Kaliningrad: Problems and paths of development

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 9-25

  Zverev, Yury ^a  

^a IMMANUEL KANT BALTIC FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348879074     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216540202     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. G.M. Fedorov, Naselenie Kaliningradskoi oblasti (The Population of Kaliningrad Oblast) (Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad State University Press, 2001), p. 20.
2. A.P. Klemeshev and G.M. Fedorov, "Region sotrudnichestva" (Regional Cooperation), in Kaliningradskii socium: po rezultatam sotsiologicheskikh obsledovanii 2001-2004 gg. (Kaliningrad Society: Results of a Sociological Survey, 2001-2004), ed. A.P. Klemesheva (Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad State University Press), p. 4.
3. For more information on the problem of migration, see A. Denisenkov, "Mirnaia okkupatsia" (Peaceful Occupation), Ekspert Sever-Zapad 16, no. 45 (September 2001): 40-43.
4. The others are Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Primorsky krai, Amur, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Novosibirsk, Tambov, Tver, and Tyumen.
5. Yuri Shalimov, "Nam nuzhny rabotiagi, a ne zhuliki" (We Need Workers, Not Cheaters), Kaliningradskaia pravda (August 9, 2006);
6. V. Akimov, "Pik migratsii - cherez chetyre goda" (Peak Migration in Four Years), Kaliningradskaia pravda (August 23, 2006).
7. V. Smirnov, "Migrantov budet menshe" (Migration Will Be Less), Kaliningradskaia pravda (September 5, 2006).
8. "Dve treti kaliningradtsev protiv priezda zarubezhnykh sootechestvennikov" (Two-Thirds of Kaliningraders Are Against the Repatriation of Compatriots), Kaliningrad.ru (August 24, 2006), www.kaliningrad.ru/news/ politics/kl38402.html.
9. Sociological data taken from "Problema separatizma v usloviiakh anklavnykh territorii" (Issues of Separatism in Conditions of Enclave's Territories), in Region sotrudnichestva, ed. A. Yu. Mel'vilia and A.P. Klemesheva (Kaliningrad: Kant Kaliningrad State University Press, 2005).
10. The RSFSR became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
11. According to the 1996 law on the special economic zone, goods were considered to be manufactured in the SEZ if 30 percent of their value was added during assembly or other production operations in Kaliningrad oblast (or 15 percent for electronic equipment and sophisticated home appliances). The product code in the customs classification then had to be changed.
12. The new law substituted customs privileges for taxation privileges. During the first six years, no profit tax and property tax are paid while implementing large-scale investment projects. In the next six years, large investors pay only 50 percent of the profit tax and the property tax. In order to be granted these privileges, an investor must be a resident of the SEZ, and the total investment must amount to at least 150 million rubles over a three-year period.
13. See "Zakon ob OEZ mozhet porodit volnu sotsialnogo protesta v Kaliningrade-Eks-gubernator Matochkin" (Law on SEZ Could Spark Social Protest in Kaliningrad, Says Ex-Governor Matochkin), Regnum (June 10, 2005) (www.regnum.ru/news/kingrad/468281.html); "Kalitochka dlia investorov" (Open the Gates for Investors), Kaliningrad.ru (March 31, 2006) (www.kaliningrad.ru/news/economy/k97774.htrnl); "Nalogovye kanikuly ne dlia vsekh" (Tax Breaks Aren't for Everyone), Kaliningrad.ru (April 11, 2006) (www.kaliningrad.ru/news/economy/k100761.html).
14. O.V. Kuznetsova and V.A. Mau, Kaliningradskaia oblast: ot "nepotopliaemogo avianostsa " k "nepotopliaemomu sborochnomu tsekhu (Kaliningrad Oblast: From the "Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier" to the "Unsinkable Assembly Shop") (Moscow: Russia in United Europe Committee, 2002).
15. Kaliningradskaia oblast, 2006: Kratkii statisticheskii sbornik (Kaliningrad oblast, 2006: Short statistical yearbook) (Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad Regional Body of Federal State Statistical Service, 2006), p. 15.
