Chechnya: Dynamics of war and peace

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 3-17

  Matveeva, Anna ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35248845005     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216540301     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Svante Cornell and S. Frederick Starr, "The Caucasus: A Challengetor Europe," Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Program Paper, Washington, DC, June 2006, www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/ 0606Caucasus.pdf; James Hughes, "The Peace Process in Chechnya," in Chechnya: From Past to Future, ed. Richard Sakwa (London: Anthem Press, 2005), pp. 265-88.
2. Anna Matveeva, "The North Caucasus: Russia's Fragile Borderland," Central Asian and Caucasian Prospects Paper, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1999; idem, "Chechnya: Survey of Conflict and Peacebuilding Activities," in Searching for Peace in Europe and Eurasia, ed. Paul Tongeren, Hans Van Der Veen, and Juliette Verhoeven (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp. 354-72.
3. Jan Koehler and Christoph Zürcher, "Conflict and the State of the State in the Caucasus and Central Asia: An Empirical Research Challenge," Working paper, Osteuropa-Institut der Freien, Universität Berlin, Berlin, 2004, www.oei.fu-berlin.de/media/publikationen/boi/boi_21/ 10_forum_koehler_zuercher.pdf.
4. Ivan Dmitriev, "Imidzh dlia Chechni: Vladimir Putin vstretilsia s Dmitriem Kozakom" (Image for Chechnya: Vladimir Putin Met with Dmitry Kozak), Rossiskaia gazeta (September 1, 2006).
5. According to Ramzan Kadyrov, then Chechen prime minister, 500,000 square meters of municipal housing, 103 kilometers of inner-city roadways, fourteen schools, eleven healthcare establishments, ten sport centers, 200 kilometers of gas pipeline, 100 kilometers of electricity lines, and 54 kilometers of water pipe have been rehabilitated. See "Putin i Kadyrov prishli k obshchemu vybodu" (Putin and Kadyrov Came to the Same Conclusion), gazeta.ru (August 9, 2006), www.gazeta.ru/2006/08/09/oa_211345.shtml.
6. In one scheme, individuals who have permanently left Chechnya sell their apartment and then claim that the new owner misappropriated it by force from the person who bought it (author interviews in Chechnya).
7. Estimates vary. For example, the Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping survey in Chechnya and Ingushetia, commissioned by the World Food Programme, found that 37.5 percent of males reported they were employed in 2006.
8. Author interview, Nazran, April 2006.
9. In Dagestan, 44 percent of the economy is believed to be in the "shadow sector," compared to the all-Russia average of 14 percent (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Russian Federation, "Inter-Agency Transitional Workplan for the North Caucasus, 2006," p. 11, www.who.int/hac/crises/rus/sitreps/Caucasus_workplan_2006.pdf).
10. My driver preferred to fill up in Chechnya rather than Ingushetia because the gasoline there was purer.
11. On the land mines issue, see Mark Kramer, "Military Dimension of the Russian-Chechen Conflict," Europe-Asia Studies 57, no. 2 (March 2005): 226-30.
12. Author interviews with Chechen women in Grozny, Argun, and Nazran, April 2006.
13. Valery Tishkov, "Dynamics of a Society at War: Ethnographical Aspects," in Chechnya: From Past to Future, pp. 157-80.
14. Ibid.
15. Author interviews in Grozny, 2006.
16. Vladimir Putin, quoted in "Inter-Agency Transitional Workplan for the North Caucasus, 2006," p. 7.
17. In an interview with the author, a Grozny resident mentioned that in his native village the rebels had assassinated fifty-six members of the civil administration. This is a typical picture throughout Chechnya.
18. Author interviews in Grozny with young graduates, April 2006.
19. Umalt Dudayev, "Chechen Power Struggle Hots Up," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 339 (May 11, 2006), http://iwpr.net/? apc_state=hrufcrs 261707&l=en&s=f&o=261910/
20. Hughes, "Peace Process in Chechnya," p. 284.
21. Timur Aliev, "Kadyrov Stakes Leadership Claim," 1WPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 360 (October 4, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p= crs&s-f&o=324335&apc_state=henicrs200610/.
22. Robert Bruce Ware, "A Multitude of Evils: Mythology and Political Failure in Chechnya," in Chechnya: From Past to Future, p. 107.
23. The Danish Refugee Council became a center of controversy in February 2006, when Ramzan Kadyrov ordered it out as a response to the Muhammed cartoon row. The situation was not helped by the Ichkeria leadership's statement of support for the DRC. The affair was subsequently ended by the intervention of Dmitry Kozak, who questioned the legality of the ban Kadyrov had imposed.
