Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete

Corrosion Science

Volumn 49, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 4113-4133

  Ann, Ki Yong ^a   Song, Ha Won ^a  

^a Yonsei University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

A. Steel reinforced concrete; B. Modelling studies; C. Chloride induced corrosion

Indexed keywords

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; CONCRETES; CORROSION; CORROSION INHIBITORS; MEASUREMENT THEORY; PORTLAND CEMENT;

CHLORIDE INDUCED CORROSION; CHLORIDE THRESHOLD LEVEL; MODELING STUDIES; STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE;

STEEL;

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; CONCRETES; CORROSION; CORROSION INHIBITORS; MEASUREMENT THEORY; PORTLAND CEMENT; STEEL;

EID: 35348971953     PISSN: 0010938X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.007     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Schiessl P., and Raupach M. Influence of concrete composition and microclimate on the critical chloride content in concrete. In: Page C.L., Treadaway K.W.J., and Bamforth P.B. (Eds). Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete (1990), Elsevier Applied Science, London UK 49-58
2. Hausmann D.A. Steel corrosion in concrete; How does it occur?. Materials and Protection 6 (1967) 19-23
3. Vassie P. Reinforcement corrosion and the durability of concrete bridges. Proceeding of Institution of Civil Engineers 76 (1984) 713-723
4. British Standard 8110: Part 1, Structural use of concrete - code of practice for design and construction, British Standards Institute, London UK, 1985.
5. Hooton R.D., Geiker M.R., and Bentz E.C. Effects of curing on chloride ingress and implications on service life. ACI Material Journal 99 (2002) 201-206
6. Y. Liu, R.E. Weyer, Time to cracking for chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete, in: C.L. Page, P.B. Bamforth, J.W. Figg (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction, Cambridge UK, 1996, pp. 88-104.
7. Funahashi M. Predicting corrosion free service life of a concrete structure in a chloride environment. ACI Material Journal 87 (1990) 581-587
8. K.C. Clear, Time to corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete slab, vol. 3, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-70, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1986.
9. West R.E., and Hime W.G. Chloride profiles in salty concrete. Materials Performance 24 (1985) 29-36
10. Hussain S.E., and Rasheeduzafar S. Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concrete. ACI Material Journal 91 (1994) 264-273
11. Bamforth P.B. The derivation of input data for modelling chloride ingress from eight-years UK coastal exposure trials. Magazine of Concrete Research 51 (1999) 87-96
12. Oh B.H., Jang S.Y., and Shin Y.S. Experimental investigation of the threshold chloride concentration for corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete structures. Magazine of Concrete Research 55 (2003) 117-124
13. Gonzalez J.A., and Andrade C. Effect of carbonation and relative ambient humidity on the corrosion of galvanised rebars embedded in concrete. British Corrosion Journal 17 (1982) 21-28
14. Treadaway K.W.J., Brown B.L., and Cox R.N. Durability of corrosion resisting steels in concrete. Proceeding of Institution of Civil Engineers 86 (1989) 305-331
15. Thomas M. Chloride thresholds in marine concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 26 (1996) 513-519
16. ASTM C 1218, Standard test method for water-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete, 1999.
17. Arya C., and Newman J.B. Problem of predicting risk of corrosion of steel in chloride contaminated concrete. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1 88 (1990) 875-888
18. Tritthart J. Chloride binding in cement, I. Investigation to determine the composition of porewater in hardened cement. Cement Concrete Research 19 (1989) 586-594
19. Glass G.K., Wang Y., and Buenfeld N.R. An investigation of experimental methods used to determine free and total chloride contents. Cement Concrete Research 26 (1996) 1443-1449
20. Byfors K., Hansson C.M., and Tritthart J. Pore solution expression as a method to determine the influence of mineral additives on chloride binding. Cement Concrete Research 16 (1986) 760-770
21. British Standard 1881: Part 124, Testing concrete - methods for analysis of hardened concrete, British Standards Institute, London UK, 1988.
22. Proverbio E., and Carassiti F. Evaluation of chloride content in concrete by X-ray fluorescence. Cement and Concrete Research 27 (1997) 1213-1223
23. Izquierdo D., Alonso C., Andrade C., and Castellote M. Potentiostatic determination of chloride threshold values for rebar depassivation: experimental and statistical study. Electrochemica Acta 49 (2004) 2731-2739
