Assessment and treatment of diabetic foot ulcer

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 61, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1931-1938

  Fard, A Shojaie ^a   Esmaelzadeh, M ^a   Larijani, B ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTICOAT; ACTISORB SILVER; ALENDRONIC ACID; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AQUACEL AG; AZTREONAM; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CEFALEXIN; CEFOXITIN; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CILASTATIN PLUS IMIPENEM; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPTOMYCIN; DICLOXACILLIN; DULOXETINE; ERTAPENEM; GABAPENTIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; METRONIDAZOLE; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; PREGABALIN; RECOMBINANT PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BB; SULTAMICILLIN; TIMENTIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; AWARENESS; CELL THERAPY; DEBRIDEMENT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC FOOT; DRUG COST; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FOOT INJURY; FOOT MALFORMATION; FOOT ULCER; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; LEG AMPUTATION; MORTALITY; NEUROPATHY; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; WOUND DRESSING;

AMPUTATION; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; DEBRIDEMENT; DIABETIC FOOT; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; MALE; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 35348911325     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01534.x     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. William G, Pickup JC. Introduction to diabetes. In : Handbook of Diabetes, 2nd edn. Oxford : Blackwell, 1999 : 2 4.
2. Boulton AJ. The diabetic foot: a global view. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000 16 (Suppl. 1 s2 5.
3. Frykberg RG, Lavery LA, Pham H, Harvey C, Harkless L, Veves A. Role of neuropathy and high foot pressure in diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 1998 21 : 1714 9.
4. Reiber GE. The epidemiology of foot ulcers and amputations in the diabetic foot. In : Bowker JH, Pfeiter MA, eds. Levin and o'Neal's The Diabetic Foot, 6th edn. St Louis : Mosby, 2001 : 13 32.
5. Pliskin MA, Todd WF, Edelson GW. Presentations of diabetic feet. Arch Fam Med 1994 3 : 273 9.
6. Gibbons GW. The diabetic foot: amputations and drainage of infection. J Vasc Surg 1987 5 : 791 3.
7. Levin ME. Pathophysiology of diabetic foot lesions. In : Davidson JK, ed. Clinical Diabetes Medicine. 1991 : 504 20.
8. Most RS, Sinnock P et al. The epidemiology of lower extremity amputations in diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 1983 6 : 87 91.
9. Humphrey CC, Palumbo PJ, Butters MA et al. The contribution of non-insulin-dependent diabetes to lower-extremity amputation in the community. Arch Intern Med 1994 154 : 885 92.
10. Reiber GE, Royko EJ, Smith DG. Lower extremity foot ulcers and amputation in diabetes. In National Diabetes Data Group (U.S.). Diabetes in America (NIH Publication no 95-1486), 2nd edn. Bethesda, MD : National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and kidney Diseases, 1995.
11. Wieman TJ. Principles of management: the diabetic foot. Am J Surg 2005 190 : 295 29.
12. Kumar S, Ashe HA, Parnell LN et al. The prevalence of foot ulceration and its correlates in type 2 diabetic patients: a population based study. Diabet Med 1994 11 : 480 4.
13. Tesfaye S, Stevens LK, Stephenson M et al. Prevalence of diabetic neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control and potential risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetologia 1996 39 : 1377 84.
14. Brem H, Sheehan P, Boulton JM. Protocol for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Am J Surg 2004 187 : 1s 10s.
15. Rowering CK. Diabetic foot ulcers, pathophysiology assessment and therapy. Can Fam Physician 2001 47 : 1007 16.
16. Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care 1999 22 : 157 62.
17. Genuth S, Albeti KG, Bennett P et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 3160.
18. Crisp AJ, Heathcote JG. Connective tissue abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1984 18 : 132 4.
19. Vlassara H, Brownlee M, Cerami A. Nonenzymatic glycosylation: role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complication. Clin Chem 1986 32 : 37 41.
20. Dinh TL, Veves AA. Review of the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of the diabetic foot. Low Extrem Wounds 2005 4 : 154 9.
21. Apelqvist S, Larsson J, Agardh CD. Long-term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers. J Int Med 1993 233 : 485 91.
22. Gujral JS, Mcnally PG, O'Malley BP, Burdan AC. Ethnic differences in the incidence of lover extremity amputation secondary to diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1993 10 : 271 4.
23. Boulton AJM. The pathogenesis of diabetic foot problems: an overview. Diabet Med 1996 13 : s12 6.
24. Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG. A prospective study of risk factors diabetic foot ulcer. The seattle diabetic foot study. Diabetes Care 1999 22 : 1036 42.
25. Coppini DV, Young PJ, Weng C, Macload AF, Snoksen PH. Outcome on diabetic foot complications in relation to clinical examination and quantitative sensory testing: a case-control study. Diabet Med 1998 15 : 265 771.
