Muscarinic therapies in Alzheimer's disease; from palliative treatments to disease modification

International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 15-20

  Lovestone, Simon ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid; Cholinergic neurones; Muscarinic agonisis; Tau

Indexed keywords

EID: 3542994570     PISSN: 13651501     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/13651509709069201     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Lovestone S, Howard R (1995) Alzheimer's disease: A treatment in sight. J. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59: 566-7.
2. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clarke AW et al (1981) Alzheimer's disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurones in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol 10: 122-6.
3. Wilcock GK, Esiri MM, Bowen DM, Smith CC (1983) The nucleus basalis in Alzheimer's disease: cell counts and cortical biochemistry. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 9: 175-9.
4. Rasool CG, Svendsen CN, Selkoe DJ (1986) Neurofibrillary degeneration of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 20: 482-8.
5. Procter AW. Lowe SL, Palmer AM et al (1988) Topographical distribution of neurochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 84: 125-140.
6. Francis PT, Palmer AM, Sims NR et al (1985) Neurochemical studies of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Possible influence on treatment. N Engl J Med 313: 7-11.
7. Neary D, Snowden JS, Mann DM et al (1986) Alzheimer's disease: a correlative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 229-37.
8. Armstrong DM, Bruce G, Hersh LB, Terry RD (1986) Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer brain. Neurosci Lett 71: 229-34.
9. Tago H, McGeer PL, McGeer EG (1987) Acetylcholinesterase fibers and the development of senile plaques. Brain Res 406: 363-9.
10. Pepeu G, Marconcini Pepeu I (1994) Dysfunction of the brain cholinergic system during aging and after lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. J Neural Transm Suppl 44: 189-94.
11. Davies P, Maloney AJF (1976) Selective loss of central cholinergic neurones in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet ii: 1403-6.
12. Barthus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lipper AS (1982) The Cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217:408-17.
13. Coyle JT, Price DL, DeLong MR (1983) Alzheimer's disease: a dis- order of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 219: 1184-90.
14. Gallagher M, Colombo PJ (1995) Ageing: The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive decline. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5: 161-8.
15. Fibiger HC (1991) Cholinergic mechanisms in learning, memory and dementia: a review of recent evidence. Trends Neurosci 14: 220-3.
16. Junard EO, Montero CN, Hefti F (1990) Long-term administration of mouse nerve growth factor to adult rats with partial lesions of the cholinergic septohippocampal pathway. Exp Neurol 110: 25-38.
17. Koliatsos VE, Applegate MD, Knusel B et al (1991) Recombinant human nerve growth factor prevents retrograde degeneration of axotomized basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the rat. Exp Neurol 112: 161-173.
18. Fournier J, Steinberg R, Gauthier T et al (1993) Protective effects of SR 57746A in central and peripheral models of neurodegenerative disorders in rodents and primates. Neuroscience 55: 629-41.
19. Nabeshima T, Ogawa S, Nishimura H et al (1991) Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor, attenuates basal forebrain-lesion-induced amnesia and cholinergic neuronal deficit. Neurosci Lett 122: 13-16.
20. Vogels OJ, Broere CA, ter-Laak HJ et al (1990) Cell loss and shrinkage in the nucleus basalis Meynert complex in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 11: 3-13.
21. Lovestone S (1996) The neurobiology and genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Human Psychopharmacology 10: 243-6.
22. Selkoe DJ (1994) Normal and abnormal biology of the β-amyloid precursor protein. Ann Rev Neurosci 17: 489-517.
23. Selkoe DJ (1994) Alzheimer's disease: A central role for amyloid. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53: 438-47.
24. Selkoe DJ, Yamazaki T, Citron M et al (1996) The role of APP processing and trafficking pathways in the formation of amyloid β-protein. Ann NY Acad Sci 777: 57-64.
25. Mullan M, Crawford F (1993) Genetic and molecular advances in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 16: 398-403.
