메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 453-477

German Constitutional Law and Doctrine on State of Emergency - Paradigms and Dilemmas of a Traditional (Continental) Discourse

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 35348944512     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S207183220000479X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 18544364179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See CHRISTOPH MÖLLERS, STAAT ALS ARGUMENT 266 (2000) (discussing the time factor, that is, urgency).
    • (2000) Staat Als Argument , pp. 266
    • Möllers, C.1
  • 2
    • 79957074786 scopus 로고
    • Diktatur, Notverordnungsrecht, Staatsnotstand
    • 310
    • Johannes Heckel, Diktatur, Notverordnungsrecht, Staatsnotstand, 22 ARCHIV DES ÖFFENTLICHEN RECHTS 257, 310 (1932). This article analyzes only the state of emergency, excluding the constellation of constitutional disruption.
    • (1932) Archiv des Öffentlichen Rechts , vol.22 , pp. 257
    • Heckel, J.1
  • 5
  • 9
    • 85175454183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-A (1).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-A (1)
  • 10
    • 84923709566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19 (3).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19 (3)
    • A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya
  • 11
    • 85175437625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1326.
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1326.
  • 12
    • 85175459621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2).
    • See DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2).
  • 13
    • 85175451495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AUGUST 1919, at Art. 48, margin note 7 (14th ed. 1933) (discussing the deformalizing of law for exceptional circumstances).
    • AUGUST 1919, at Art. 48, margin note 7 (14th ed. 1933) (discussing the deformalizing of law for exceptional circumstances).
  • 14
    • 85175437672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 91.
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 91.
  • 15
    • 84887389283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19 (3).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19 (3)
    • Köztársaság Alkotmánya
    • Magyar, A.1
  • 16
    • 85175435351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/A (1) ("Should the Parliament be obstructed in reaching such decisions, the President of the Republic shall have the right to declare a state of war, a state of national crisis and establish the National Defense Council, or to declare a state of emergency.").
    • See A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/A (1) ("Should the Parliament be obstructed in reaching such decisions, the President of the Republic shall have the right to declare a state of war, a state of national crisis and establish the National Defense Council, or to declare a state of emergency.").
  • 17
    • 85175463897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-A (2).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-A (2)
  • 18
    • 85175451474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/E (1).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/E (1)
  • 19
    • 85175473085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-L (2).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-L (2)
  • 20
    • 85175468011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/A (4).
    • See A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/A (4)
  • 22
    • 85175432381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] arts. 80-A, 91 & 115-A.
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] arts. 80-A, 91 & 115-A;
  • 23
    • 84887389283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19 (3).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19 (3)
    • Köztársaság Alkotmánya
    • Magyar, A.1
  • 25
    • 85175441592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/C (2)
    • See A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/C (2)
  • 26
    • 85175418363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although the Joint Committee (article 115-E of the Basic Law) has practical functions only in a state of defense, it exists during the normal conditions as well.
    • Although the Joint Committee (article 115-E of the Basic Law) has practical functions only in a state of defense, it exists during the normal conditions as well.
  • 27
    • 85175434037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-H (1) & (3) ("(1) Any legislative terms of the Bundestag or of Land parliaments due to expire during a state of defense shall end six months after the termination of the state of defense. ... (3) The Bundestag shall not be dissolved while a state of defense exists.").
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-H (1) & (3) ("(1) Any legislative terms of the Bundestag or of Land parliaments due to expire during a state of defense shall end six months after the termination of the state of defense. ... (3) The Bundestag shall not be dissolved while a state of defense exists.");
  • 28
    • 85175495733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 28/A (1) & (2).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 28/A (1) & (2)
  • 29
    • 85175464577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-G.
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-G
  • 30
    • 85175423181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (6) ("The operation of the Constitutional Court may not be restricted during a state of national crisis.").
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (6) ("The operation of the Constitutional Court may not be restricted during a state of national crisis.").
  • 31
    • 85175486080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-H (1)
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-H (1)
  • 32
    • 85175490843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2) (empowering the President of the Reich to take "necessary" measures).
    • DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2) (empowering the President of the Reich to take "necessary" measures);
  • 34
    • 85095753628 scopus 로고
    • Die Diktaturgewalt des Reichspräsidenten
    • Gerhard Anschütz & Richard Thoma eds.
    • Richard Grau, Die Diktaturgewalt des Reichspräsidenten, in 2 HANDBUCH DES DEUTSCHEN STAATSRECHTS 274 (Gerhard Anschütz & Richard Thoma eds., 1932) (with further references).
