Poor metacognition in narcissistic and avoidant personality disorders: Four psychotherapy patients analysed using the metacognition assessment scale

Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 386-401

  Dimaggio, Giancarlo ^a   Procacci, Michele ^a   Nicolò, Giuseppe ^a   Popolo, Raffaele ^a   Semerari, Antonio ^a   Carcione, Antonino ^a   Lysaker, Paul Henry ^b  

^a Terzo Centro di Psicoterapia Cognitiva   (Italy)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER; CASE REPORT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; METACOGNITION ASSESSMENT SCALE; NARCISSISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL ADAPTATION;

EID: 35248837410     PISSN: 10633995     EISSN: 10990879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.541     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Akthar, S., & Thomson, J.A. (1982). Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(1), 12-20.
2. Amador, X.A., & Strauss, D.H. (1990). The Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). New York: Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. DSM (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA Press.
4. Arntz, A. (1999). Do personality disorders exist? On the validity of the concept and its cognitive-behavioural formulation and treatment. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 97-134.
5. Bach, M., de Zwaan, M., Ackard, D., Nutzinger, D.O., & Mitchell, J.E. (1994). Alexithymia: Relationship to Personality Disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 234-243.
6. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind?' Cognition, 21, 37-46.
7. Beck, A.T., & Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford.
8. Benjamin, L.S. (1996). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of Personality Disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
9. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss (Vol. I, 2nd ed.). London: Hogarth Press.
10. Carcione, A., & Conti, M.L. (2007). Dependent personality disorder: Model and treatment. In G. Dimaggio, A. Semerari, A. Carcione, G. Nicolò, & M. Procacci, Psychotherapy of personality disorder: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles (pp. 116-152). London: Routledge.
11. Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Fiore, D., Nicolò, G., Pedone, R., Procacci, M., & Semerari, A. (2004, June). Analysis of the case 306 by the Metacognition Assessment Scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Rome Italy.
12. Carcione, A., Mergenthaler, E., Nicolò, G., Pontalti, I., Semerari, A., Catania, D., Dimaggio, G., Di Brita, R., & Piazzese, R. (2001). Comparing the Therapeutic Cycle Model, the Computer Referential Activity, the Grid of Problematic States and the Metacognition Scale from three cognitive psychotherapeutic treatments: An integrative study. Paper presented at the 32nd International Conference of the Society of Psychotherapy Research, Montevideo, Uruguay, Jun 20-24.
13. Clarkin, J.F., Yeomans, F.E., & Kernberg, O.F. (1999). Psychotherapy for borderline personality. New York: Wiley.
14. De Girolamo, G., Bellini, M., Bocchia, S., & Ruggeri, M. (1995). Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale version 4.0 'ampliata' (BPRS 4.0). Introduzione. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 4, 69-85.
15. Dimaggio, G., & Semerari, A. (Eds). (2003). I disturbi di personalità. Modelli e trattamento. Stati mentali, metarappresentazione, cicli interpersonali [Personality disorders: Models and treatment. States of mind, metarepresentation and interpersonal cycles]. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
16. Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A., Petrilli, M., Procacci, M., Semerari, A., & Nicolò, G. (2005). States of mind organization in personality disorders. Typical states and the triggering of inter-state shifts. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 346-359.
17. Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., & Procacci, M. (2007). Psychotherapy of Personality Disorder: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles. London: Routledge.
18. Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Falcone, M., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A., & Procacci, M. (2002). Metacognition, states of mind, cognitive biases and inter-personal cycles. Proposal for an integrated model of Narcissism. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 12, 421-451.
19. Endicott, J., Spitzer, R.L., Fleiss, J.L., & Cohen, J. (1976). The Global Assessment Scale (GAS): A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766-771.
20. First, M.B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., & Benjamin, L. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM IV Axis II disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
21. Flavell, J.H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.
22. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.
23. Gilbert, P. (1989). Human nature and suffering. New York: Guilford.
24. Glick, M.J., Salvi, L.M., Stiles, W.B., & Greenberg, L.S. (2004, June). When voices listen: An assimilation analysis of Loose's problematic experiences. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Rome, Italy.
25. Greenberg, L.S., & Watson, J. (1998). Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client-centered relationship conditions and process experiential interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 210-224.
26. Harrington, L., Seiger, R.J., & McClure, J. (2005). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10, 249-286.
27. Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Antikainen, R., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamäki, H. (2001). Alexithymia in patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Cluster C Personality Disorders: A 6-month follow-up study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3, 245-254.
28. Jellema, A. (2000). Insecure attachment states: Their relationship to borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorders and treatment process in cognitive analytic therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 138-154.
29. Kelly, G.A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Routledge.
30. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York: International University Press.