24. Arya C., and Newman J.B. An assessment of four methods of determining the free chloride content of concrete. Materials and Structures 23 (1990) 319-330
25. Tuutti K. Effect of cement type and different additions on service life. In: Dhir R.K., and Jones M.R. (Eds). Concrete 2000 vol. 2 (1993), E& FN Spon, London UK 1285-1296
26. Pettersson K. Chloride threshold value and corrosion rate in reinforcement concrete. In: Dhir R.K., and Jones M.R. (Eds). Concrete 2000 vol. 1 (1993), E& FN Spon, London UK 461-471
27. Alonso C., Andrade C., Catellote M., and Castro P. Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars in a standardized OPC mortar. Cement and Concrete Research 30 (2000) 1047-1055
28. Alonso C., Castellote M., and Andrade C. Chloride threshold dependence of pitting potential of reinforcements. Electrochemica Acta 47 (2002) 3469-3481
29. Hope B.B., Page J.A., and Poland J.S. The determination of chloride content of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 15 (1985) 863-870
30. Glass G.K., Reddy B., and Buenfeld N.R. The participation of bound chloride in passive film breakdown on steel in concrete. Corrosion Science 42 (2000) 2013-2021
31. Glass G.K., Reddy B., and Buenfeld N.R. Corrosion inhibition in concrete arising from its acid neutralisation capacity. Corrosion Science 42 (2000) 1587-1598
32. Glass G.K., and Buenfeld N.R. The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete. Corrosion Science 39 (1997) 1001-1013
33. Gouda V.K. Corrosion and corrosion inhibition of reinforcing steel; 1 - Immersion in alkaline solution. British Corrosion Journal 5 (1970) 198-203
34. Yonesawa T., Ashworth V., and Procter R.P.M. Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete. Corrosion 44 (1988) 489-499
35. Kayyali O.A., and Haque M.N. The Cl-/OH-ratio in chloride-contaminated concrete - a most important criterion. Magazine of Concrete Research 47 (1995) 235-242
36. Suryavanshi A.K., Scantlebury J.D., and Lyon S.B. Corrosion of reinforcement steel embedded in high water-cement ratio concrete contaminated with chloride. Cement and Concrete Composites 20 (1998) 263-281
37. Castellote M., Andrade C., and Alonso C. Accelerated simultaneous determination of the chloride depassivation threshold and of the non-stationary diffusion coefficient values. Corrosion Science 44 (2002) 2409-2424
38. Page C.L., and Treadaway K.W.J. Aspects of the electrochemistry of steel in concrete. Nature 297 (1982) 109-115
39. Tritthart J. Chloride binding: II. The influence of the hydroxide concentration in the pore solution of hardened cement paste on chloride binding. Cement and Concrete Research 19 (1989) 683-691
40. Glass G.K., Hassanein N.M., and Buenfeld N.R. Neural network modelling of chloride binding. Magazine of Concrete Research 49 (1997) 323-335
41. ACI Committee 201, Guide to Durable Concrete, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1, American Concrete Institute, Detroit USA, 1994.
42. ACI Committee 357, Guide for design and construction of fixed off-shore concrete structures, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 4, American Concrete Institute, Detroit USA, 1994.
43. ACI Committee 222, Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3, American Concrete Institute, Detroit USA, 1994.
44. B. Reddy, Influence of the steel-concrete interface on the chloride threshold level, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2001.
45. Sergi G., and Glass G.K. A method of ranking the aggressive nature of chloride contaminated concrete. Corrosion Science 42 (2000) 2043-2049
46. Glass G.K., and Buenfeld N.R. Reinforced concrete - the principles of its deterioration and repair. In: Macdonald S. (Ed). Modern Matters - Principles and Practice in Conserving Recent Architecture (1996), Donhead Publishing 101-112
47. Neville A.M. Properties of Concrete. fourth ed. (1995), Longman Group Ltd
48. Hussain S.E., Rasheeduzafar S., Al-Musallam A., and Al-Gahtani A.S. Factors affecting threshold chloride for reinforcement corrosion in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 25 (1995) 1543-1555
49. Suryavanshi A.K., Scantlebury J.D., and Lyon S.B. The binding of chloride ions by sulphate resistant Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 25 (1995) 581-592
50. C.M. Hansson, B. Sorensen, The threshold concentration of chloride in concrete for initiation of reinforcement corrosion, in: N.S. Berke, V. Chaker, D. Whiting (Eds.), Corrosion Rates of Steel in Concrete, ASTM STP 1065, 1988, pp. 3-16.
51. W. Breit, P. Schiessl, Investigation on the threshold value of the critical chloride content, in: Fourth CANMET/ACI Conference on Durability of Concrete, ACI SP70, Detroit USA, vol. 2, 1997, pp. 363-372.
52. Glass G.K., and Buenfeld N.R. The influence of chloride binding on the chloride induced corrosion risk in reinforced concrete. Corrosion Science 42 (2000) 329-344
