Tourism sustainability and health impacts in high altitude adventure, cultural and ecotourism destinations: A case study of nepal’s sagarmatha national park

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 306-331

  Musa, Ghazali ^a   Hall, C M ^b   Higham, J E S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

ACE; Ecotourism; Health; High altitude; Mountain sickness; Sustainable

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; ECOTOURISM; HEALTH IMPACT; SUSTAINABILITY; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT;

ASIA; EURASIA; NEPAL; SAGARMATHA; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 3543072244     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669580408667240     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Adams, V. (1992) Tourism and Sherpa. Annals of Tourism Research 19 (3), 534-54.
2. Ali, A. (1991) Status of Health in Nepal. A report produced from resource centre for primary health care, Nepal and south-south solidarity, India.
3. Baker, G.C. (1993) Nepal - Sagarmatha Forestry Report 1993 Visit. Rangiora: New Zealand Forest Research.
4. Barracharya, S.B. (1998) The Annapurna Conservation Area Project. In P. East, K. Luger and K. Inman (eds) Sustainability in Mountain Tourism - Perspectives for the Himalayan Countries (part 3 (1)). Delhi: Book Faith India.
5. Belk, R.W. (1993) Third world tourism: Panacea or poison? The case of Nepal. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 5 (1), 27-68.
6. Bjoness, I.M. (1983) External economic dependency and changing human adjustment to marginal environment in the high Himalaya, Nepal. Mountain Research Development 3 (3), 263-72.
7. Bratton, R., Kinnear G. and Korolux, G. (1979) Why people climb mountains. International Review of Sports Sociology 4 (2), 23-36.
8. Brower, B. (1991) Sherpa of Khumbu: People Livestock and Landscape. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
9. Byers, A. (1987) An assessment of landscape change in the Khumbu region of Nepal using repeat photography. Mountain Research and Development 7 (3), 77-81.
10. Cartwright, R. (1996) Tourists' diarrhea. In S. Clift and S.J. Page Health and the International Tourists. Routledge: London.
11. Clark, N. and Clift, S. (1996) Dimension of holiday experiences and their implication: A study of British tourists in Malta. In S. Clift and S.J. Page Health and the International Tourist. Routledge: London.
12. Clift, S., Grabowski, P. and Sharpley, R. (1997) British tourists in the Gambia: Health precaution and malaria prophylaxis. In S. Clift and P. Grabowski Tourism and Health: Risks, Research and Responses (pp. 97-116). London: Pinter.
13. Cockerell, N. (1997) International tourism report No. 1 - Nepal. Travel and Tourism Intelligence 1, 40-57.
14. Dawood, R. (1989) Tourists' health: Could the travel industry do more? Tourism Management (December), 285-7.
15. Dietz T.E. (2000) High altitude medicine guide. On WWW at http://www.high-altitude-medicine.com. Accessed 17.11.00.
16. Draper, J. (1988) The Sherpa transformed: Towards a power-centred view of change in the Khumbu. Contribution to Nepalese Studies 15 (2), 139-62.
17. Ewert, A. (1985) Why people climb: The relationship of participant motives and experience level to mountaineering. Journal of Leisure Research 17 (3), 241-50.
18. Fennell, D.A. (2001) A content analysis of ecotourism definitions. Current Issues in Tourism 4 (5), 403-19.
19. Fisher, J.F. (1990) Sherpas: Reflection on Change in Himalayan Nepal. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
20. Furer-Haimendorf, C.V. (1984) The Sherpas Transformed: Social Change in a Buddhist Society. New Delhi: Sterling Publisher.
21. Ghazali Musa (2002) An investigation of travel health experiences in high altitude environment: Case studies of Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal and Tibet, China. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Centre for Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand.
22. Gurung, C. and DeCoursey, M. (1994) The Annapurna Conservation Area Project: A pioneering example of sustainable tourism? In E. Cater and G. Lowman (eds) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? (pp. 177-94). Chichester: Wiley.
23. Gurung, G., Simmons, D. and Devlin, P. (1996) The evolving role of tourist guides: The Nepalese experience. In B. Richard and T. Hinch Tourism and Indigenous People (Chapter 5). International Thompson Business.
24. Gurung, H. (1991) Tourism Carrying Capacity in the Mountain Regions of Nepal, Kathmandu: UNDP.
25. Hackett, P.H. and Rennie, D. (1976) The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Lancet 2, 1149-54.
26. Harris, M.D., Terrio, J., Miser, W.F. and Yetter, J.F (1998) High Altitude Medicine. American Academy of Family physicians. On WWW at http://www.aafp.org/afp/980415ap/harris.html. Accessed 12.03.01.
27. Heydon, J. (1998) Annual Report from Kunde Hospital. Kathmandu: Himalayan Trust.
28. Higham, J. (1996) Wilderness perception of international visitors to New Zealand. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Centre for Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand.
29. Hinrichson, D., Lucas P.H., Coburn, B. and Oprety, B.N. (1983) Saving Sagarmatha. Ambio (12), 203-5.
30. Houston, M.D. (1987) Deforestation in Khumbu. Mountain Research and Development (7) 76.
31. Hultgren, H. (1997) High Altitude Medicine. Stanford, CA: Hultgren.
