Relevance of iodine intake as a reputed predisposing factor for thyroid cancer

Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 701-712

  Knobel, Meyer ^a   Medeiros Neto, Geraldo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Carcinogenic agents; Environmental effect; Iodine; Iodine deficiency; Iodine excess; Thyroid cancer

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348881493     PISSN: 00042730     EISSN: 16779487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500007     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whelan SL, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents. IARC Sci Publ 1992;(120):984-7.
2. Whelan SL, Parkin DM, Masuyer E. Patterns of cancer in five continents. IARC Sci Publ 1990;102:152-3.
3. Feldt-Rasmussen U. Iodine and cancer. Thyroid 2001;11:483-6.
4. Horn-Ross PL, Morris JS, Lee M, West DW, Whittemore AS, McDougall IR, et al. Iodine and thyroid cancer risk among women in a multiethnic population: the Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:979-85.
5. Axelrad AA, Leblond CP. Induction of thyroid tumors in rats by low-iodine diet. Cancer 1955;8:339-67.
6. Schaller RT, Stevenson JK. Development of carcinoma of the thyroid in iodine-deficient mice. Cancer 1966;19:1063-80.
7. Dent JN, Godsden EL, Furth J. Further studies on induction and growth of thyrotropic pituitary tumors in mice. Cancer Res 1956;16:171-4.
8. Haran-Guera N, Pullar P, Furth J. Induction of thyrotropin-dependent thyroid tumors by thyrotropes. J Endocrinol 1960;66:694-701.
9. Sinha D, Pascal R, Furth J. Transplantable thyroid carcinoma induced by thyrotropin. Arch Pathol 1965;79:192-8.
10. Williams ED. TSH and thyroid cancer. Horm Metab Res Suppl 1990;23:72-5.
11. Fortner JG, George PA, Sternberg SS. Induced and spontaneous thyroid cancer in the Syrian (golden) hamster. Endocrinology 1960;66:364-76.
12. Laurberg P, Nohr SB, Pedersen KM, Hreidarsson AB, Andersen S, Bulow Pedersen I, et al. Thyroid disorders in mild iodine deficiency. Thyroid 2000;10:951-63.
13. Boltze C, Brabant G, Dralle H, Gerlach R, Roessner A, Hoang-Vu C. Radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis as a function of time and dietary iodine supply: an in vivo model of tumorigenesis in the rat. Endocrinology 2002;143(7):2584-92.
14. Correa P, Welsh RA. The effect of excessive iodine intake on the thyroid gland of the rat. Arch Pathol 1960;70:247-51.
15. Al-Saadi A. Precursor cytogenetic changes of transplantable thyroid carcinoma in iodine deficient goiters. Cancer Res 1968;28:739-45.
16. Hiasa Y, Kitahori Y, Konishi N, Ohshima M. Chemical carcinogenesis in the thyroid gland. Toxicol Lett 1992;64/65:389-95.
17. Hill RN, Erdreich LS, Paynter OE, Roberts PA, Rosenthal SL, Wilkinson CF. Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis: a review. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1989;12:629-97.
18. Ohshima M, Ward JM. Dietary iodine deficiency as a tumor promoter and carcinogen in male F344/NCr rats. Cancer Res 1986;46:877-83.
19. Thomas GA, Williams ED. Evidence for and possible mechanisms of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis in the rodent thyroid. Mutat Res 1991;248:357-70.
20. Kanno J, Onodera H, Furuta K, Maekawa A, Kasuga T, Hayashi Y. Tumor-promoting effects of both iodine deficiency and iodine excess in rat thyroid. Toxicol Pathol 1992;20:226-35.
21. Williams ED. Mechanisms and pathogenesis of thyroid cancer in animals and man. Mutat Res 1995;333:123-9.
22. Cohen SM, Ellwein LB. Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science 1990;249:1007-11.
23. Jemec B. Studies of the goitrogenic and tumorigenic effect of two goitrogens in combination with hypophysectomy or thyroid hormone treatment. Cancer 1980;45:2138-48.
