The white man under siege: New histories of race in the nineteenth century and the advent of white Australia

History Workshop Journal

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 41-62

  Lake, Marilyn ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348923613     PISSN: 13633554     EISSN: 14774569     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hwj/58.1.41     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. On theories of race as theories of history see, Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic, London, p. 14;
2. and Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Colour: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race, Cambridge MA, 1998, p. 6.
3. John Tregenza, Professor of Democracy: the Life of Charles Henry Pearson 1830-1894, Oxford Don and Australian Radical, Melbourne, 1968, chap. 4.
4. Charles H. Pearson, National Life and Character: a Forecast, London and New York, 1893, reprinted 1894, pp. 15-16.
5. Bryce quoted in Charles Henry Pearson... Memorials by himself his wife, and his friends, ed. W. Stebbing, London, 1900, p. 304.
6. Theodore Roosevelt to Charles Pearson, 11 May 1894, Pearson papers, Bodleian Library, MS English letters, folios 187-191, d. 190.
7. J. Saxon Mills quoted in Tregenza, Professor of Democracy, p. 231.
8. Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution, London and New York, 1894, p. 313.
9. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 16.
10. Charles H. Pearson, 'The Black Republic', in Reviews and Critical Essays, ed. Herbert Augustus Strong, London, 1896 (review of Sir Spenser St John, Hayti, or The Black Republic, London 1884, reprinted New York, 1889).
11. On the census see Tony Ballantyne, 'Empire, Knowledge and Culture: from Proto-Globalization to Modern Globalization', in Globalization in World History, ed. Anthony Hopkins, London, 2002, pp. 115-40;
12. and Margo J. Anderson, The American Census: a Social History, New Haven, 1988.
13. See, for example, report of Census Bulletin 48, 27 March 1891, reprinted in Kidd, Social Evolution, pp. 335-40.
14. A. M. Topp, 'Freeman's Historical Geography of Europe', Melbourne Review 6, October 1881, p. 399.
15. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 50.
16. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 50.
17. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 45.
18. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 40.
19. Observation on Pearson's manuscript 'National Life and Character', Pearson papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS English letters d. 187.
20. Theodore Roosevelt, 'National Life and Character', reprinted in Theodore Roosevelt National Ideals and Other Essays, London, 1897, p. 289.
21. Barton, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 7 August 1901, p. 3, 503.
22. Barton cited in Hilary Carey, 'Australian Religious Culture from Federation to the New Pluralism', in Legacies of White Australia: Race, Culture and Nation, ed. Laksiri Jayasuriya, David Walker and Jan Gothard, Nedlands WA, 2003, pp. 82-3;
23. Charles Pearson to Alfred Deakin, 29 March 1893, Deakin Papers, National Library of Australia, MS 1540/1/201.
24. On racial science see, for example, Henry Reynolds, 'Racial Thought in Early Colonial Australia', Australian Journal of Politics and History 20:1, April 1974;
25. Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800-1960, London, 1982;
26. Russell McGregor, Imagined Destinies: Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory, 1880-1939, Melbourne, 1998;
27. Warwick Anderson, The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health and Racial Destiny in Australia, Melbourne, 2002; on the intertwining of racial science and racial history
28. see Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867, London, 2002.
29. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: the Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism, Cambridge, 1981, p. 24;
30. and Hall, Civilising Subjects, p. 368.
31. Hall, Civilising Subjects, p. 30.
32. Hall, Civilising Subjects, p. 49.
33. Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, p. 75.
34. Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, p. 75.
35. Hugh Tulloch, James Bryce's American Commonwealth: the Anglo-American Background, Woodbridge, 1988, p. 40.
36. Tulloch, James Bryce's American Commonwealth, p. 41;
37. and see E. A. Freeman, Lectures to American Audiences, London, 1882.
38. Topp, 'Freeman's Historical Geography', p. 392.
39. Topp, 'Freeman's Historical Geography', p. 392.
40. Topp, 'Freeman's Historical Geography', p. 397.
41. Hall, Civilising Subjects, pp. 436-7;
42. C. W. Dilke, Greater Britain: a Record of Travel in English-Speaking Countries During 1866 and 1867, new edition, London, 1869.
43. James Bryce 'The Relations of History and Geography', Contemporary Review 44, March 1886, p. 442.
44. Bryce 'Relations of History and Geography', p. 443.
45. Bryce 'Relations of History and Geography', p. 442.