26. Citron M, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Teplow DB et al (1994) Excessive production of amyloid β-protein by peripheral cells of symptomatic and presymptomatic patients carrying the Swedish familial Alzheimer disease mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 11993-7.
27. Cai X-D, Golde TE, Younkin SG (1993) Release of excess amyloid β protein from a mutant amyloid β protein precursor. Science 259: 514-6.
28. Haass C, Hung AY, Selkoe DJ, Teplow DB (1994) Mutations associated with a locus for familial Alzheimer's disease result in alternative processing of amyloid β-protein precursor. J Biol Chem 269: 17741-8.
29. Buxbaum JD, Koo EH, Greengard P (1993) Protein phosphorylation inhibits production of Alzheimer amyloid β/A4 peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 195-8.
30. Fowler CJ, Cowburn RF, O'Neill C (1992) Brain signal transduction disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Signal 4: 1-9.
31. Nitsch RM, Slack BE, Farber SA et al (1993) Receptor-coupled amyloid precursor protein processing. Ann NY Acad Sci 695: 122-7.
32. Hung AY, Haass C, Nitsch RM et al (1993) Activation of protein kinase C inhibits cellular production of the amyloid β-protein. J Biol Chem 268: 22959-62.
33. Wolf BA, Wertkin AM, Jolly YC et al (1995) Muscarinic regulation of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein secretion and amyloid β-protein production in human neuronal NT2N cells. J Biol Chem 270: 4916-22.
34. Slack BE, Breu J, Petryniak MA et al (1995) Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent stimulation of amyloid precursor protein secretion by the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem 270: 8337-44.
35. Nitsch RM, Slack BE, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH (1992) Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Science 258: 304-7.
36. Buxbaum JD, Oishi M, Chen HI et al (1992) Cholinergic agonists and interleukin 1 regulate processing and secretion of the Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid protein precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10075-8.
37. Eckols K, Bymaster FP, Mitch CH et al (1995) The muscarinic Ml agonist xanomeline increases soluble amyloid precursor protein release from Chinese hamster ovary-mi cells. Life Sci 57: 1183-90.
38. Wooten MW (1992) Differential expression of PKC isoforms and PC12 cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 199: 111-9.
39. Ohmichi M, Zhu G, Saltiel AR (1993) Nerve growth factor activates calcium-insensitive protein kinase C-epsilon in PC-12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Biochem J 295: 767-72.
40. Refolo LM, Salton SR, Anderson JP et al (1989) Nerve and epidermal growth factors induce the release of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor from PC 12 cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 164: 664-70.
41. Haring R, Gurwitz D, Barg J et al (1994) Amyloid precursor protein secretion via muscarinic receptors: Reduced desensitization using the Mi-selective agonist AF102B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 203: 652-58.
42. Gray EG, Paula Barbosa M, Roher A (1987) Alzheimer's disease: paired helical filaments and cytomembranes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 13: 91-110.
43. Flament-Durand J, Couck A (1979) Spongiform alterations in brain biopsies of presenile dementia. Acta Nenropathol Berl 46: 159-62.
44. Goedert M, Jakes R, Crowther RA et al (1993) The abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein at Ser-202 in Alzheimer disease recapitulates phosphorylation during development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5066-70.
45. Brion J-P, Smith C, Couck A-M et al (1993) Developmental changes in τ phosphorylation: Fetal τ is transiently phosphorylated in a manner similar to paired helical filament-τ characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 61: 2071-80.
46. Bramblett GT, Goedert M, Jakes R et al (1993) Abnormal tau phosphorylation at Ser396 in Alzheimer's disease recapitulates development and contributes to reduced microtubule binding. Neuron 10: 1089-99.
47. Kanemaru K, Takio K, Miura R et al (1992) Fetal-type phosphorylation of the tau in paired helical filaments. J Neurochem 58: 1667-75.
48. Ledesma MD, Bonay P, Colaço C, Avila J (1994) Analysis of microtubule-associated protein tau glycation in paired helical filaments. J Biol Chem 269: 21614-9.
