Female genital tuberculosis: A global review

International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 123-136

  Aliyu, Muktar H ^a   Aliyu, Sani H ^b   Salihu, Hamisu M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^b ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Female genital tuberculosis; Infertility; Review article 115 references

Indexed keywords

AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; CAPREOMYCIN; CYCLOSERINE; ETHAMBUTOL; ETHIONAMIDE; ISONIAZID; KANAMYCIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; VIOMYCIN;

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; EMBRYO TRANSFER; FEMALE; FEMALE INFERTILITY; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY; MIGRATION; NONHUMAN; PELVIS PAIN SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TUBERCULOSIS; UROGENITAL TUBERCULOSIS; UTERINE TUBE;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FALLOPIAN TUBE DISEASES; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; TUBERCULOSIS, FEMALE GENITAL; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 3542995082     PISSN: 1534892X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, et al: The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 163:1009-1021, 2003.
2. WHO Global Tuberculosis Control: WHO Report 1999. Geneva, WHO, 1999.
3. WHO Global Tuberculosis Control: WHO Report 2003. Geneva, WHO, 2003.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations. MMWR 44:19-34, 1995.
5. Braun MM, Truman BI, Maquire B, et al: Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in a prison inmate population: Association with HIV infection. JAMA 261:393-397, 1989.
6. Beck-Sague C, Dooley SW, Hutton MD, et al: Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: Factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients. JAMA 268:1280-1286, 1992.
7. Nolan CM, Elarth AM, Barr H, et al: An outbreak of tuberculosis in a shelter for homeless men: A description of its evolution and control. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:257-261, 1991.
8. Bateman BG, Nunley WC, Jr, Kitchin JD 3rd, et al: Genital tuberculosis in reproductive-age women. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 31:287-290, 1986.
9. Chattopadhyay SK, Sengupta BS, Edrees YB, et al: The pattern of female genital tuberculosis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93:367-371, 1986.
10. Falk V, Ludviksson K, Agren G: Genital tuberculosis in women. Analysis of 187 newly diagnosed cases from 47 Swedish hospitals during the ten-year period from 1968 to 1977. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138:974-977, 1980.
11. Sivanesaratnam V, Lim BH, Sivanesan S, et al: Pelvic tuberculosis: an uncommon gynaecological problem in Malaysia. J Trop Med Hyg 89:167-169, 1986.
12. Chow TW, Lim BK, Vallipuram S: The masquerades of female pelvic tuberculosis: case reports and review of literature on clinical presentations and diagnosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 28:203-210, 2002.
13. Namavar Jahromi B, Parsanezhad ME, Ghane-Shirazi R: Female genital tuberculosis and infertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 75:269-272, 2001.
14. Nogales-Ortiz F, Tarancon I, Nogales FF, Jr, et al: The pathology of female genital tuberculosis. A 31-year study of 1436 cases. Obstet Gynecol 53:422-428, 1979.
15. Gini PC, Ikerionwu SE: Incidental tuberculous endometritis in premenstrual curettings from infertile women in eastern Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 31:141-144, 1990.
16. Emembolu JO, Anyanwu DO, Ewa B: Genital tuberculosis in infertile women in northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med 12:211-212, 1993.
17. Oosthuizen AP, Wessels PH, Hefer JN: Tuberculosis of the female genital tract in patients attending an infertility clinic. S Afr Med J 77:562-564, 1990.
18. Tripathy SN, Tripathy SN: Infertility and pregnancy outcome in female genital tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 76:159-163, 2002.
19. Sutherland AM: The treatment of tuberculosis of female genital tract. Tubercle 57:137, 1963.
20. Weerakiet S, Rojanasakul A, Rochanawutanon M: Female genital tuberculosis: clinical features and trend. J Med Assoc Thai 82:27-32, 1999.
21. Morgagni JB: De Sedibus et Causis Morborum Epistola 38:34, 1774.
22. Schaefer G: Tuberculosis of the female genital tract. Clin Obstet Gynecol 13:965-988, 1970.
23. Tripathy SN, Tripathy SN: Genital manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 19:319-326, 1981.
24. Sutherland I: Recent studies in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, based on the risk of being infected with tubercle bacilli. Adv Tuberc Res 19:1-63, 1976.
25. Vynnycky E, Fine PE: The natural history of tuberculosis: the implications of age-dependent risks of disease and the role of reinfection. Epidemiol Infect 119:183-201, 1997.
