforestation. For. Eco. Manage. 168 : 241-257.
88. Peich, M., N.V. Thevathasan, A.M. Gordon, J. Huss et R.A. Abohassan. 2006. Carbon sequestration potentials in temperate tree-based intercropping systems, southern Ontario, Canada. Agrofor. Syst. 66 : 243-257.
89. Peng, R.K., L.D. Incoll, S.L. Sutton, C. Wright et A. Chadwick. 1993. Diversity of airborne arthropods in a silvoarable agroforestry system. J. Appl. Ecol. 30 : 551-562.
90. Powell, G.W. et E.W. Bork. 2004. Competition and facilitation in mixtures of aspen seedlings, alfalfa, and marsh reedgrass. Can. J. For. Res. 34 : 1858-1869.
91. Price, G.W. et A.M. Gordon. 1999. Spatial and temporal distribution of earthworms in a temperate intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada. Agrofor. Syst. 44 : 141-149.
92. Rasmussen, S.D. et C.A. Shapiro. 1990. Effect of tree root-pruning adjacent to windbreaks on corn and soybeans. J. Soil Water Conservation 45 : 571-575.
93. Reich, P.B., D.F. Grigal, J.D. Aber et S.T. Gower. 1997. Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils. Ecology 78 : 335-347.
94. Reynolds, P.E., J.A. Simpson, N.V. Thevathasan et A.M. Gordon. 2007. Effects of tree competition on corn and soybean photosynthesis, growth, and yield in a temperate tree-based agroforestry intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada. Ecol. Eng. 29 : 362-371.
95. Rietveld, W.J. 1983. Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species. J. Chem. Ecol. 9 : 295-308.
96. Rivest, D. 2004. La culture intercalaire peut-elle dynamiser la plantation des arbres feuillus à bois nobles au Québec ? M.Sc. Université Laval, Québec, QC.
97. th North American Agroforestry Conference : Moving agroforestry into the mainstream. June 12-15, 2005, Rochester, MN. Dept. of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
98. Robitaille, D. 1999. Analyse comparative coûts/ bénéfices. Dans Étude de sensibilité, programme de revalorisation des friches dans les rangs agricoles déstructurés du territoire de la MRC de Papineau. pp. 8-23. Service de la planification et de l'aménagement du territoire de la MRC de Papineau, MRC de Papineau, QC.
99. Sanchez, P.A. 1995. Science in agroforestry. Agrofor. Syst. 30 : 5-55.
100. Schultz, R.C., T.M. Isenhart, W.W. Simpkins et J.P. Colletti. 2004. Riparian forest buffers in agroecosystems - lessons learned from the Bear Creek Watershed, central Iowa, USA. Agrofor. Syst 61 : 35-50.
101. Seiter, S., E.R. Ingham et R.D. William. 1999. Dynamics of soil fungal and bacterial biomass in a temperate climate alley cropping system. Appl. Soil Ecol. 12 : 139-147.
102. Singh, H.P., R.K. Kohli et D.R. Batish. 2001. Allelopathic interference of Populus deltoides with some winter season crops. Agronomie 21 : 139-146.
103. Stamps, W.T. et M.S. Linit. 1998. Plant diversity and arthropod communities: Implications for temperate agroforestry. Agrofor. Syst. 39 : 73-89.
104. Stamps, W.T. et M.S. Linit. 1999. The problem of experimental design in temperate agroforestry. Agrofor. Syst. 44 : 187-196.
105. Stamps, W.T., T.W. Woods, M.S. Linit et H.E. Garrett. 2002. Arthropod diversity in alley cropped black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) stands in eastern Missouri, USA. Agrofor. Syst. 56 : 167-175.
106. Thevathasan, N.V. et A.M. Gordon. 1997. Poplar leaf biomass distribution and nitrogen dynamics in a poplar-barley intercropped system in southern Ontario, Canada. Agrofor. Syst. 37 : 79-90.
