The costs of cooperation: Civilian casualty counts in Iraq

International Studies Perspectives

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 429-445

  Lauterbach, Claire ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Civilian casualties, Non state actors; Iraq

Indexed keywords

ADVOCACY; INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; POLITICS; RESEARCH INSTITUTION; WAR;

ASIA; EURASIA; IRAQ; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 35348950059     PISSN: 15283577     EISSN: 15283585     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00310.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2006) The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study 2002-2006. Available at http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/ 2006/images/10/11/human.cost.of.war.pdf (Accessed January 23, 2006).
2. BBC. (2005) Counting the Civilian Cost in Iraq. British Broadcasting Company, May 6. Available at http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/ middle_east/3672298.stm (Accessed December 15, 2005).
3. CIVIC. (2003) Iraqi Civilian War Casualties. Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict, August. Available at http://civilians.info/iraq/ (Accessed August 15, 2006).
4. CESR. (2005) The Human Costs of War in Iraq. Center for Economic and Social Rights, December 10. Available at http://cesr.org/node/view/518 (Accessed August 15, 2006).
5. Clark, Sarah. (2005) Counting Civilian Casualties. American Journalism Review. Available at http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3919 (Accessed August 15, 2006).
6. Conetta, Carl. (2003) The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict. Project on Defense Alternatives. Available at http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html (Accessed August 15, 2006).
7. Conetta, Carl. (2005) Director, Project on Defense Alternatives. Interview via telephone by author, November 23, 2005, Arlington, VA.
8. Cooley, Alexander, and James Ron. (2002) The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action. International Security 27(1): 5-39.
9. Count the Casualties. (2005a) Bishops Write to the Times in Support of Campaign. Count the Casualties, February 7. Available at http://www.countthecasualties.org.uk/item29 (Accessed August 15, 2006).
10. Count the Casualties. (2005b) Global Public Health Experts Say Failure to Count Iraqi Casualties is Irresponsible. Count the Casualties, March 11. Available at http://www.countthecasualties.org.uk/docs/ publichealthstatement.pdf (Accessed August 15, 2006).
11. Dargadan, Hamit, and John Sloboda. (2006) A Dossier of Civilian Casualties. Iraq Body Count. Available at http://www.iraqbodycount.org/ (Accessed August 15, 2006).
12. Ford, Peter. (2003) Surveys Pointing to High Civilian Death Toll in Iraq. Christian Science Monitor. Available at http://www.csmonitor.com/ 2003/0522/p01s02-woiq.html (Accessed August 15, 2006).
13. Franklin, James. (2003) Shame on You: The Role of External Actors on Political Repression in Latin America. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, August.
14. Garfield, Richard. (2006a) Clinical Professor of International Nursing, Columbia University. Interview by author, February 18, Durham, NC.
15. Garfield, Richard. (2006b) Measuring Civilian Casualties. Presentation at Casualties and War Conference, Duke University, Durham, NC, February 18.
16. Giddens, Anthony. (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity.
17. Global Security. (2005) Ministry of Health. Available at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/health.htm (Accessed August 15, 2006).
18. Goodman, Amy. (2004) Study: Iraq Invasion Has Killed 100,000 Civilians. Democracy Now, November 1. Available at http://www.democracynow.org/ article.pl?sid=04/11/01/1514200&mode=thread&tid=25 (Accessed August 15, 2006).
19. G uterman, L ila. (2005) Lost Count. Chronicle of Higher Education 51(22): A10.
20. Human Rights Watch. (2003) Hearts and Minds: Post War Civilian Deaths in Baghdad Caused by U.S. Forces. Human Rights Watch, October. Available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/iraq1003/ (Accessed August 15, 2006).
21. International Committee of the Red Cross. (2005) History. Available at http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Home?OpenDocument (Accessed December 15, 2005).
22. International Committee of the Red Cross. (2007) Iraq: Civilians Continue to Pay the Highest Price in the Conflict. Available at http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/ iraq-briefing-301106?opendocument (Accessed November 30, 2006).
23. IFRC. (2003) Emergency Funding Appeal Iraq and Neighboring Countries. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, March 20. Available at http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/pdf_appeals.pl?03/0803.pdf (Accessed December 15, 2005).
24. Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