49. Yan S-D, Chen X, Schmidt A-M et al (1994) Glycated tau protein in Alzheimer disease: A mechanism for induction of oxidant stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 7787-91.
50. Dudek SM, Johnson GVW (1993) Transglutaminase catalyzes the formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble, Alz-50-reactive polymers of τ. J Neurochem 61: 1159-62.
51. Miller ML, Johnson GVW (1995) Transglutaminase crosslinking of the τ protein. J Neurochem 65: 1760-70.
52. Lindwall G, Cole RD (1984) Phosphorylation affects the ability of tau protein to promote microtubule assembly. J Biol Chem 259: 5301-5.
53. Iqbal K, Zaidi T, Bancher C, Grundke-Iqbal I (1994) Alzheimer paired helical filaments: Restoration of the biological activity by dephosphorylation. FEBS Lett 349: 104-8.
54. Eldar-Finkelman H, Seger R, Vandenheede JR, Krebs EG (1995) Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 epidermal growth factor is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase/p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling pathway in NIH/3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 270: 987-90.
55. Blenis J (1993) Signal transduction via the MAP kinases: Proceed at your own RSK. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 90: 5889-92.
56. Lovestone S, Reynolds CH, Latimer D et al (1994) Alzheimer's disease-like phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau by glycogen synthase kinase-3 in transfected mammalian cells. Curr Biol 4: 1077-86.
57. Sadot E, Gurwitz D, Barg J et al (1996) Activation of ml muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates tau phosphorylation in transfected PC12 cells. J Neurochem 66: 877-80.
58. Scott CW, Spreen RC, Herman JL et al (1993) Phosphorylation of recombinant tau by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Identification of phosphorylation sites and effect on microtubule assembly. J Biol Chem 268: 1166-73.
59. Baumann K, Mandelkow E-M, Biernat J et al (1993) Abnormal Alzheimer-like phosphorylation of tau-protein by cyclin-dependent kinases cdk2 and cdk5. FEBS Lett 336: 417-24.
60. Singh TJ, Grundke-lqbal I, Iqbal K (1995) Phosphorylation of τ protein by casein kinase-1 converts it to an abnormal Alzheimer-like state. J Neurochem 64: 1420-3.
61. Drewes G, Lichtenberg Kraag B, Doring F et al (1992) Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase transforms tau protein into an Alzheimer-like state. EMBO J 11: 2131-8.
62. Hanger DP, Hughes K, Woodgett JR et al (1992) Glycogen synthase kinase-3 induces Alzheimer's disease-like phosphorylation of tau: Generation of paired helical filament epitopes and neuronal localisation of the kinase. Neurosci Lett 147: 58-62.
63. Cross DAE, Alessi DR, Cohen P et al (1995) Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 378: 785-9.
64. Burgering BMT, Coffer PJ (1995) Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal transduction. Nature 376: 599-602.
65. Lee RKK, Wurtman RJ, Cox AJ, Nitsch RM (1995) Amyloid precursor protein processing is stimulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 8083-7.
66. Nitsch RM, Deng MH, Growdon JH, Wurtman RJ (1996) Serotonin 5-HT2a and 5-HT2e receptors stimulate amyloid precursor protein ectodomain secretion. J Biol Chem 271: 4188-94.
67. Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L (1995) Increased cerebrospinal fluid tau in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 186: 189-91.
68. Vigo-Pelfrey C, Seubert P, Barbour R et al (1995) Elevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 45: 788-93.
69. Nitsch RM, Rebeck GW, Deng M et al (1995) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid beta-protein in Alzheimer's disease: inverse correlation with severity of dementia and effect of apolipoprotein E genotype. Ann Neurol 37: 512-8.
70. Pirttilä T, Kim KS, Mehta PD et al (1994) Soluble amyloid β-protein in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and controls. Neurol Sci 127: 90-5.