107. Thevathasan, N.V. et A.M. Gordon. 2004. Ecology of tree intercropping systems in the North temperate region: Experiences from southern Ontario, Canada. Agrofor. Syst. 61 : 257-268.
108. Truax, B. et D. Gagnon. 1993. Effects of straw and black plastic mulching on the initial growth and nutrition of butternut, white ash and bur oak. For. Ecol. Manage. 57 : 17-27.
109. Truax, B., D. Gagnon et N. Chevrier. 2000. Herbicide-free plantations of oaks and ashes along a gradient of open to forested mesic environments. For. Ecol.Manage. 137 : 155-169.
110. Udawatta, R.P., P. Nygren et H.E. Garrett. 2005. Growth of three oak species during establishment of an agroforestry practice for watershed protection. Can. J. For. Res. 35 : 602-609.
111. van Noordwijk, M., G. Lawson, A. Soumaré, J.J.R. Groot et K. Hairiah. 1996. Root distribution of trees and crops: competition and/or complementarity. Dans C.K. Ong et P. Huxley (eds.). Tree-crop interactions: a physiological approach. pp. 319-364. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.
112. Van Sambeek, J.W., F. Jr. Ponder et W.J. Rietveld. 1986. Legumes increase growth and alter foliar nutrient levels of black walnut saplings. For. Ecol.Manage. 17 : 159-167.
113. von Alten, F.W. 1991. Afforestation of former farmland with highvalue hardwoods. For. Chron. 67 : 209-211.
114. Wang, Q. et J.F. Shogren. 1992. Characteristics of the crop-paulownia system in China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 39 : 145-152.
115. Williams, P.A. et A.M. Gordon. 1992. The potential of intercropping as an alternative land use system in temperate North America. Agrofor. Syst. 19 : 253-263.
116. th North American Agroforestry Conference : Opportunities for Agroforestry in the Temperate Zone Worldwide. 15 au 18 août 1993, Ames, IA. pp. 127-135. Iowa State University, Ames.
117. Williams, P.A. et A.M. Gordon. 1995. Microclimate and soil moisture effects of three intercrops on the tree rows of a newly planted intercropped plantation. Agrofor. Syst. 29 : 285-302.
118. th North American Agroforestry Conference : Growing a sustainable future. 23 au 29 juillet 1995, Boise, ID. pp. 158-162. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
119. Williams, P.A., A.M. Gordon, H.E. Garrett et L. Buck. 1997. Agroforestry in North America and its role in farming systems.Dans A.M. Gordon et S.M Newman (eds.). Temperate agroforestry systems. pp. 9-84. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
120. Williams, R.D. 1990. Juglans nigra (L.). Black walnut. Dans Silvics of North America : 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
121. Willis, R.W., T.H. Thomas et J. van Slycken. 1993. Poplar agroforestry: a re-evaluation of its economic potential on arable land in the United Kingdom. For. Ecol. Manage. 57 : 85-97.
122. Wise, R. et O. Cacho. 2005. Tree-crop intercations and their environmental and economic implications in the presence of carbon-sequestration payments. Environmental Modelling and Software 20 : 1139-1148.
123. Wojewoda, D. et S. Russel. 2003. The impact of a shelterbelt on soil properties and microbial activity in an adjacent crop field. Pol. J. Ecol. 51 : 291-307.
124. Wu, Y.Y. et Z.H. Zhu. 1997. Temperate agroforestry in China. Dans A.M. Gordon et S.M Newman (eds.). Temperate agroforestry systems. pp. 149-179. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
125. Zhu, Z. 1991. Evaluation and model optimisation of Paulownia intercropping system: a project summary report. Dans Z. Zhu, M. Cai, S. Wang et Y. Jiang (eds.). Agroforestry Systems in China. pp. 30-43. The Chinese Academy of Forestry, People's Republic of China et International Development Research Centre (Canada), Beijing, China.