26. Bucher HC, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, et al: Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. AIDS 13:501-507, 1999.
27. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al: A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 320:545-550, 1989.
28. Girardi E, Raviglione MC, Antonucci G, et al: Impact of the HIV epidemic on the spread of other diseases: the case of tuberculosis. AIDS 14:47-56, 2000.
29. Schaefer G: Female genital tuberculosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 19:223-239, 1976.
30. Stead WW: Pathogenesis of a first episode of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in man: recrudescence of residuals of the primary infection or exogenous reinfection? Am Rev Respir Dis 95:729-745, 1967.
31. Arora VK: Relevance of DOTS strategy in female genital tuberculosis. Obstet Gynaecol Today 7:179-183, 2002.
32. Miller JW, Holt S, Gilmour HM, et al: Vulval tuberculosis. Tubercle 60:173-176, 1979.
33. Carter J, Peat B, Dalrymple C, et al: Cervical tuberculosis-case report. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 29:270-272, 1989.
34. Richards MJ, Angus D: Possible sexual transmission of genitourinary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2:439, 1998.
35. Chowdhury NN: Overview of tuberculosis of the female genital tract. J Indian Med Assoc 94:345-361, 1996.
36. Sinha R, Gupta D, Tuli N: Genital tract tuberculosis with myometrial involvement. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 57:191-192, 1997.
37. Bhambhani S, Das DK, Singh V, et al: Cervical tuberculosis with carcinoma in situ: a cytodiagnosis. Acta Cytol 29:87-88, 1985.
38. Sutherland AM, Glen ES, McFarlane JR: Transmission of genito-urinary tuberculosis. Health Bull (Edinb) 40:87-91, 1982.
39. Ylinen O: Genital tuberculosis in women. Clinical experiences with 348 proved cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 40:1-213, 1961.
40. Greenberg JP: Tuberculous salpingitis. A clinical study of 200 cases. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 21:97-156, 1924.
41. Chaim W: Protocols Ob/Gyn Infection: Pelvic tuberculosis. Contemp Ob Gyn 6:15-17, 2000.
42. Marana R, Muzii L, Lucisano A, et al: Incidence of genital tuberculosis in infertile patients submitted to diagnostic laparoscopy: recent experience in an Italian university hospital. Int J Fertil 36:104-107, 1991.
43. Agarwal J, Gupta JK: Female genital tuberculosis-a retrospective clinico-pathologic study of 501 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 36:389-397, 1993. Erratum in: Indian J Pathol Microbiol 37:238, 1994.
44. Agarwal J, Gupta JK: Female genital tuberculosis-a retrospective clinico-pathologic study of 501 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 36:389-397, 1993. Erratum in: Indian J Pathol Microbiol 37:238, 1994.
45. Varma TR: Genital tuberculosis and subsequent fertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 35:1-11, 1991.
46. Tripathi R, Prakash A, Rathore A, et al: Vulval tuberculosis: an unusual case. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82:769, 2003.
47. Lamba H, Byrne M, Goldin R, et al: Tuberculosis of the cervix: case presentation and a review of the literature. Sex Transm Infect 78:62-63, 2002.
48. Crofton J, Horne N, Miller F: Clinical Tuberculosis, 1st ed. London, Macmillan Education Ltd, 1992.
49. Mantovani A, Pelagalli M, Bracalenti C, et al: Postmenopausal endometrial tuberculosis. A clinical case. Minerva Ginecol 50:93-96, 1998.
50. Hutchins CJ: Tuberculosis of the female genital tract-a changing picture. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 84:534-538, 1977.
51. Sutherland AM: Tuberculosis of the female genital tract. Tubercle 66:79-83, 1985.
52. La Grange JJ: Postmenopausal endometrial tuberculosis: A report of 2 cases and a literature survey. S Afr Med J 59:501-502, 1981.
53. Margolis K, Wranz PA, Kruger TF, et al: Genital tuberculosis at Tygerberg Hospital-prevalence, clinical presentation and diagnosis. S Afr Med J 8:12-15, 1992.
54. Buthane MS: Genital tuberculosis in childhood: a five-year-old female patient. Cent Afr J Med 44:313-314, 1998.
55. Saracoglu OF, Mungan T, Tanzer F: Pelvic tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 37:115-120, 1992.
56. Sutherland AM: The changing pattern of tuberculosis of the female genital tract. A thirty year survey. Arch Gynecol 234:95-101, 1983.
