Toward a methodology for measuring the security of publicly accessible spaces

Journal of the American Planning Association

Volumn 73, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 283-297

  Németh, Jeremy ^a   Schmidt, Stephan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PLANNING PRACTICE; POLICY MAKING; PUBLIC ACCESS; PUBLIC SPACE; SECURITY; URBAN AREA; URBAN PLANNING;

NEW YORK [NEW YORK (STT)]; NEW YORK [UNITED STATES]; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 35348933816     PISSN: 01944363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01944360708977978     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Amalgamated Food Employees Union v. Logan Valley Plaza. (1968). 391 U.S. 308.
2. Banerjee, T. (2001). The future of public space: Beyond invented streets and reinvented places. Journal of the American Planning Association, 67(1), 9-24.
3. Berman, M. (1986). Take it to the streets: Conflict and community in public space. Dissent, 33(4), 476-485.
4. Blomley, N., Delaney, D., & Ford, R. (Eds.). (2001). The legal geographies reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
5. Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public places-Urban spaces. Oxford: Architectural Press.
6. Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. & Stone, A. (1992). Public space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Christopherson, S. (1994). The fortress city: Privatized spaces, consumer citizenship. In A. Amin (Ed.), Post-fordism: A reader (pp. 409-427). Oxford: Blackwell.
8. Crawford, M. (1992). The world in a shopping mall. In M. Sorkin (Ed.), Variations on a theme park: The new American city and the end of public space (pp. 181-204). New York: Hill and Wang.
9. Cresswell, T. (1996). In place/out of place: Geography, ideology, and transgression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
10. Davis, M. (1990). City of quartz: Excavating the future in Los Angeles. London: Verso.
11. Davis, M. (1992). Fortress Los Angeles: The militarization of urban space. In M. Sorkin (Ed.), Variations on a theme park: The new American city and the end of public space (pp. 154-180). New York: Hill and Wang.
12. Davis, M. (2001, November-December). The flames of New York. New Left Review, 12, 34-50.
13. Day, K. (1999). Introducing gender to the critique of privatized public space. Journal of Urban Design, 4(2), 155-178.
14. Ellickson, R. (1996). Controlling chronic misconduct in city spaces: Of panhandlers, skid rows, and public space zoning. Yale Law Journal, 105(5), 1165-1248.
15. Ellin, N. (1996). Postmodern urbanism. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
16. Flusty, S. (1994). Building paranoia: The proliferation of interdictory space and the erosion of spatial justice. West Hollywood, CA: Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design.
17. Francis, M. (1989). Control as a dimension of public space quality. In I. Altman & E. Zube (Eds.), Public places and spaces: Human behavior and environment, Volume 10 (pp. 147-172). New York: Plenum.
18. Fyfe, N. (Ed.). (1998). Images of the street: Planning, identity and control in public space. New York: Routledge.
19. Fyfe, N., & Bannister, J. (1998). The "eyes upon the street": Closed-circuit television surveillance and the city. In N. Fyfe (Ed.), Images of the street: Planning, identity and control in public space (pp. 254-267). New York: Routledge.
20. Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering urbanism: Networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. London: Routledge.
21. Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board. (1976). 424 U.S. 507.
22. Jackson, P. (1998). Domesticating the street: The contested spaces of the high street and the mall. In N. Fyfe (Ed.), Images of the street: Planning, identity and control in public space (pp. 176-191). New York: Routledge.
23. Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Vintage Books.
24. Judd, D., & Fainstein, S. (1999). The tourist city. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25. Katz, C. (1998). Disintegrating developments: Global economic restructuring and the eroding of ecologies of youth. In T. Skelton & G. Valentine (Eds.), Cool places: Geographies of youth culture (pp. 130-144). London: Routledge.
26. Katz, C. (2001). Hiding the target: Social reproduction in the privatized urban environment. In C. Minca (Ed.), Postmodern geography: Theory and praxis (pp. 93-112). Oxford: Blackwell.
27. Katz, C. (2006). Power, space and terror: Social reproduction and the public environment. In S. Low & N. Smith (Eds.), The politics of public space (pp. 105-122). New York: Routledge.
28. Kayden, J. (2005). Using and misusing law to design the public realm. In E. Ben-Joseph & T. Szold (Eds.), Regulating place: Standards and the shaping of urban America (pp. 115-140). New York: Routledge.
29. Kayden, J., New York City Department of City Planning, & Municipal Art Society of New York. (2000). Privately owned public space: The New York City experience. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
30. Kohn, M. (2004). Brave new neighborhoods: The privatization of public space. New York: Routledge.
31. Koskela, H. (2000). The gaze without eyes: Video-surveillance and the changing nature of urban space. Progress in Human Geography, 24(2), 243-265.
32. Lees, L. (1998). Urban renaissance and the street: Spaces of control and contestation. In N. Fyfe (Ed.), Images of the street: Planning, identity and control in public space (pp. 236-254). New York: Routledge.
33. Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner. (1972). 407 U.S. 551.
34. Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (1996). Cracks in the city: Addressing the constraints and potentials of urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 1(1), 91-104.
35. Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Banerjee, T. (1998). Urban design downtown: Poetics and politics of form. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Low, S. (2003). Behind the gates: Life, security, and the pursuit of happiness in fortress America, New York: Routledge.
37. Low, S., & Smith, N. (Eds.). (2006). The politics of public space. New York: Routledge.
38. MacDonald, H. (1996). BIDs really work. City Journal, 6(2), 29-42.
39. MacDonald, H. (1998). BIDing adieu. City Journal, 8(4), 6-7.
40. MacDonald, H. (2002). Holiday homelessness hype. City Journal, 13(1), 12-13.
41. Marcuse, P. (2002). Urban form and globalization after September 11th: The view from New York. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 596-606.
42. Marsh v. Alabama. (1946). 326 U.S. 501.
43. McCann, E. (2000). Race, protest and public space: Contextualizing Lefebvre in the U.S. city. Antipode, 31 (2), 163-184.
44. Mitchell, D. (1995). The end of public space? People's Park, definitions of the public, and democracy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85(1), 108-133.
45. Mitchell, D. (2003). The right to the city: Social justice and the fight for public space. New York: Guilford Press.
46. Mitchell, D., & Staeheli, L. (2005). Permitting protest: Parsing the fine geography of dissent in America. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(4), 796-813.
47. Németh, J. (2006). Conflict, exclusion, relocation: Skateboarding and public space. Journal of Urban Design, 11 (3), 297-318.
48. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. (1990). Rules. Author.
49. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. (2006). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved November 1, 2006, from http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_faqs
50. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. (2007). Rules and regulations. Retrieved May 20, 2007, from http://www.nycgovparks.org/ sub_about/rules_and_regulations/rr_rules_regulations.html
51. Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space. Crime prevention through urban design. New York: Macmillan.
52. Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (Eds.). (1997). Safer city centres: Reviving the public realm. London: Paul Chapman.
53. Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (1999). The fortress, the panoptic, the regulatory and the animated: Planning and urban design approaches to safer city centers. Landscape Research, 24(3), 265-286.
54. Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2000). Urban design approaches to safer city centers: The fortress, the panoptic, the regulatory and the animated. In J. Gold & G. Revill (Eds.), Landscapes of defense (pp. 188-208). London: Prentice Hall.
55. Pain, R. (2001). Gender, race, age and fear in the city. Urban Studies, 38(5-6), 899-913.
56. PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins. (1980). 447 U.S. 74.
57. Rendell, J. (1998). Displaying sexuality: Gendered identities and the early nineteenth-century street. In N. Fyfe (Ed.), Images of the street: Planning, identity and control in public space (pp. 75-91). New York: Routledge.
58. Ruddick, S. (1996). Constructing difference in public spaces: Race, class and gender as interlocking systems. Urban Geograpby, 17(2), 132-151.
59. Sandercock, L. (1998). The death of Modernist planning: Radical praxis for a Postmodern age. In M. Douglass & J. Friedmann (Eds.), Cities for citizens: Planning and the rise of civil society in a global age (pp. 163-184). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
60. Schmidt, S. (2004). World Wide Plaza: The corporatization of urban public space. IEEE Technology and Society, 23 (4), 17-18.
61. Sennett, R. (1978). The fall of public man. New York: Vintage.
62. Shields, R. (1989). Social spatialization and the built environment: The West Edmonton Mail. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 7(2), 147-164.
63. Sibley, D. (1995). Geographies of exclusion. London: Routledge.
64. Siegel, F. (1992). Reclaiming our public spaces. City Journal, 2(2), 35-45.
65. Smith, N., & Low, S. (2006). Introduction: The imperative of public space. In S. Low & N. Smith (Eds.), The politics of public space (pp. 1-16). New York: Routledge.
66. Sorkin, M. (Ed). (1992). Variations on a theme park: The new American city and the end of public space. New York: Hill and Wang.
67. Turner, R. (2002). The politics of design and development in the Postmodern downtown. Journal of Urban Affairs, 24(5), 533-548.
68. Valentine, G. (1996). Children should be seen and not heard: The production and transgression of adults' public space. Urban Geography, 17(3), 205-220.
69. Valentine, G. (2004). Public space and the culture of childhood. London: Ashgate.
70. Warren, R. (2002). Situating the city and September 11th: Military urban doctrine, "pop-up" armies and spatial chess. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 614-619.
71. Wekerle, G., & Whitzman. C. (1995). Safe cities: Guidelines for planning, design, and management. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
72. Whyte, W. (1988). City: Rediscovering the center. New York: Doubleday.
73. Young, I. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
74. Young, I. (2000). Inclusion and democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
75. Zukin, S. (1995). The cultures of cities. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.