24. Vladimir Shlapentokh, Fear in Contemporary Society: Its Negative and Positive Effects (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 170.
25. According to James Hughes, "Maskhadov dead will still call more votes than any Chechen politician alive." Hughes presentation at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) roundtable on the North Caucasus, Stockholm, June 15, 2006.
26. Author's interviews in Chechnya, April 2006.
27. For Chechnya under Maskhadov's rule, see Dzhabrail Gakaev, "Chechnya in Russia and Russia in Chechnya," in Chechnya: From Past to Future, pp. 29-34.
28. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2006 (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2006), http://hrw.org/wr2k6/wr2006.pdf.
29. On the situation in Russia in general and Chechnya in particular, including admissions by Russian officials, see the Amnesty International Report, "Russian Federation: Torture and Forced 'Confessions' in Detention" (November 22, 2006), www.amnesty.ca/amnestynews/upload/ torture_and_forced_confessions.pdf.
30. Sychev was beaten so severely by fellow soldiers that doctors had to amputate his legs and genitals.
31. "Widespread Torture in the Chechen Republic," Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, 37th Session of UN Committee against Torture, (November 13, 2006): 3, http://hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/chechnya1106/chechnya1106web.pdf.
32. "Pro-Moscow Chechen Leader Creates New Human Rights Body," RFE/RL Caucasus Report (August 18, 2006), www.rferl.org/reports/caucasus- report/2006/08/29-180806.asp.
33. Asya Umarova, "Chechnya: The Hidden War," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 354 (August 25, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s= f&o=323081&apc_state=henh/.
34. Reported by Asya Umarova, "Chechnya: Mountain Terror," in IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 370 (December 14, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=326154&apc_state=henpcrs/.
35. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Russian Federation, "Inter-Agency Transitional Workplan for the North Caucasus, 2007," p. 7.
36. C.J. Chivers, "Chechen's Shame Raises Questions," Moscow Times (August 31, 2006).
37. "Widespread Torture in the Chechen Republic," Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, 37th Session of the UN Committee Against Torture (November 13, 2006).
38. Alexei Malashenko, presentation at Swisspeace Annual Conference, Bern, November 2005, www.swisspeace.org/uploads/sfs/CP_2006Jahreskonferenz.pdf.
39. On FSB cooperation with Kazakhstan, see interview of Vitaly Troushev, Head of FSB Altai Regional Department, "Nachalnik UFSB po Altaiskomy kraiu Vitalii Trushev: 'Ugroza ekstremistkikh proiavlenii na Altae ne iavliaetsia tolko teoreticheskoi'" (Threat of Extremist Activities in Altai Krai Is Not Merely Theoretical) (June 15, 2006), www.interfax.ru/r/B/exclusive/271.html? menu=37&id_issue=11535483/.
40. On analysis of the earlier period, see David Darchiashvili, "Georgia: A Hostage to Arms," in The Caucasus: Armed and Divided, ed. Anna Matveeva and David Hiscock (London: Saferworld, 2003), pp. 90-91.
41. "Pogranichniki vziali vysoty" (Frontier Guards Take the Heights), Strana.ru (December 8, 2006), http://kavkaz.strana.ru/analytics/ 300379.html.
42. "89 Chechenskikh bezhentsev vyekhali iz Gruzii k sebe na rodinu" (89 Chechen Refugees Left Georgia for Their Homeland), Regnum.ru (November 29, 2006), www.regnum.ru/news/district-nkavkaz/chechnya/747300.html.
43. According to Rashid Nurgaliev, Russian Minister of Interior, http://kavkaz.strana.ru/news/300511.html. This was promised by Vladimir Putin in his Annual Address to the Federal Assembly, May 10, 2006, reprinted in International Affairs (Russia), 3, no. 52 (2006) (www.kremlin.ru/text/ appears/2006/05/105546.shtml).
44. The author was caught in one such check on the Kavkaz Federal Highway, April 2006.
45. Ilya Barabanov, "Putin i Kadyrov prishli k obshchemu vývodu" (Putin and Kadyrov Came to a General Conclusion), Gazeta.ru (August 9, 2006), www.gazeta.ru/2006/08/09/oa_211345.shtml.