    • (1932) Handbuch des Deutschen Staatsrechts , vol.2 , pp. 274
    • Grau, R.1
  • 35
    • 85175441715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-C (1) & (3) ("(1).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-C (1) & (3) ("(1)
  • 37
    • 85175493454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-B
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-B ("Upon the promulgation of a state of defense the power of command over the Armed Forces shall pass to the Federal Chancellor.").
  • 39
    • 85175428780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (3).
    • See A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (3)
  • 40
    • 85175440755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-D ("(1).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-D ("(1)
  • 41
    • 85175420796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (4).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (4)
  • 42
    • 85175467444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-E (2) ("This Basic Law may neither be amended nor abrogated nor suspended in whole or in part by a law enacted by the Joint Committee.
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-E (2) ("This Basic Law may neither be amended nor abrogated nor suspended in whole or in part by a law enacted by the Joint Committee.
  • 43
    • 85175422424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (4).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/B (4).
  • 44
    • 85175445375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-K (2) & (3) ("(2).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-K (2) & (3) ("(2)
  • 45
    • 85175415645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] arts. 19/B (5) & 19/C (4).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] arts. 19/B (5) & 19/C (4).
  • 48
    • 85175429562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 8 (4).
    • See A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 8 (4)
  • 49
    • 85175453291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-C (2).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-C (2)
  • 50
    • 85175425995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2).
    • DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2).
  • 51
    • 85175471165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-C (2).
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 115-C (2).
  • 52
    • 85175448948 scopus 로고
    • Artikel 115c
    • Maunz et al. eds.
    • R. Herzog, Artikel 115c, in DAS GRUNDGESETZ ¶ 27 (Maunz et al. eds., 1969).
    • (1969) Das Grundgesetz , pp. 27
    • Herzog, R.1
  • 53
    • 85175475312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2).
    • See DIE VERFASSUNG DES DEUTSCHEN REICHS [Weimarer Reichsverfassung] [WRC - Weimar Republic Constitution] art. 48 (2).
  • 54
    • 85175468221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 87-A (4) ("... Any ... employment of the Armed Forces shall be discontinued if the Bundestag or the Bundesrat so demands").
    • See GRUNDGESETZ [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 87-A (4) ("... Any ... employment of the Armed Forces shall be discontinued if the Bundestag or the Bundesrat so demands");
  • 55
    • 85175485440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/C (3).
    • A MAGYAR KÖZTÁRSASÁG ALKOTMÁNYA [HC - Constitution of the Republic of Hungary] art. 19/C (3)
  • 56
    • 77952603413 scopus 로고
    • See FRIEDRICH KOJA, DER STAATSNOTSTAND ALS RECHTSBEGRIFF 15 (1979) (noting that it is logical that, wherever the traditions of democracy and the rule of law are not strong, precise regulation is especially important).
    • (1979) Der Staatsnotstand Als Rechtsbegriff , pp. 15
    • Koja, F.1
  • 57
    • 85175474920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in December 1981, General Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland so as to quash the democratic oppositional movement. See INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, supra note 21, at 86.
    • in December 1981, General Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland so as to quash the democratic oppositional movement. See INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, supra note 21, at 86.
  • 58
    • 85175443580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 1958 CONST. art. 16 ("(1) Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the President of the Republic shall take the measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the Prime Minister, the Presidents of the assemblies and the Constitutional Council.
    • See 1958 CONST. art. 16 ("(1) Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the President of the Republic shall take the measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the Prime Minister, the Presidents of the assemblies and the Constitutional Council.
  • 59
    • 85175420031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1290.
    • See STERN, supra note 9, at 1290.
  • 60
    • 85175493211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 52, at 65.
    • See KOJA, supra note 52, at 65.
  • 62
    • 85175494391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hesse, Staatsnotstand, supra note 6, at 202.
    • See Hesse, Staatsnotstand, supra note 6, at 202.
  • 63
    • 85175491750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 52, at 65.
    • See KOJA, supra note 52, at 65.
  • 64
    • 85175494293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Verfassungscharta von "serbien und Montenegro"
    • András Jakab, Die Verfassungscharta von "Serbien und Montenegro", 63 HEIDELBERG J. INT'L L. 811 (2003).
    • (2003) Heidelberg J. Int'L L. , vol.63 , pp. 811
    • Jakab, A.1
  • 66
    • 85175420966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1337.
    • See STERN, supra note 9, at 1337.
  • 68
    • 85175478151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1337 (rejecting Schmitt in formulation, but not in essence).
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1337 (rejecting Schmitt in formulation, but not in essence).