46. James Bryce, 'Migration of the Races of Man', Contemporary Review 42, July 1892, p. 147.
47. Bryce, 'Migration', p. 136.
48. Bryce, 'Migration', p. 148.
49. Bryce quoted in Pearson Memorials, ed. Stebbing, p. 167.
50. Bryce quoted in Pearson Memorials, ed. Stebbing, p. 167.
51. Pearson Memorials, ed. Stebbing, p. 123.
52. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 17.
53. Tregenza, Professor of Democracy, p. 48.
54. Tregenza, Professor of Democracy, p. 49.
55. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: a Story of Ideas in America, New York, 2001, p. 51.
56. Pearson Memorials, ed. Stebbing, p. 133
57. Pearson Memorials, ed. Stebbing, p. 135
58. Charles Pearson, 'The Land Question in the United States', Contemporary Review September-December 1868.
59. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 15.
60. Pearson, 'The Black Republic'.
61. Pearson, 'The Black Republic', p. 320.
62. Pearson to Bryce, 21 March 1892, Bryce papers, Bodleian Library, H 62.
63. Westminster Gazette, quoted in Reviews and Critical Essays, ed. Strong, p. 35.
64. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Colour against White World Supremacy, New York, 1923, p. 30.
65. Tregenza, Professor of Democracy, p. 233.
66. Pearson, 'The Black Republic', p. 320.
67. Roosevelt, 'National Life and Character', pp. 293-4.
68. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: a Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917, Chicago, 1995, p. 201;
69. see also Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race, Baton Rouge and London, 1980, pp. 143-67.
70. Roosevelt, 'National Life and Character', pp. 290.
71. Roosevelt, 'National Life and Character', pp.
72. Pearson to Bryce, 12 March 1890, Bryce papers, Bodleian Library, K 19, MSS 116-18.
73. Pearson to Bryce, 20 June 1892, Bryce papers, Bodleian Library, K 19, MSS 116-18.
74. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 17.
75. Deakin, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 12 Sept. 1901, p. 4, 804.
76. Barton to Bryce 18 June 1891, Bryce papers 27, folio 8-23, Bodleian Library.
77. John Andrew La Nauze, The Making of the Australian Constitution, Melbourne, 1972, pp. 18-19;
78. John Hirst, The Sentimental Nation: the Making of the Australian Commonwealth, Melbourne, 2000, p. 167;
79. Helen Irving, To Constitute a Nation: a Cultural History of Australia's Constitution, Melbourne, 1997.
80. La Nauze, Australian Constitution, pp. 18-19.
81. Hirst, Sentimental Nation, p. 127;
82. La Nauze, Australian Constitution, p. 19.
83. Bryce, American Commonwealth, p. 510.
84. Bryce, American Commonwealth, pp. 496-520.
85. Tulloch, Bryce's American Commonwealth, p. 195.
86. John Quick and Robert Garran, The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth, Sydney, 1901, reprinted 1976, p. 623.
87. Eric Foner, Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World, New York, 2002, pp. 202-4;
88. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York, 1999, p. 105.
89. Bryce, American Commonwealth, vol. 3, London, 1888, p. 92.
90. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, pp. 26-7.
91. Anderson, The American Census, p. 66.
92. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 64.
93. Bryce, American Commonwealth, p. 507.
94. Bryce, American Commonwealth, p. 507.
95. Deakin, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 12 Sept., p. 4, 806.
96. Pearson, National Life and Character, pp. 10-11.
97. James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, London, 1898, p. 71.
98. James Bryce, The Relations of the Advanced and Backward Races of Mankind, Oxford, 1902, pp. 6-7.
99. Review, New York Nation, 31 Jan. 1895, pp. 86-8;
100. Tulloch, Bryce's American Commonwealth, pp. 197-8.
101. Bryce, American Commonwealth, p. 514.
102. Higgins, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 6 Sept. 1901, p. 4, 659.
103. Edmund Barton, untitled speech on Federation [1901], National University of Australia, Barton Papers, National Library of Australia, Series 5, item 977.
104. Deakin, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 6 Sept. 1901.
105. Barton, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 3 Oct. 1901, p. 5, 503.
106. Bederman, Manliness and Civilisation.
107. Higgins, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 3 Oct. 1901, pp. 6, 815-9.
108. Commonwealth Arbitration Reports vol. 11, 1, 907-08, pp. 3-4.
109. Pearson, National Life and Character, p. 16.
110. W. E. B. DuBois, 'The Souls of White Folk', Darkwater Voices from Within the Veil, New York, 1920, pp. 29-30.
111. Andrew Markus, Australian Race Relations 1788-1993, Sydney, 1994, pp. 110-20;
112. James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: the Story of Australian Immigration, Melbourne, 2002, pp. 6-10.
113. McGregor, Imagined Destinies, pp. 19-59.
114. David Gilmour, The Long Recessional: the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling, New York, 2002, pp. 126-7.
115. Roosevelt to Pearson, 11 May 1894, Pearson papers, Bodleian Library, MS English letters, D190.