57. Figueroa-Damian R, Martinez-Velazco I, Villagrana-Zesati R, et al: Tuberculosis of the female reproductive tract: effect on function. Int J Fertil 41:430-436, 1996.
58. Ojo OA, Onifade A, Akande EO, et al: The pattern of female genital tuberculosis in Ibadan. Isr J Med Sci 7:280-287, 1971.
59. Schaefer G: Tuberculosis of the female genital tract. Clinical Gynaecology, vol 1. New York, Lippincott, pp 1-20, 1991.
60. Sutherland AM: Postmenopausal tuberculosis of the female genital tract. Obstet Gynecol 59:54S-57S, 1982.
61. Onuigbo WI: Genital tuberculosis and reproductive function. J Reprod Med 21:249-250, 1978.
62. Tyagi SP, Ashraff N, Abasi N, et al: Endometrial tuberculosis. J Obstet Gynaecol India 27:935-939, 1977.
63. Sharma S: Menstrual dysfunction in non-genital tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 79:245-247, 2002.
64. Padubidri V, Baijal L, Prakash P, et al: The detection of endometrial tuberculosis in cases of infertility by uterine aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 24:319-324, 1980.
65. Nogales F, Vilar E: Clinical and therapeutic study of tuberculosis of the uterine cervix; report based on study of 102 cases. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet 52:275-283, 1957.
66. Malkani PK, Rajani CK: Pelvic tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 14:600-611, 1959.
67. Sutherland AM: Gynaecological tuberculosis: analysis of a personal series of 710 cases. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 25:203-207, 1985.
68. Samal S, Gupta U, Agarwal P: Menstrual disorders in genital tuberculosis. J Ind Med Assoc 98:126-127, 2000.
69. Parikh FR, Nadkarni SG, Kamta SA, et al: Genital tuberculosis-a major pelvic factor causing infertility in Indian women. Fertil Steril 67:497-500, 1997.
70. Kuohung W, Borgatta L, Larrieux JR, et al: Pelvic tuberculosis diagnosed by hysteroscopy during infertility evaluation. J Assist Reprod Genet 17:459-460, 2000.
71. Sinha P, Johnson AN, Chidamberan-Pillai S: Pelvic tuberculosis: an uncommon gynaecological problem presenting as ovarian mass. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107:139-140, 2000.
72. Miranda P, Jacobs AJ, Roseff L: Pelvic tuberculosis presenting as an asymptomatic pelvic mass with rising serum CA-125 levels. A case report. J Reprod Med 41:273-275, 1996.
73. D'Souza DJ, Walker EJ: Ascites with a raised CA125. J R Soc Med 90:448-449, 1997.
74. Hunter DC, Sim D: Pelvic tuberculosis: a case of delayed diagnosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 80:281-282, 2001.
75. Simsek H, Savas MC, Kadayifci A, et al: Elevated serum CA-125 concentration in patients with tuberculous peritonitis: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1174-1176, 1997.
76. Giannacopoulos KC, Hatzidaki EG, Papanicolaou NC, et al: Genital tuberculosis in a HIV infected woman: a case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 80:227-229, 1998.
77. Simon HB, Weinstein AJ, Pasternak MS, et al: Genitourinary tuberculosis. Clinical features in a general hospital population. Am J Med 63:410-420, 1977.
78. Arora VK, Gupta R, Arora R: Female genital tuberculosis-need for more research. Ind J Tuberc 50:9-11, 2003.
79. Klein TA, Richmond JA, Mishell DR: Pelvic tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 48:99-104, 1976.
80. Soussis I, Trew G, Matalliotakis I, et al: In vitro fertilization treatment in genital tuberculosis. J Assist Repr Genet 15:378-380, 1998.
81. Frydman R, Eibschitz I, Belaisch JC, et al: In vitro fertilization in tuberculous infertility. J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transf 2:184-189, 1985.
82. Martens MG: Pelvic inflammatory disease, in Rock JA, Thompson JD (eds): Telind's Operative Gynecology. New York, Lippincott-Raven, pp 678-685, 1997.
83. Schaefer G: Diagnosis and treatment of female genital tuberculosis. Int Surg 48:240-258, 1967.
84. Abebe M, Lakew M, Kidane D, et al: Female genital tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 84:241-246, 2004.
85. Enarson D, Rieder H, Arnadottir T, et al: Management of Tuberculosis: a guide for low income countries, 5th ed., Paris, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2000.