24. Nadler NJ, Mandavia M, Goldberg M. The effect of hypophysectomy on the experimental production of thyroid neoplasms. Cancer Res 1970;30:1909-11.
25. Coclet J, Foureau F, Ketelbant P, Galand P, Dumont JE. All population kinetics in dog and human adult thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989;31:655-65.
26. Conde E, Martin-Lacave I, Utrilla JC, Moreno A, Gonzales-Campora R, Galera-Davidson H. Mitotic activity of the endocrine cells in rat thyroid glands during postnatal life. Endocrinology 1992;131:436-40.
27. Studer H, Peter HJ, Gerber H. Natural heterogeneity of thyroid cells: the basis for understanding thyroid function-and nodular goiter growth. Endocr Rev 1989;10:125-35.
28. Knobel M, Bisi H, Peres CA, Medeiros-Neto G. Studies on functional and morphological aspects in human multinodular simple goiter tissues. Endocr Pathol 1993;4:205-14.
29. Dawson TP, Wyllie FS, Wynford-Thomas D. In vitro responsiveness to serum growth factors is inversely related to in vivo malignancy in human thyroid epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 1991;63:827-900.
30. Farid NR, Shi Y, Zou M. Molecular basis of thyroid cancer. Endocr Rev 1994;15:202-32.
31. World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Found and International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders; Elimination of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) in Central and Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic States. Proceedings of a conference held in Munich, Germany, 3-6 September 1997. WHO/Euro/NUT/98.1.
32. Dumont JE, Lamy F, Roger P, Maenhaut C. Physiological and pathological regulation of thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation by thyrotropin and other factors. Physiol Rev 1992;72:667-97.
33. Bayer I, Mitmaker B, Gordon PH, Wang E. Modulation of nuclear statin expression in rat thyroid follicle cell following administration of thyroid stimulating hormone. J Cell Physiol 1992;150:276-82.
34. Smeds S, Peter HJ, Jortso E, Gerber H, Studer H. Naturally occurring clones of cells with high intrinsic proliferation potential within the follicular epithelium of mouse thyroids. Cancer Res 1987;47:1646-51.
35. Groch KM, Clifton KH. The plateau phase rat goiter contains a sub-population of TSH-responsive follicular cells capable of proliferation following transplantation. Acta Endocrinol 1992;126:85-96.
36. Christov K. Cell proliferation kinetics and DNA content during thyroid carcinogenesis. Cell Tissue Kinet 1985;18:119-31.
37. Wynford-Thomas D, Stringer BMJ, Williams ED. Desensitization of rat thyroid to the growth-stimulating action of TSH during prolonged goitrogen administration. Persistence of refractoriness following withdrawal of stimulation. Acta Endocrinol 1982;101:562-9.
38. Domann FE, Mitchen JM, Clifton KH. Restoration of thyroid function after total thyroidectomy and quantitative thyroid transplantation. Endocrinology 1990;127:2673-8.
39. Roger PP, Dumont JE. Factors controlling proliferation and differentiation of canine thyroid cells cultured in reduced severe conditions: effects of thyrotropin, cyclic AMP and growth factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1984;36:79-93.
40. 2+ cascade in mediating the effects of thyrotropin and iodide on hormone synthesis and secretion in human thyroid slices. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:152-9.
41. Wolff J. Excess iodide inhibits the thyroid by multiple mechanisms. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989;261:211-44.
42. Gartner R, Dugrillon A, Bechtner G. Evidence that thyroid growth autoregulation is mediated by an iodolactone. Acta Med Austriaca 1990;17(suppl 1):124-6.
43. Dugrillon A, Gartner R. Delta-Iodolactones decrease epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and inositol-11,4,5-triphosphate generation in porcine thyroid follicles - possible mechanism of growth inhibition by iodide. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:735-43.