31. Krystal, H. (1998). Affect regulation and narcissism: Trauma, alexithymia and psychosomatic illness in narcissistic patients. In E.F. Ronningstam (Ed.), Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications (pp. 299-326). New York: American Psychiatric Press.
32. Livesley, W.J. (2003). Practical management of personality disorders. New York: Guilford.
33. Lowen, A. (1983). On narcissism. Denial of the true self. New York: Mac Millan.
34. Lysaker, P.H., Buck, K.D., Taylor, A.C., & Roe, D. (in press). Associations of metacognition, self stigma and insight with qualities of self experience in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research.
35. Lysaker, P.H., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Johannesen, J.K., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., & Semerari, A. (2005). Metacognition amidst narratives of self and illness in schizophrenia: Associations with insight, neurocognition, symptom and function. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(1), 64-71.
36. Lysaker, P.H., Davis, L.D., Eckert, G.J., Strasburger, A., Hunter, N., & Buck, K.D. (2005). Changes in narrative structure and content in schizophrenia in long term individual psychotherapy: A single case study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 406-416.
37. Lysaker, P.H., Dimaggio, G., Buck, K.D., Carcione, A., & Nicolò, G. (in press). Metacognition and the sense of self within narratives of schizophrenia: Associations with multiple domains of neurocognition. Schizophrenia Research.
38. Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring and singular (coherent) vs multiple (incoherent) models of attachment. Findings and directions for future researches. In C.M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds), Attachment across the life cycle. New York: Routledge.
39. Mergenthaler, E. (2004, June). Emotional cognitive and behavioral changes in a single case study: An application of the Therapeutic Cycles Model. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Rome, Italy.
40. Mergenthaler, E., & Bucheim, A. (2000). The relationship among attachment representation, emotion-abstraction patterns, and narrative style: A computer-based text analysis of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychotherapy Research, 10, 390-407.
41. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. DSM-III: Axis II. New York: Wiley.
42. Millon, T., & Davis, R.D. (1996). Disorders of personality. DSM-IV and beyond. New York: Wiley.
43. Mitchell, J.P., Macrae, C.N., & Banaji, M.R. (2006). Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others. Neuron, 50, 655-663.
44. Modell, A.H. (1984). Psychoanalysis in a new context. New York: International University Press.
45. Neimeyer, R.A., & Mahoney, M.J. (Eds). (1995). Constructivism in Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
46. Perris, C. (1999). A conceptualization of personality-related disorders of interpersonal behaviour with implications for treatment. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 239-260.
47. Procacci, M., Dimaggio, G., & Semerari, A. (1999). El deficit de compartir y de pertenencia en los trastornos de la personalidad; clinica y tratamiento. Boletìn de Psicologia, 65, 75-100.
48. Procacci, M., Popolo, R., Petrilli, D., & Dimaggio, G. (2007). Avoidant Personality Disorder: Model and treatment. In G. Dimaggio & A. Semerari with A. Carcione, G. Nicolò, & M. Procacci (Eds), Psychotherapy of Personality Disorder: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles (pp. 153-187). London: Routledge.
49. Rettew, D.C. (2000). Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: Putting the personality back into personality disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8(6), 1647-1658.
50. Ryle, A., & Kerr, I. (2002). Introducing cognitive analytic therapy. Principles and practice. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
51. Saxe, R. (2005). Against simulation: The argument from error. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 174-179.
52. Saxe, R., Moran, J.M., Scholz, J., & Gabrieli, J. (2006). Overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions for theory of mind and self reflections in individual subjects. Scan, 1, 229-234.
53. Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Falcone, M., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., & Alleva, G. (2003). How to evaluate metacognitive functioning in psychotherapy? The Metacognition Assessment Scale and its applications. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10, 238-261.
54. Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Pedone, R., & Procacci, M. (2005). Metarepresentative functions in Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 690-710.
55. Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., & Procacci, M. (2007). Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapeutic research. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 106-119.
56. Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2004). Refining DSM-IV personality disorder diagnosis: Integrating science and practice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1-16.
57. Sperber, D. (2000). Metarepresentations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Stiles, W.B., Meshot, C.M., Anderson, T.M., & Sloan, W.W., Jr. (1992). Assimilation of problematic experiences: The case of John Jones. Psychotherapy Research, 2(2), 81-101.
59. Taylor, C.T., Laposa, J.M.Alden, L.E. (2004). Is avoidant personality disorder more than just social avoidance? Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 571-594.
60. Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., & Parker, J.D.A. (1997). Disorders of affect regulation. Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition. Innovative Cognitive Therapy. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
62. Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (2000). A prototype matching approach to diagnosing personality disorders: Towards the DSM-V. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 109-126.
63. Wilberg, T., Urnes, O., Friis, S., Pedersen, G., & Karterud, S. (1999). Borderline and avoidant personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: A comparison between DSM-IV diagnosis and NEOPI-R. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 226-240.