46. Western commentators attribute these deaths to fortuitous accidents; see RFE/RL Caucasus Report (July 14, 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/reports/ caucasusreport/2006/07/25-140706.asp;
47. Stephen Blank, "Basaev Gone, But Moscow Still Has Headaches in the North Caucasus," Eurasia Daily Monitor (July 11, 2006), www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php'?article_id=2371260/; Russian sources claim them to be the results of sophisticated FSB operations.
48. Umalt Dudayev, "Chechen Rebels Radicalise," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service no. 330 (March 9, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s= f&o=260192&apc_state=henpcrs%22/.
49. RFE/RL Caucasus Report (November 10, 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/ reports/caucasus-report/2006/11/38-101106.asp.
50. Konstantin Novikov, quoted in RFE/RL Caucasus Report (January 20, 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/reports/caucasus-report/2006/01/2-200106.asp.
51. Ilya Azar, "Ramzan i 49 razboinikov" (Ramzan and 49 Armed Attacks), gazeta.ru (August 29, 2006), www.gazeta.ru/2006/08/29/oa_213788.shtml.
52. Julie Wilhelmsen, "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamization of the Chechen Separatist Movement," Europe-Asia Studies 57, no. 1 (January 2005): 35-59.
53. Enver Kisriev, remarks at a Roundtable on the North Caucasus, King's College, London, February 2006.
54. RFE/RL Newsline (August 28, 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/news-line/ 2006/08/280806.asp.
55. Chechens interviewed by the author said that they feel discriminated against when trying to find professional jobs in Ingushetia.
56. Umalt Dudayev, "Chechen-Ingush Battle Shocks North Caucasus," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 358 (September 21, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o-324019&apc_state=henicrs2006/.
57. RFE/RL Newsline (August 22. 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/news-line/ 2006/08/220806.asp; author interview with Enver Kisriev, an expert on Dagestan, Moscow, October 2006.
58. Zeyno Baran, Frederick Starr, and Svante Cornell, "Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Implications for the EU," Silk Road Program Paper, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Washington, DC, July 2006), p. 42, www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0607Islam.pdf.
59. Ivan Sukhov, "Nameless War," Vremia novostei (July 10, 2006), www.vremya.ru/2006/120/52/156214.html.
60. Second Transitional Workplan, 2007, executive summary.
61. "Total Funding per Donor as of 18 November 2005," in ibid., p. 88, table II, www.who.int/hac/crises/rus/sitreps/Caucasus_workplan_2006.pdf.
62. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Russian Federation, "Inter-Agency Transitional Workplan for the North Caucasus, 2007," p. 12.
63. Ibid., p. 11.
64. Author interview with a representative of a local authority, Grozny, April 2006.
65. See Hughes, "Peace Process in Chechnya."
66. In November 2001, a face-to-face meeting took place between Zakaev and Viktor Kazantsev, the presidential representative in the Southern Federal District.
67. Timur Aliev, "Chechnya: Moscow Peace Bid Tests Rebel Resolve," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 349 (July 20, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o-322394&apc_state=henh/.
68. Timur Aliev, "Basayev's Mysterious Death Brings Hope," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 348 (July 11, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p= crs&s=f&o-322237&apc_state=henh/.
69. RFE/RL Newsline (August 21, 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/news-line/ 2006/08/210806.asp.
70. "Amnesty for Chechen Rebels to Be Extended," Radio Free Europe Feature (September 22, 2006), www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/9/ 9E8DF625-6D4B-4269-BBF1-830159FA55AC.html.
71. Alexei Levchenko, "Vyrastili chudovishche strashnee Dudaeva" (We Have Raised a Monster Worse Than Dudayev), gazeta.ru (September 22, 2006), www.gazeta.ru/2006/09/22/oa_217099.shtml.
72. Timur Aliev, "New Chechen Leader to Push Nationalist Agenda," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 345 (June 23, 2006), http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=321781&apc_state=henh/.
73. Yamadaevtsy and kakievtsy are armed detachments of the commanders of the East and West Battalions of the Russian Interior Ministry's 42nd Division, Sulim Yamadaev and Said-Magomed Kakiev. On occasion they have thrown their loyalty to the President Alkhkanov and supported his rather weak, forces, the alkhanovtsy.
74. Amina Visayeva, "Chechnya: Living with a Vengeance," IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service, no. 341 (May 25, 2006), www.iwpr.net/?p= crs&s=f&o=262150&apc_state=hen/.
75. RFE/RL Newsline (August 21, 2006), http://rfe.rferl.org/news-line/ 2006/08/210806.asp.