44. Boeynaems JM, van Sande J, Dumont JE. Which iodolipids are involved in thyroid in thyroid autoregulation: iodolactones or iodoaldehydes? Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:733-4.
45. Pereira A, Braekman JC, Dumont JE, Boeynaems JM. Identification of a major iodolipid from the horse thyroid gland as 2-iodohexadecanal. J Biol Chem 1990;265:17018-25.
46. Nilsson M. Actions of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in the thyroid. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1995;6:175-82.
47. Pedrinola F, Rubio I, Santos CL, Medeiros-Neto G. Over expression of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNAS in dyshormonogenetic goiters. Thyroid 2001;11:15-20.
48. Taylor AH, Millatt LJ, Whitley GS, Johnstone AP, Nussey SS. The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the growth and function of human thyrocytes. J Endocrinol 1993;136:339-44.
49. Logan A, Black AG, Gonzales AM, et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor: an autocrine mitogen of rat thyroid follicular cells. Endocrinology 1992;130:2363-72.
50. Becks GP, Logan A, Phillips ID, Wang JF, Smith C, DeSousa D, et al. Increase of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor messenger RNA during rat thyroid hyperplasia: temporal changes and cellular distribution. J Endocrinol 1994;142:325-38.
51. Hoelting T, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, Duh QY. Epidermal growth factor enhances proliferation, migration and invasion of follicular and papillary thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:401-8.
52. Westermark K, Karlsson FA, Westermark B. Epidermal growth factor modulates thyroid growth and function in culture. Endocrinology 1983;112:1680-6.
53. Duh QY, Gum ET, Gerend PL, Raper SE, Clark OH. Epidermal growth factor receptors in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue. Surgery 1985;98:1000-7.
54. Roger PP. Thyrotropin-dependent transforming growth factor beta expression in thyroid gland. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:269-71.
55. Hoelting T, Zielke A, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, Duh QY. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 is a negative regulator for differentiated thyroid cancer: studies of growth, migration, invasion, and adhesion of cultured follicular and papillary thyroid cancer cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:806-13.
56. Jasani B, Wyllie FS, Wright PA, Lemoine NR, Williams ED, Wynford-Thomas D. Immunocytochemically detectable TGFβ associated with malignancy in thyroid epithelial neoplasia. Growth Factors 1990;2:149-55.
57. Lazzereschi D, Ranieri A, Mincione G, Taccogna S, Nardi F, Colletta G. Human malignant thyroid tumors displayed reduced levels of transforming growth factor β receptor type II messenger RNA and protein. Cancer Res 1997;57:2071-6.
58. Yuasa R, Eggo MC, Meinkoth J, Dillmann WH, Burrow GN. Iodide induces transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ 1) mRNA in sheep thyroid cells. Thyroid 1992;141-5.
59. Minuto F, Barreca A, Del Monte P, Cariola G, Torre GC, Giordano G. Immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I-binding protein content in human thyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:621-6.
60. Thompson SD, Franklyn JA, Watkinson JC, Verhaeg JM, Sheppard MC, Eggo MC. Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 are elevated in thyroid hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1336-41.
61. Eggo MC, Hopkins JM, Franklyn JA, Johnson GD, Sanders DS, Sheppard MC. Expression of fibroblast growth factors in thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1006-11.
62. Goodman AL, Rone JD. Thyroid angiogenesis: endotheliotropic chemoattractant activity from rat thyroid cells in culture. Endocrinology 1987;121:2131-40.
63. Cocks HC, Thompson S, Turner FE, Logan A, Franklyn JA, Watkinson JC, et al. Role and regulation of the fibroblast growth factor axis in human thyroid follicular cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003;285:E460-9.
64. Tuttle RM, Fleisher M, Francis GL, Robbins RJ. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels are elevated in metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer but not Increased by short-term TSH stimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1737-42.
65. Iitaka M, Miura S, Yamanaka K, Kawasaki S, Kitahama S, Kawakami Y, et al. Increased serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and intrathyroidal vascular area in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3908-12.