53. Page C.L., Short N.R., and Holden W.R. The influence of different cements on chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel. Cement and Concrete Research 16 (1986) 79-86
54. Birnin-Yauri U.A., and Glasser F.P. Friedel's salt, Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl,OH) · 2H2O: its solid solutions and their role in chloride binding. Cement and Concrete Research 28 (1998) 1713-1723
55. Page C.L. Mechanism of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete marine structure. Nature 256 (1975) 514-515
56. Taylor H.F.W. Cement Chemistry. second ed. (1997), Telford
57. Glass G.K., Yang R., Dickhaus T., and Buenfeld N.R. Backscattered electron imaging of the steel-concrete interface. Corrosion Science 43 (2001) 605-610
58. K.Y. Ann, Enhancing the chloride threshold level for steel corrosion in concrete, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2005.
59. Mohammed T.U., Hamada H., and Yamaji T. Performance of seawater-mixed concrete in the tidal environment. Cement and Concrete Research 34 (2004) 593-601
60. Castel A., Vidal T., Francois R., and Arliguie G. Influence of steel-concrete interface quality on reinforcement corrosion induced by chlorides. Magazine of Concrete Research 55 (2003) 151-159
61. Soylev T.A., and Francois R. Quality of steel in concrete interface and corrosion of reinforcing steel. Cement and Concrete Research 33 (2003) 1407-1415
62. G.K. Glass, N.R. Buenfeld, The influence of the steel-concrete interface on the risk of chloride induced corrosion, EPSRC Grant GR/K96328 Report, 2000.
63. Thomas M.D.A., and Matthews J.D. Performance of pfa concrete in a marine environment-10 year results. Cement and Concrete Composites 26 (2004) 5-20
64. Dhir R.K., El-Mohr M.A.K., and Dyer T.D. Chloride binding in GGBS concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 26 (1996) 1767-1773
65. Luo R., Cai Y., Wang C., and Huang X. Study of chloride binding and diffusion in GGBS concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33 (2003) 1-7
66. Dehwah H.A.F., Austin S.A., and Maslehnddin M. Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in blended cement concretes exposed to chloride-sulphate environments. Magazine of Concrete Research 54 (2002) 355-364
67. Morris W., Vico A., and Vazquez M. Chloride induced corrosion of reinforcing steel evaluated by concrete resistivity measurements. Electrochemica Acta 49 (2004) 4447-4453
68. Trejo D., and Pillai R.G. Accelerated chloride threshold testing: Part I-ASTM A615 and A706 reinforcement. ACI Material Journal 100 (2003) 519-527
69. Trejo D., and Pillai R.G. Accelerated chloride threshold testing: Part I - Corrosion-resistant reinforcement. ACI Material Journal 101 (2004) 57-64
70. Craig R.J., and Wood L.E. Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors and their influence on the physical properties of Portland cement mortars. Highway Research Record 328 (1970) 77-88
71. A.M. Rosenberg, J.M. Galdis, T.G. Kossivas, R.W. Previte, Corrosion inhibitor formulated with calcium nitrite for use in reinforced concrete, in: D.E. Tonini, S.W. Dean (Eds.), Chloride Corrosion of Steel in Concrete, ASTM STP 629, 1976, pp. 89-99.
72. Rosenberg A.M., and Gaidis J.M. Methods of determining corrosion susceptibility of steel in concrete. Transportation Research Record 692 (1978) 28
73. D. Chin, A calcium nitrite-based, non-corrosive, non-chloride accelerator, in: F.W. Gibson (Eds.), Corrosion, Concrete and Chloride, ACI SP 102, 1987, pp. 49-77.
74. Ann K.Y., Jung H.S., Kim H.S., Kim S.S., and Moon H.Y. Effect of calcium nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor in preventing corrosion of embedded steel in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 520-525
75. Malik A.U., Andijani I., Al-Moaili F., and Ozair G. Studies on the performance of migratory corrosion inhibitors in protection of rebar concrete in Gulf seawater environment. Cement and Concrete Composites 26 (2004) 235-242
76. Berke N.S., and Hicks M.C. Predicting long-term durability of steel reinforced concrete with calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 (2004) 439-449
77. C.K. Nmai, P.D. Krauss, Comparative evaluation of corrosion-inhibiting chemical admixtures for reinforced concrete, in: V.M. Malhotra (Eds.), Durability of Concrete, ACI SP-145, 1994, pp. 245-262.
78. Berke N.S. Corrosion inhibitors in concrete. Concrete International 13 (1991) 24-27
79. J.M. Gaidis, A.M. Rosenberg, I. Saleh, Improved test methods for determining corrosion inhibition by calcium nitrite in concrete, in: D.E. Tonini, J.M. Gaidis (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, ASTM STP 713, 1978, pp. 64-74.
80. Montes P., Bremner T.W., and Lister D.H. Influence of calcium nitrite inhibitor and crack width on corrosion of steel in high performance concrete subjected to a simulated marine environment. Cement and Concrete Composites 26 (2004) 243-253
81. Hope B.B., and Ip A.K.C. Corrosion inhibitors for use in concrete. ACI Material Journal 86 (1989) 602-608