16. Vneshneekonomicheskaia deiatelnost predpriiatii iorganizatsii Kalinin-gradskoi oblasti v 1992-2004 gg. (Foreign Economic Activities of Businesses and Organizations in Kaliningrad Oblast in 1992-2004) (Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad Regional Body of Federal State Statistical Service, 2005), pp. 12-17.
17. Kaliningradskaia oblast, 2006, p. 109.
18. Ibid., pp. 103, 106.
19. G.M. Fedorov and Iu.M. Zverev, Sotsialno-ekonomicheskoe i geopoliticheskoe razvitie Kaliningradskoi oblasti (Socio-economic and Geopolitical Development in Kaliningrad Oblast) (Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad State University Press, 2002), p. 183; "Gruzooborot v Klavpedskom portu v 2005 godu vyros" (Freight Traffic Through the Port of Klaipeda Grew in 2005), Klaipeda State Seaport Web site, www.portofklaipeda.lt/ru.php/
20. "Kaliningrad: most mezhdu Rossie i ES" (Kaliningrad: A Bridge Between Russia and the EU), Morskoi biznes Severo-Zapada, no. 2 (May 2005), http://mbsz.ru/02/22.php.
21. Programma TACIS dlia razvitiia Kaliningradskogo porta (TACIS Program for Developing the Port of Kaliningrad), SeaNews Information Agency (June 6, 2002), www.seanews.ru/main.asp?1=r&a=sum&g=9&i=7003&n-1/.
22. A. Ryabushev, "Nezakonnaia migratsiia ugrozhaet bezopasnosti strany" (Negative Migration Is Threatening State Security), Nezavisimoie voennoie obozreniie (January 2, 2006).
23. Commission of the European Communities, "Communication from the Commission to the Council: The EU and Kaliningrad," Brussels (January 17, 2001), p. 2 (http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/north_dim/doc/ com2001_0026en01.pdf).
24. Web page of the Delegation of the European Commission in Russia, Kaliningrad, www.delrus.cec.eu.int/ru/cis_2.htm; "EU pomozhet Kaliningradu sovetami na 50 ml Euro" (EU to Help Kaliningrad with €50 Million), Kaliningrad Today (December 14, 2005) (www.kaliningrad-onIine.ru/articles0/6972. html).
25. "Rossiiskii eksklav meniaet klimat" (Russian Exclave Climate Change), Kaliningrad.ru (August 23, 2006) (www.kaliningrad.ru/news/economy/ k137981.html).
26. "FRG boitsia Kenigsberga" (FRG Fears Koenigsberg), Regnum.ru (May 20, 2006) (www.regnum.ru/news/klngrad/643356.html).
27. "Khorosho, chto ia plokho ponimaiu po-russki" (Fine, What I Remember as Bad About Russia), Kaliningradskaia pravda (August 16, 2006).
28. Excluding visas giving the right to work.
29. "Litva ne namerena oslozhniat kaliningradskii transit" (Lithuania Does Not Plan to Impede Transit of Kaliningrad), Rosbalt (January 12, 2006).
30. Kaliningradskaia oblast, 2006, pp. 115, 117-118.
31. N. Zhukova, "Chem dalshe v ES" (Same as Things in Europe), Profil (November 8, 2004): 26.
32. "Yakovenko, 'Rossiia khochet osoboi dogovorennosti po kaliningradskomu tranzitu' " (Russia Wants Special Agreement on Kaliningrad Transit), Grani.ru (November 25, 2004) (www.grani.ru/Politics/World/Europe/ Koenig/m.80238.html).
33. "Lavrov o kaliningradskoi probleme: problem s passazhirskim tranzitem net, no s gruzovym ostalis dva nereshennykh voprosa" (Lavrov on Kaliningrad Problems: No Problems with Passenger Transit, But Two Problems Unresolved Regarding Cargo), Regnum.ru (May 13, 2005).
34. Commission of the European Communities, "Communication from the Commission to the Council: The EU and Kaliningrad," Brussels (January 17, 2001), p. 12.