86. Raut VS, Mahashur AA, Sheth SS: The Mantoux test in the diagnosis of genital tuberculosis in women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 72:165-169, 2001.
87. Patrikian IT, Lipov VI: Potentials for enhancing the diagnostic value of provocation test in tuberculosis of the female genitalia. Probl Tuberk 12:28-31, 1985.
88. Priimak AA, Vigdorchik VI: A study of lipid peroxidation in patients with tuberculosis of the female genital organs during subcutaneous tuberculin test. Probl Tuberk 10:74-77, 1991.
89. Merchant R: Endoscopy in the diagnosis of genital tuberculosis. J Reprod Med 34:468-473, 1989.
90. Halbrecht I: Detection of latent genital tuberculosis by culture of menstrual discharge. Lancet 2:447, 1947.
91. De wit D, Maarteens G, Steyn L: A comparative study of the polymerase chain reaction and conventional procedures for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Tubercle Lung Dis 73:262-267, 1992.
92. Baum SE, Dooley DP, Wright J, et al: Diagnosis of culture-negative female genital tract tuberculosis with peritoneal involvement by polymerase chain reaction. J Reprod Med 46:929-932, 2001.
93. Srivastava N, Manaktala U, Baveja CP: Role of ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) in genital tuberculosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 57:205-206, 1997.
94. Togashi K: MR imaging of the ovaries: normal appearance and benign disease. Radiol Clin North Am 41:799-811, 2003.
95. Khalaf Y: ABC of subfertility. Tubal subfertility. Br Med J 327:610-613, 2003.
96. American Thoracic Society Documents: American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:603-662, 2003.
97. Perez-Stable EJ, Hopewell PC: Chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Semin Respir Med 9:459, 1988.
98. Le Blanc EJ: Technique and results of salpingostomies. Fertil Steril 10:412, 1959.
99. Ballon SC, Clewell WH, Lamb EJ: Reactivation of silent pelvic tuberculosis by reconstructive tubal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 122:991, 1975.
100. Crafton J, Douglas A: Miliary tuberculosis, in Crafton J, Douglas A (eds.): Respiratory Diseases. Blackwell, Oxford, p 257, 1981.
101. Frantzen C, Schlosser HW: Microsurgery and postinfectious tubal infertility. Fertil Steril 38:397-420, 1982.
102. John M, Kukkady ZA: Genital tuberculosis and infertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 64:193-194, 1999.
103. Marcus SF, Rizk B, Fountain S, Brinsden P: Tuberculous infertility and in vitro fertilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:1593-1596, 1994.
104. Gurgan T, Urman B, Yarali H: Results of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in women with infertility due to genital tuberculosis. Fertil Steril 65:367-370, 1996.
105. Snaith LM, Barns T: Fertility in pelvic tuberculosis. A report on the present position. Lancet 1:712-716, 1962.
106. Halbrecht I: Healed genital tuberculosis; a new etiologic factor in ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 10:73-76, 1957.
107. Sutherland AM: Ectopic pregnancy and gynaecological tuberculosis. J Obstet Gynecol 10:25-27, 1990.
108. de Vynck WE, Kruger TF, Joubert JJ, et al: Genital tuberculosis associated with female infertility in the western Cape. S Afr Med J 77:630-631, 1990.
109. Malik S: Genital tuberculosis and implantation in assisted reproduction. Rev Gynaecol Pract 3:160-164, 2003.
110. Meyer WR, Castelbaum AJ, Somkuti S, et al: Hydrosalpinges adversely affect markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 12:1393-1398, 2003.
111. Kumar A, Rattan A: Antigonadotrophic effect of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Horm Metab Res 29:501-503, 1997.
112. Bukulmez O, Yarali H, Gurgan T: Total corporal synechiae due to tuberculosis carry a very poor prognosis following hysteroscopic synechialysis. Hum Reprod 14:1960-1961, 1999.
113. Wegmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TR: Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 14:353-356, 1993.
114. Gull I, Peyser MR, Yaron Y, et al: The effect of an invitro fertilization pregnancy on a woman with genital tuberculosis. Hum Reprod 10:3052-3054, 1995.
115. Addis GM, Anthony GS, d'A Semple P, et al: Miliary tuberculosis in an in-vitro fertilization pregnancy: a case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 27:351-353, 1988.
116. Sutherland AM, Garrey MM: Female genital tuberculosis: a twenty-year clinical survey. Glasgow Med J 32:231-238, 1951.