66. Hay ID. Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol Metab North Am 1990;19:545-76.
67. Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer 1990;66:321-30.
68. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, Padova G, Sava L, Ippolito O, Vigneri R. The frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient area. Cancer 1987;60:3096-102.
69. Mellemgaard A, From G, Jorgensen T, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Perrild H. Cancer risk in individuals with benign thyroid disorders. Thyroid 1998;8:751-4.
70. Levi F, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Gulie C, Duruz G, et al. Previous thyroid disease and risk of thyroid cancer in Switzerland. Eur J Cancer 1991;27:85-8.
71. dos Santos Silva I, Swerdlow AJ. Thyroid cancer epidemiology in England and Wales: time trends and geographical distribution. Br J Cancer 1993;67:330-40.
72. Pendergrast WJ, Milmore BK, Marcus SC. Thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis in the United States: their relation to endemic goiter. J Chronic Dis 1961;13:22-38.
73. Franssila K, Saxén E, Teppo L, Bjarnason O, Tulinius H, Normann T, et al. Incidence of different morphological types of thyroid cancer in the Nordic countries. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 1981;89:49-55.
74. Williams ED, Doniach I, Bjarnason O, Michie W. Thyroid cancer in an iodide rich area: a histopathological study. Cancer 1977;39:215-22.
75. Goodman MT, Yoshizawa CN, Kolonel LN. Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Hawaii. Cancer 1988;61:1272-81.
76. Sehestedt T, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Johansen C. Iodine intake and incidence of thyroid cancer in Denmark. Clin Endocrinol 2006;65:229-33.
77. Farahati J, Geling M, Mader U, Mortl M, Luster M, Muller JG, et al. Changing trends of incidence and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma in lower Franconia, Germany, from 1981-1995. Thyroid 2004;14:141-7.
78. Gomez Segovia I, Gallowitsch HJ, Kresnik E, Kumnig G, Igerc I, Matschnig S, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid carcinoma in Carinthia, Austria: 1984-2001. Histopathologic features and tumor classification of 734 cases under elevated general iodination of table salt since 1990: population based age-stratified analysis on thyroid carcinoma incidence. Thyroid 2004;14:277-86.
79. Burgess J, Dwyer T, McArdle K, Tucker P, Shugg D. The changing incidence and spectrum of thyroid carcinoma in Tasmania (1978-1998) during a transition from iodine sufficiency to iodine deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1513-7.
80. Pettersson B, Coleman MP, Ron E, Adami HO. Iodine supplementation in Sweden and regional trends in thyroid cancer incidence by histopathologic type. Int J Cancer 1996;65:13-9.
81. Galanti M, Sparen P, Karlsson A, Grimelius L, Ekbom A. Is residence in areas of endemic goiter a risk factor for thyroid cancer? Int J Cancer 1995;61:615-21.
82. Harach HR, Williams ED. Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis. Clin Endocrinol 1995;43:701-6.
83. Lind P, Langsteger W, Molnar M, Gallowitsch HJ, Mikosch P, Gomez I. Epidemiology of thyroid diseases in iodine sufficiency. Thyroid 1998;8:1179-83.
84. Franceschi S. Iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma - a potential risk factor. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1998;106:38-44.
85. Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, Guan H, Li Y, Teng D, et al. Effect of iodide intake on thyroid diseases in China. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2783-93.
86. Camargo RYA, Tomimori EK, Neves SC, Knobel M, Medeiros-Neto G. Prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in the urban area neighboring a petrochemical complex and a control area in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinics 2006;61:307-12.
87. Saxén E, Franssila K, Bjarnason O, Normann T, Ringertz N. Observer variation in histologic classification of thyroid classification. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 1978;86A:483-6.
88. Duntas LH. The role of selenium in thyroid autoimmunity and cancer. Thyroid 2006;16:455-60.
89. Rayman MP. Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc Nutr Soc 2005;64:527-42.