35. A person can take into Poland, duty free, not more than 1 liter of hard liquor and not more than 200 cigarettes. Special regulations are in force for residents of countries neighboring Poland that are not members of the EU (within the 15-kilometer area along the border); they are allowed to bring in, duty free, not more than 0.5 liter of hard liquor and 20 cigarettes. No more than 1 liter of vodka, cognac, or liqueur, 200 cigarettes, and 20 liters of gasoline can be brought into Lithuania.
36. "Tendentsii nezakonnogo oborota narkotikov 2004" (Trends in the Illegal Drug Trade, 2004), Moscow: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, 2005 (www.unodc.org/pdf/russia/drug%20trends%202004_rus.pdf).
37. "Tenevaia ekonomika i ekonomicheskaia prostupnost: Transnatsionalnaia kriminalnaia ekonomocheskaia deiatelnost" (The Shadow Economic and Economics Crimes: Transnational Criminal Economic Activities), Omsk State University, http://newasp.omskreg.ru/bekryash/ch6p6.htm; "V planakh narkodeltsov Sankt-Peterburg zanimaiet kliuchevoe mesto" (St. Petersburg Plays a Key Role in the Activities of Drug Dealers), Net narkotikam (March 27, 2006), www.narkotiki.ru/internet_5890.html.
38. Sergei Antipenko, "Pogranzastava uluchshaet imidzh regiona v glazakh ES" (Borderguard Post in the Eyes of the EU), Komsomolskaia pravda-Kaliningrad (August 19, 2006).
39. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1993-1994 (London: IISS, 1993), p. 104;
40. idem, The Military Balance, 2003-2004 (London: IISS, 2003), p. 93. The figures include land and coastal forces of the Baltic Fleet, marines, and air defense.
41. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1993-1994 (London: IISS, 1993), p. 103;
42. idem, The Military Balance, 2003-2004 (London: IISS, 2003), p. 92.
43. V. Pervov, Raketnoie oruzhie RVSN (Moscow: Violanta, 1999), pp. 76-77, 273.
44. V. Litovkin, "Bliudo dlia povtornogo razogreva" (Dish for the second using), Obshchaia gazeta (January 18-24, 2001).
45. "Baltiiskii flot ostanetsia v Kaliningrade" (Baltic Fleet to Stay in Kaliningrad), Nezavisimoe voennoe obozrenie (August 2, 2002);
46. Yuri Baluievski, "Za Kaliningrad, esli ponadobitsia, budem dratsia" (For Kaliningrad: If Necessary, WeWiIl Fight), Kaliningrad.ru (October 14, 2005).
47. "V Kaliningrade proidut sovmestnye ucheniia Rossiia-NATO" (Joint Russia-NATO Military Exercises in Kaliningrad), Strana.ru (April 21, 2005).
48. Kuznetsova and Mau, Kaliningradskaia oblast, p. 68.
49. Ibid.
50. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, "Medium-Term Strategy for Development of Relations Between the Russian Federation and the EU" October 26, 1999, http://presidency.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticlel610.html.
51. I do not mention the variants that concern renouncing Kaliningrad and renouncing Russian sovereignty, because they are unlikely and thus unfruitful.
52. "V Fokus-Kaliningrad" (Focus-Kaliningrad), Report by a Committee of Experts, Schiff Text no. 67, at www.schiff.uni-kiel.de/pdf_files/ PolicyRu. pdf.
53. Professor Urpo Kivikari of Finland has suggested forming a Southern Baltic "Growth Triangle" that will include northern Germany and Poland, southern Sweden, Lithuania, western Latvia, northwestern Belarus, and Kaliningrad oblast. See Urpo Kivikari, M. Lindstrom, and K. Lihuto, "The External Economic Relations of Kaliningrad Region," Discussion C2/1998, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration.
54. H. Timmermann, "Kaliningrad - 'dvoinaia periferiia' ili proekt regionalnogo sotrudnichestva" (Kaliningrad-"Double Periphery" or Project of Regional Partnership), Strana.ru (January 16, 2001).