26. Sumpio BE. Foot ulcers. N Engl J Med 2000 343 : 787 93.
27. Ctercteko GC, Dhanendarn M, Hutton WC, Le Quesne LP. Vertical forces acting on the feet of diabetic patients with neuropathic ulceration. Br J Surg 1981 68 : 608 14.
28. Kravitz SR, Mc Guire J, Shanahan SD. Physical assessment of the diabetic foot. ADV Skin Wound Care 2003 16 : 68 77.
29. Hoffman AF. Evaluation of arterial blood flow in the lower extremity. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1992 9 : 19 56.
30. Eze AR, Comeota AJ, Cisek P et al. Intermittent calf and foot compression increases lower extremity blood flow. Am J Surg 1996 172 : 130 5.
31. Thivolet C, Farkh J, Petiot A, Simonet C, Tourniaire J. Measuring vibration sensations with graduated tuning fork simple and reliable means to detect diabetic patients at risk of neuropathic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care 1992 13 : 1077 80.
32. Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS, Gibbons GW, Korchmer AW. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 1994 13 : 854 60.
33. AU Young MJ, Boulton AJ, Macleod AF, Williams DR, Sonlsen PH. A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United kingdom hospital clinic population. Diabetologia 1993 36 : 150 4.
34. Sapico FL, Canawati HN, Witte JL et al. Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of the infected diabetic foot. J Clin Microbiol 1980 12 : 413 20.
35. Lipsky BA. Osteomylitis of the foot in diabetic patients. Clin Infect Dis 1997 25 : 1318 26.
36. Miyajima S, Shirai A, Yamamoto SH et al. Risk factors for major limb amputations in diabetic foot gangrene patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006 71 : 272 9.
37. Eckman MH, Greenfield S, Mackey WC et al. Foot infections in diabetic patients, decision and cost effectiveness analyses. J Am Med Assoc 1995 273 : 712 20.
38. Croll SD, Ncholas GG, Osborne MA et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnostic of osteomyelitis n diabetic foot infections. J Vasc Surg 1996 24 : 266 70.
39. Lipman BT, Collier BD, Carrera GF et al. Detection of osteomyelitis in the neuropathic foots, nuclear medicine, MRI and conventional radiography. Clin Nucl Med 1998 23 : 77 82.
40. Bonham P. A critical review of the literature: part 1: diagnosing osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes and foot ulcers. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2001 28 : 73 88.
41. Tomas MB, Petal M, Marvin SE, Palestro CJ. The diabetic foot. Br J Radiol 2000 73 : 443 50.
42. Jay PR, Michelson JD, Mizel MS, Magid D, Le T. Efficacy 3-phase bone scans in evaluating diabetic foot ulcers. Foot Ankle Int 1999 20 : 347 55.
43. Palestro CJ, Torres MA. Radionuclide imaging in orthopedic infection. Semin Nucl Med 1997 27 : 334 45.
44. Becker W. Imaging osteomyelitis and the diabetic foot. Q J Nucl Med 1999 43 : 9 20.
45. Di Gregorio F, Bary A, Pedicelli A, Settecusi C, Priolo F. Diagnostic imaging of the diabetic foot. Rays 1997 22 : 550 61.
46. Giacalone VF, Krych SM, Harkless LB. The university of Texas Health Science Center at san Antonio: experience with foot surgery in diabetics. J Foot Ankle Surg 1994 33 : 590 7.
47. Tan JS, File TM. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Ball Ilere's Clinical Rheumatology 1999 13 : 149 61.
48. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE, Wong TY. Retinal vascular changes and 20-year incidence of lower extremity amputations in a cohort with diabetic. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 : 2505 10.
49. Millington JT, Norrvis TW. Effective treatment strategies for diabetic foot wounds. J Fam Pract 2000 49 (Supp1. s40 8.
50. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004 39 : 885 910.
51. Lipsky BA, Pecararo RE, Wheat LJ. The diabetic foot, soft tissue and bone infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1990 4 : 409 32.
52. Calhoun JL, Mader JT. Infection in the diabetic foot. Hosp Pract 1992 30 : 81 103.
53. Grayson ML. Diabetic foot infections antimicrobial therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995 9 : 143 61.
54. Larvey LA, Saviaya MS, Ashry H et al. Microbiology of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot infections. J Foot Ankle Surg 1995 34 : 61 64.
55. Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Vlbrecht JS et al. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. NEJM 1994 331 : 854 60.
56. Selby PL, Young MJ, Boulton AJ. Bisphosphonates: a new treatment for diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy? Diabet Med 1994 11 : 28 31.
57. Jude EB, Selby PL, Burgess J et al. Bisphosphonates in the treatment of Charcot neuroarthropathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2001 44 : 2032 7.
58. Pitocco D, Ruotolo V, Caputo S et al. Six-month treatment with alendronate in acute Charcot neuroarthropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2005 28 : 1214 5.