  • 69
    • 84885402931 scopus 로고
    • Staatsrecht an den Grenzen des Rechtsstaates
    • 134
    • Meinhard Schröder, Staatsrecht an den Grenzen des Rechtsstaates, 103 ARCHIV DES ÖFFENTLICHEN RECHTS 121, 134 (1978);
    • (1978) Archiv des Öffentlichen Rechts , vol.103 , pp. 121
    • Schröder, M.1
  • 70
    • 85048187089 scopus 로고
    • Staatsnotstand und rechtliche Bindung
    • Georg Flor, Staatsnotstand und rechtliche Bindung, 73 DEUTSCHES VERWALTUNGSBLATT 149 (1958);
    • (1958) Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt , vol.73 , pp. 149
    • Flor, G.1
  • 71
    • 85175438408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kirchhof, supra note 5, at 98, 100.
    • Kirchhof, supra note 5, at 98, 100;
  • 80
  • 83
    • 85175454185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Böckenförde, supra note 65, at 1885.
    • Böckenförde, supra note 65, at 1885;
  • 84
    • 85175422917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kirchhof, supra note 5, at 117.
    • Kirchhof, supra note 5, at 117.
  • 86
    • 84956025659 scopus 로고
    • ERICH KAUFMANN, ZUR PROBLEMATIK DES VOLKSWILLENS 14 (1931) ("For the extreme case, an ultimate right of necessity exists, alongside standardized and formalized exceptional rights, in the unwritten, natural-law content of every body of constitutional law") (author's translation).
    • (1931) Zur Problematik des Volkswillens , pp. 14
    • Kaufmann, E.1
  • 88
    • 85175458330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schröder, supra note 64, at 132 (detailing the history of the term jus eminens and citing further references).
    • See Schröder, supra note 64, at 132 (detailing the history of the term jus eminens and citing further references).
  • 89
    • 85175469781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KRÜGER, supra note 65, at 31.
    • See KRÜGER, supra note 65, at 31
  • 90
    • 85175436998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1336 (reasoning identically).
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1336 (reasoning identically).
  • 92
    • 85175475822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SCHMITT, supra note 64, at IX.
    • SCHMITT, supra note 64, at IX.
  • 93
    • 85175446010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HANS NAWIASKY, 2 ALLGEMEINE STAATSLEHRE, pt. 2, at 108 (1955)
    • HANS NAWIASKY, 2 ALLGEMEINE STAATSLEHRE, pt. 2, at 108 (1955)
  • 94
    • 85175427535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KRÜGER, supra note 65, at 31.
    • KRÜGER, supra note 65, at 31.
  • 95
    • 85175418191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1337.
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1337.
  • 96
    • 85175442998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Böckenförde, supra note 65, at 1883.
    • Böckenförde, supra note 65, at 1883.
  • 97
    • 85175430920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STERN, supra note 9, at 1337.
    • See STERN, supra note 9, at 1337.
  • 98
    • 28744443081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30th ed.
    • See THEODOR MAUNZ & REINHOLD ZIPPELIUS, DEUTSCHES STAATSRECHT 415 (30th ed. 1998) (referring only to the theoretical situation where regulation is lacking);
    • (1998) Deutsches Staatsrecht , pp. 415
    • Maunz, T.1    Zippelius, R.2
  • 103
    • 85175433944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Böckenförde, supra note 65, at 1883.
    • See Böckenförde, supra note 65, at 1883.
  • 104
    • 84955733407 scopus 로고
    • Ausnahmerecht und demokratischer Rechtsstaat
    • 264, Hans-Jochen Vogel ed.
    • For his de lege ferenda constitutional regulatory text, see Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, Ausnahmerecht und demokratischer Rechtsstaat, in DIE FREIHEIT DES ANDEREN: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR MARTIN HIRSCH 259, 264 (Hans-Jochen Vogel ed., 1981).
    • (1981) Die Freiheit des Anderen: Festschrift für Martin Hirsch , pp. 259
    • Böckenförde, E.1
  • 105
    • 85175449652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schriftlicher Bericht des Rechtsauschusses, BTDrucks 5/2873 quoting STERN, supra note 9, at 1329.
    • Thus, the objective of emergency legislation in 1968 was precisely to make recourse to unwritten constitutional principles unnecessary by way of explicit regulation. See Schriftlicher Bericht des Rechtsauschusses, BTDrucks 5/2873 (quoting STERN, supra note 9, at 1329).
  • 106
    • 85175463354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richard Thoma, Der Vorbehalt der Legislative und das Prinzip der Gesetzmäßigkeit von Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung, in HANDBUCH, supra note 29, at 221, 232.