82. Lundquist J.T., Rosenberg A.M., and Gaidis J.M. A Corrosion Inhibitor Formulated with Calcium Nitrite for Chloride Containing Concrete Improved Electrochemical Test Procedure (1977), The International Corrosion Forum, San Francisco USA
83. B. El-Jazairi, N.S. Berke, The use of calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitors in concrete, in: C.L. Page, P.B. Bamforth, J.W. Figg (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction, Cambridge UK, 1990, pp. 571-587.
84. Bentur A., Diamond S., and Berke N.S. Steel Corrosion in Concrete. first ed. (1997), E& FN SPON
85. Gonzalez J.A., Ramirez E., and Bautista A. Protection of steel embedded in chloride-containing concrete by means of inhibitors. Cement and Concrete Research 28 (1998) 577-589
86. Mammoliti L., Hansson C.M., and Hope B.B. Corrosion inhibitors in concrete: Part III - Effect on chloride threshold values for corrosion of steel in synthetic pore solution. Cement and Concrete Research 29 (1999) 1583-1589
87. Trépanier S.M., Hope B.B., and Hansson C.M. Corrosion inhibitors in concrete: Part III. Effect on time to chloride-induced corrosion initiation and subsequent corrosion rates of steel in mortar. Cement and Concrete Research 31 (2001) 713-718
88. K.Y. Ann, N.R. Buenfeld, The influence of calcium nitrite on the initiation of chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete, in: B.H. Oh, K. Sakai, O.E. Gjorv, N. Banthia (Eds.), Concrete under Severe Condition, Consec 04, Seoul Korea, 2004, pp. 287-295.
89. K.W.J. Treadaway, B.L. Brown, R.N. Cox, Durability of galvanized steel in concrete, in: D.E. Tonini, J.M. Gaidis (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, ASTM STP 713, 1978, pp. 102-131.
90. D. Stark, Measurement techniques and evaluation of galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete structures in Bermuda, in: D.E. Tonini, J.M. Gaidis (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, ASTM STP 713, 1978, pp. 132-141.
91. Bautista A., and González J.A. Analysis of the protective efficiency of galvanizing against corrosion of reinforcements embedded in chloride contaminated concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 26 (1996) 215-224
92. Gowripalan N., and Mohamed H.M. Chloride-ion induced corrosion of galvanized and ordinary steel reinforcement in high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 28 (1998) 1119-1131
93. L.H. Everett, T.W.J. Treadaway, The use of galvanized steel reinforcement in building, Building Research Station Current Paper CP3/70, Garston UK, 1970.
94. Kayyali O.A., and Yeomans S.R. Bond of ribbed galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 459-467
95. Erdogdu S., Bremner T.W., and Kondratova I.L. Accelerated testing of plain and epoxy-coated reinforcement in simulated seawater and chloride solutions. Cement and Concrete Research 31 (2001) 861-867
96. Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Maslehuddin M., and Ibrahin M. Long-term performance of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel bars in chloride-contaminated concrete. ACI Material Journal 101 (2004) 303-309
97. Clear K.C. Effectiveness of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel. Concrete International 14 (1992) 58-64
98. L.L. Smith, R.J. Kessler, R.G. Powers, Corrosion of epoxy coated rebar in a marine environment, Transportation Research Circular, No. 403, Transportation Research Board, 1993, pp. 36-45.
99. Sagues A., Powers R., and Zayed A. Marine environment corrosion of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel. In: Page C.L., Treadaway K.W.J., and Bamforth P.B. (Eds). Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete (1990), Elsevier Applied Science, London UK 539-549
100. L.A. Maldonado, P. Castro, J.H. Marrufo, W. Gonzalez, A. Zapata, Bond loss between epoxy and alkyd coated reinforcement rebar and concrete, in: V. Ckaker (Eds.), Corrosion Forms and Control for Infrastructure, ASTM STP 1137, 1992, pp. 372-385.
101. El-Hawary M.M. Evaluation of bond strength of epoxy-coated bars in concrete exposed to marine environment. Construction and Building Materials 13 (1999) 357-362
102. Kayyali O.A., and Yeomans S.R. Bond and slip of coated reinforcement in concrete. Construction and Building Materials 9 (1995) 219-226
103. Weyer R.E., Pyc W., and Sprinkel M.M. Estimating the service life of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel. ACI Material Journal 95 (1998) 546-557
104. Darwin A.B., and Scantlebury J.D. Retarding of corrosion processes on reinforcement bar in concrete with an FBE coating. Cement and Concrete Composites 24 (2002) 73-78
105. Vedalakshmi R., Kumar K., Raju V., and Rengaswamy N.S. Effect of prior damage on the performance of cement based coatings on rebar: macrocell corrosion studies. Cement and Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 417-421