25. Lawless, Andrew. (2005) Counting the Dead. Iraq Body Count. Three Monkeys Online, December 8. Available at http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/ threemon_article_counting_the_dead_iraqi_casualties_iraqi_body_count.htm (Accessed August 15, 2006).
26. Lewin, Matthew. (2005) "Mouse Journalism"is the Only Way We Can Report on Iraq. Press Gazette, October 13. Available at http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/article/131005/mouse_journalism_is (Accessed August 15, 2006).
27. Lynch, Colum. (2005) Iraq Aims to Limit Mortality Data: Health Ministry Told Not to Release Civilian Death Toll to U.N. The Washington Post, October 20. Available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2006/10/19/AR2006101901799.html (Accessed January 26, 2007).
28. Medact. (2005) About Medact. Medact, December 8. Available at http://medact.org/medact_information.php (Accessed August 15, 2006).
29. Medact. (2006) Continuing Collateral Damage: The Health and Environmental Costs of War on Iraq 2003. Medact. November 11. Available at http://www.mapw.org.au/iraq/2003/ippnwiraq/ MedactIPPNW-ContinuingCollateralDamage.pdf (Accessed August 15, 2006).
30. Nabulsi, Karma. (2001) Evolving Conceptions of Civilians and Belligerents: 100 Years After the Hague Peace Conferences. In Civilians in War, edited by S. Chesterman, pp. 9-25. Boulder: Lynne Riener Publishers.
31. National Public Radio. (2005a) Interview: Sabrina Tavernise Discusses Iraqi's Disclosure of a Civilian Casualty Count. All Things Considered, July 14.
32. National Public Radio. (2005b) Analysis: Statistical Survey on the Human Cost of the Iraq War. All Things Considered, July 19.
33. O'N eill, K ate et. al. (2004) Actors, Norms, and Impact: Recent International Cooperation Theory and the Influence of the Agent-Structure Debate. Annual Review of Political Science 7: 149-175.
34. Office of the Press Secretary. (2003) Facts About the New Iraqi Healthcare System. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2003/12/20031215.htm (Accessed December 15, 2005).
35. Oxford Research Group. (2005) Oxford Research Group. Available at http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/ (Accessed November 27, 2005).
36. Piachaud, Jack. (2005) Associate Editor, Medicine, Conflict and Survival. Interview via telephone by the author, November 22, Durham, NC.
37. Project on Defense Alternatives. (2005) About PDA. Available at http://www.comw.org/pda/about.html/ (Accessed August 15, 2006).
38. Public Health News Center. (2004) Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Public Health News Center, October 28. Available at http://www.jhsph.edu/PublicHealthNews/Press_Releases/PR_2004/ Burnham_Iraq.html (Accessed August 15, 2006).
39. P uchala, D onald, and R aymond H opkins. (1982) International Regimes: Lessons From Inductive Analysis. International Organization 36(2): 245-275.
40. Raghavan, Sudarsan. (2007) War's Toll on Iraqis Put at 22,950 in 2006. Statistics From Health Ministry Official Show Tripling of Civilian, Police Deaths. The Washington Post Foreign Service, January 8. Available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/07/ AR2007010701359.html (Accessed February 13, 2007).
41. Roberts, Les, Riyadh, Lafta, Richard Garfield, Jamal Khudhairi, and Gilbert Burnham. (2004) Mortality Before and After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Cluster Sample Survey. The Lancet 364 (9448): 1857-1864.
42. Sloboda, John. (2005) Re: Your enquiry [personal email] (August 15, 2006).
43. Small Arms Survey. (2005) Project Objectives. Available at http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/sas/about/mission.html (Accessed December 8, 2005).
44. United for Peace and Justice. (2003) U.S. Peace Groups Open International Occupation Watch Center in Iraq. United for Peace and Justice, July 18. Available at http://www.unitedforpeace.org/ article.php?id=1881 (Accessed August 15, 2006).
45. UNDP. (2004) Iraq Living Conditions Survey 2004. United Nations Development Program. Available at http://www.iq.undp.org/ILCS/ population.htm (Accessed August 15, 2006).
46. Vogler, J. (1999) The European Union as an Actor in International Environmental Politics. Environmental Politics 8(3): 24-48.
47. Whitaker, Raymond. (2004) Pentagon Suppresses Details of Civilian Casualties, Says Expert. The Independent, October 31. Available at http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/1031-01.htm (Accessed August 15, 2006).
48. Wright, David. (2003) American Woman Travels Door to Door to Count Iraqi Casualties. ABC News, May 28. Available at http://www.newsfrombabylon.com/story/2003/ american-woman-travels-door-door-count-iraqi-casualties (Accessed August 15, 2006).
49. Yacoub, Samer, et al. (2003). Iraqi Civilian Death Toll at 3,240. U.S.A. Today, June 11. Available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/ 2003-06-11-iragi-toll_x.htm (Accessed August 17, 2007).