32. Inman, K. and Luger, K. (1998). Ecotourism and village development - the Oeko Himal strategy for sustainable tourism. In P. East, K. Luger and K. Inmann Sustainability in Mountain Tourism - Perspectives for the Himalayan Countries. Delhi: Book Faith.
33. Jefferies, B. (1982) Sagarmatha National Park: The impact of tourism in the Himalaya. Ambio 11 (5), 274-81.
34. Krakauer, J. (1997) Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mount Everest Disaster. New York: Villard.
35. Lachapelle, P. (1995) A Report of Human Waste Management in Sagarmatha National Park. Kathmandu: School for International Training.
36. Ledgard, N.J. (1994) Nepal - Sagarmatha Forestry Report 1994 Visit. Rangiora: New Zealand Forest Research Institute.
37. MacLellan, L.R., Dieke P.U.C. and Thapa, B.K. (2000) Mountain tourism and public policy in Nepal. In P.M. Godde, M.F. Price and F.M. Zimmermann (eds) Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions. Wallingford: CABI.
38. Maundalexix, A. (1992) High altitude medicine practice at HRA in Manang (11,000 feet) and Periche (14,000 feet). In High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, Proceedings of the Congress on High Altitude Medicine and Physiology. Kathmandu, Nepal, 8 April.
39. Moutinho, L. (1987) Consumer behaviour in tourism. European Journal of Marketing 21 (10) 5-44.
40. Nepal, S. (2000) Tourism in protected areas: The Nepalese Himalaya. Annals of Tourism Research 27 (3) 661-81.
41. Pandey, M.B. (1994) International visitor attitudes to Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) National Park. Unpublished thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
42. Parker, T. (1993) Nature Tourism in Nepal. In J. Nenon and P. Durst (eds) Nature Tourism in Asia: Opportunities and Constraints for Conservation and Economic Development (pp. 21-30). Washington DC: Forestry Support Programme.
43. Pawson, I.G., Stanford, D.D. and Adams, V.A. (1984) Effects of the modernization on the Khumbu region of Nepal changes in population structure, 1970-1982. Mountain Research Development 4 (1), 73-81.
44. Pollard, A.J. and Murdoch, D.R. (1997) The High Altitude Medicine Handbook. Oxford: Radcliff Medical Press.
45. Prentice, R. (1993) Motivations of the heritage consumer in the leisure market: An application of the Manning-Haas Demand Hierarchy. Leisure Sciences 15 (4), 273-90.
46. Roach, R., Houston, C. and Honigman, B. (1995) How well do older persons tolerate moderate altitude? West Journal Medicine (62) 32-6.
47. Robinson, D.W. (1992) Social-cultural impacts of mountain tourism in Nepal's Sagarmatha National Park: Implications for sustainable tourism. In J. Thorsell (ed.) World Heritage Twenty Years Later: 4th World Congress on the National Park and Protected areas (pp. 123-31). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
48. Robinson, D.W. (1997) Strategies for alternative tourism: the case of tourism in Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal. In L. France (ed.) Sustainable Tourism. Earthscan.
49. Rogers, P. (1997) Tourism, development and change in Sagarmatha National Park and its environs. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
50. Rogers, P. and Aitchinson, J. (1998) Towards Sustainable Tourism in the Everest Region of Nepal. Kathmandu: IUCN Nepal and ICPL.
51. Rudkin, B. and Hall, C.M. (1996) Off the beaten track. In S. Clift and S.J. Page (eds) Health and the International Tourist (pp. 89-107). London: Routledge.
52. Ryan, C. and Robertson, E. (1997) New Zealand student-tourists: Risk behaviour and health. In S. Clift and P. Grabowski (eds) Tourism and Health: Risks, Research and Responses (pp. 119-38). London: Pinter.
53. Sherpa, M.N. (1982) Sherpa Culture: Ways of Life, Festivals and Religion of the Sherpa People. Kathmandu: KMTNC.
54. Shlim, D.R. and Gallie, J. (1992) The causes of death among trekkers in Nepal. The HRA and clinics, Kathmandu, Nepal. In High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, Proceedings of Congress on High Altitude Medicine and Physiology. Kathmandu, Nepal, 8 April.
55. Simmons, D.G. and Koirala, S. (2000) Tourism in Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet: Contrast in facilitation, constraining and control of tourism in the Himalayas. In C.M. Hall and S. Page (ed.) Tourism in South and South East Asia-Issues and Cases (pp. 256-67). Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman.
56. Steffen, R. (1997) The epidemiology of travel-related health problems. In S. Clift and P. Grabowski Tourism and Health: Risks, Research and Responses (pp. 27-37). London: Pinter.
57. Stevens, S. and Sherpa, M.N. (1992) Tourism impact and protected area management in Highland Nepal: Lessons from SNP and ACAP. Paper presented at IUCN 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, Venezuela.
58. Stevens, S. (1993) Claiming the High Ground. California: University of California Press.
59. Thorsell, J (ed.) World Heritage Twenty Years Later: 4th World Congress on the National Park and Protected areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
60. Ward, M.P., Milledge, J.S. and West, J.B. (1995) High Altitude Medicine and Physiology (2nd edn). Cambridge: Chapman and Hall Medical/University Press.
61. Weaver, D.B. (1998) Ecotourism in Nepal. In Ecotourism in the Less Developed World. Wallingford: CAB International.
62. Zafren, K. (2000) Mountain sickness and other hazards in the Nepal Himalayas. On WWW at http://www.nepalonline.net/hra/. Accessed 17.12.00.
63. Zurick, D.N. (1992) Adventure travel and sustainable tourism in the peripheral economy of Nepal. Annals of the Association of American Geographers (82) 608-28.