59. Steed DL. Foundations of good ulcer care. Am J Surg 1998 176 (Suppl. 2A 20s 5s.
60. Steed DL, Donohoe D, Webster MW, Lindsley L. Effect of extensive debridement and treatment on the healing of diabetic foot ulcer. J Am Coll Surg 1996 183 : 61 64.
61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet. National estimates on diabetes. 2000-2001. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/ estimates.htm. Accessed November 18, 2003.
62. Cevera JJ, Bolton LL, Kerstein MD. Options for diabetic patients with choronic hell ulcers. J Diabetes Complicat 1997 11 : 358 66.
63. Morris AD, McAlpine R, Steinke D et al., for the DARTS/MEMO Collaboration, Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland/Medicines Monitoring Unit. Diabetes and lower-limb amputations in the community: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care 1998 21 : 738 43.
64. Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, Lee TC, Iyengar S. Duloxetine vs. placebo in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2005 116 : 109 18.
65. Lesser H, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L, Poole RM. Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2004 63 : 2104 10.
66. Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, Shoaf SE, Smoller B, Dubner R. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 1992 326 : 1250 6.
67. Morello CM, Leckband SG, Stoner CP, Moorhouse DF, Sahagian GA. Randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of gabapentin with amitriptyline on diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain. Arch Intern Med 1999 159 : 1931 7.
68. Mason L, Moore RA, Derry S, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ. Systematic review of topical capsaicin for the treatment of chronic pain. BMJ 2004 328 : 991.
69. Barbano RL, Herrmann DN, Hart-Gouleau S, Pennella-Vaughan J, Lodewick PA, Dworkin RH. Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol 2004 61 : 914 8.
70. Watson CP, Moulin D, Watt-Watson J, Gordon A, Eisenhoffer J. Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2003 105 : 71 8.
71. Gimbel JS, Richards P, Portenoy RK. Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2003 60 : 927 34.
72. Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004 21 : 114 21.
73. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006 29 : 2365 70.
74. Wright JB, Lam K, Burrell RE. Wound management in an era of increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance: a role for topical silver treatment. Am J Infect Control 1998 26 : 572 7.
75. Millington JT, Norris TW. Effective treatment strategies for diabetic foot wounds. J Fam Pract 2000 49 (Suppl. S40 8.
76. Boulton AJ, Meneses P, Ennis WJ. Diabetic foot ulcers:a framework for prevention and care. Wound Repair Regen 1999 7 : 7 16.
77. Falanga V. Apigraf treatment of venous ulcers and other chronic wounds. J Dermatol 1998 25 : 812 7.
78. Brem H, Young J, Tomic-Conic M, Isaacs C, Ehrlich HP. Clinical efficacy and mechanism of bilayered living human skin equivalent in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Surg Technol Int 2003 11 : 23 31.
79. Nagai MK, Embil JM. Becaplermin: recombinant platelet derived growth factor, a new treatment for healing diabetic foot ulcers. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002 2 : 211 8.
80. Hogan P, Dall T, Niklov P. Economic cost of diabetic in the U.S. IN 2002. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 917 32.
81. Wieman TJ, Mercke YK, Cerrito PB et al. Resection of the metatarsal head for diabetic foot ulcers. Am J Surg 1998 176 : 436 41.
82. Ramsey SD, Sandhu S. Incidence, outcomes and cost of foot ulcers in patient with diabetes. Diabet Care 1990 22 : 382 7.
83. Jeffcoate WJ, Harding KG. Diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet 2003 361 : 1545 51.
84. Reiber GE, Lipsky BA, Gibbons GW. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. Am J Surg 1998 176 : 5s 10s.
85. Gulan-Abbas Z, Lutale JK, Morbach S, Archibald LK. Clinical outcome of diabetes patients hospitalized with foot ulcers. Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Diabet Med 2002 19 : 575 9.
86. Larsson J, Agardh CD, Apelqvist J et al. Local signs and symptoms in relation to final amputation level in diabetic patients. Acta Orthop Scand 1998 65 : 387 93.
87. Holstein P, Ellitsgaard N, Olsen BB et al. Decreasing incidence of major amputations in people with diabetes. Diabetologia 2000 43 : 844 7.
88. Wylie Rosett J, Walker EA, Shamoon H et al. Assessment of documented foot examinations for patients with diabetes in inner-city primary care clinics. Arch Fam Med 1995 4 : 46 50.
89. Larvey LA, Wunderlichn RP, Tredwell JL. Disease management for diabetic foot: effectiveness of a diabetic foot prevention program to reduce amputations and hospitalizations. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005 70 : 31 37.
90. Wieman TJ. Clinical efficacy of becaplermin (rhPDGF-BB) gel. Am J Surg 1998 176 (Suppl. 2A 74s 9s.