    • See Richard Thoma, Der Vorbehalt der Legislative und das Prinzip der Gesetzmäßigkeit von Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung, in HANDBUCH, supra note 29, at 221, 232
  • 107
    • 85175429055 scopus 로고
    • Zur Frage des Ausnahme- oder Staatsnotrechts
    • Andreas Hamann, Zur Frage des Ausnahme- oder Staatsnotrechts, 73 DEUTSCHES VERWALTUNGSBLATT 405 (1958);
    • (1958) Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt , vol.73 , pp. 405
    • Hamann, A.1
  • 110
    • 84955679022 scopus 로고
    • Der Rechtsstaat und sein polizeilicher Verfassungsschutz
    • Adolf Arndt, Der Rechtsstaat und sein polizeilicher Verfassungsschutz, 14 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 900 (1961);
    • (1961) Neue Juristische Wochenschrift , vol.14 , pp. 900
    • Arndt, A.1
  • 113
    • 84896242291 scopus 로고
    • NOTSTAND und DEMOKRATIE
    • 113, 120 f.
    • HEINRICH OBERREUTER, NOTSTAND UND DEMOKRATIE 89 ff., esp. 113, 120 f. (1978);
    • (1978) , vol.89
    • Oberreuter, H.1
  • 118
    • 85175475695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HESSE, supra note 6, at 300.
    • HESSE, supra note 6, at 300. According to Hesse, one cannot call upon supra-positive emergency law, but one should keep in mind that state institutions will indeed do so, where regulation on state of emergency is lacking.
  • 119
    • 85175486479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 4, at 398.
    • Aside from this, the natural-law viewpoint as such is criticized as unscholarly in the Kelsenian tradition. See, e.g., KOJA, supra note 4, at 398;
  • 120
    • 85175458774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 52, at 10.
    • KOJA, supra note 52, at 10.
  • 121
    • 84955627575 scopus 로고
    • Demokratie: Wertsystem des Rechts
    • ADOLF ARNDT, Demokratie: Wertsystem des Rechts, in NOTSTANDSGESETZ - ABER WIE? 13 (1962)
    • (1962) Notstandsgesetz - Aber Wie? , pp. 13
    • Arndt, A.1
  • 122
    • 79956793790 scopus 로고
    • JOSEPH BARTHÉLEMY & PAUL DUEZ, TRAITÉ DE DROIT CONSTITUTIONNEL 242 (1933) (stating that supra-positive emergency law is no legal principle but only "une théorie politique que le gouvernement pourra invoquer devant le parlement pour expliquer son illégalité et la rendre politiquement excusable");
    • (1933) Traité de Droit Constitutionnel , pp. 242
    • Barthélemy, J.1    Duez, P.2
  • 125
    • 85175444708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 4, at 399.
    • KOJA, supra note 4, at 399.
  • 126
    • 85175453958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 52, at 14.
    • See also KOJA, supra note 52, at 14
  • 127
    • 84955679022 scopus 로고
    • Der Rechtsstaat und sein polizeilicher Verfassungsschutz
    • See Adolf Arndt, Der Rechtsstaat und sein polizeilicher Verfassungsschutz, 14 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 899 (1961) ("A constitutional state has no other raison than its constitution.") (author's translation);
    • (1961) Neue Juristische Wochenschrift , vol.14 , pp. 899
    • Arndt, A.1
  • 128
    • 85048187088 scopus 로고
    • Ausnahmezustand und Grundgesetz
    • Konrad Hesse, Ausnahmezustand und Grundgesetz, 8 DIE ÖFFENTLICHE VERWALTUNG 741 (1955).
    • (1955) Die Öffentliche Verwaltung , vol.8 , pp. 741
    • Hesse, K.1
  • 130
    • 85175473546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOJA, supra note 52, at 17.
    • See KOJA, supra note 52, at 17.
  • 135
    • 85175424154 scopus 로고
    • Szükség törvényt bont" avagy a rendkívüli jogrend szabályozása a Negyedik Köztársaságban
    • A. Ujfalvi, "Szükség törvényt bont" avagy a rendkívüli jogrend szabályozása a Negyedik Köztársaságban ["Necessity Knows No Law, " or Regulation of the Emergency Legal Order in the Fourth (Hungarian) Republic], 40 MAGYAR KÖZIGAZGATÁS 614 (1990);
    • (1990) Magyar Közigazgatás , vol.40 , pp. 614
    • Ujfalvi, A.1
  • 137
    • 35048825602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die rechtsdogmatische Hinterlassenschaft des Sozialismus im heutigen Recht: Das Beispiel Ungarn
    • On the textually bound nature of Hungarian legal reasoning in general, see A. Jakab & M. Hollán, Die rechtsdogmatische Hinterlassenschaft des Sozialismus im heutigen Recht: Das Beispiel Ungarn [The Legal Conceptual Legacy of the Socialism today: The Example of Hungary], 46 JAHRBUCH FÜR OSTRECHT 11 (2005).
    • (2005) Jahrbuch für Ostrecht , vol.46 , pp. 11
    • Jakab, A.1    Hollán, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.