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Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 470-477

Human papillomavirus vaccine-recent results and future developments

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS TETANUS VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PLACEBO; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

EID: 35248829655     PISSN: 14714892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.07.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (53)
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    • As with the study by Harro et al. [14], the Evans study examined different doses of HPV VLP antigen, and both demonstrated a vigorous antibody response with both binding and neutralizing functions. Evans et al. also showed that HPV-11 VLP stimulated T cells in a way that appeared not to be type-restricted. A cytokine expression pattern consistent with T helper cell type 1 and 2 responses was also noted.
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    • This phase 2 controlled study of an HPV-16 L1 VLP vaccine was a milestone in the clinical development of the HPV vaccine. It demonstrated the complete efficacy of the vaccine in preventing cervical HPV-16 infection. It served to establish the model by which these types of vaccines are to be evaluated, by targeting a population of sexually active adolescent and young adults but with a low-to-moderate risk of being already HPV-infected. As expected, the study confirmed that immunization against HPV-16 did not necessarily prevent infections by other HPV types, as an equal number of subjects developed CIN not related to HPV-16. It also confirmed the low chance for transient infections to lead to CIN. None of the 6 vaccine recipients and 27 placebo recipients who were transiently positive for HPV-16 developed an HPV-16-related CIN.(...)
    • Koutsky L.A., Ault K.A., Wheeler C.M., Brown D.R., Barr E., Alvarez F.B., et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1645-1651. This phase 2 controlled study of an HPV-16 L1 VLP vaccine was a milestone in the clinical development of the HPV vaccine. It demonstrated the complete efficacy of the vaccine in preventing cervical HPV-16 infection. It served to establish the model by which these types of vaccines are to be evaluated, by targeting a population of sexually active adolescent and young adults but with a low-to-moderate risk of being already HPV-infected. As expected, the study confirmed that immunization against HPV-16 did not necessarily prevent infections by other HPV types, as an equal number of subjects developed CIN not related to HPV-16. It also confirmed the low chance for transient infections to lead to CIN. None of the 6 vaccine recipients and 27 placebo recipients who were transiently positive for HPV-16 developed an HPV-16-related CIN. Although the six transient infections in the vaccine recipients might not have been true infections, and even if they were, this would give weight to the idea that below a certain viral exposure or load the body can clear an HPV infection.
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    • Harper D.M., Franco E.L., Wheeler C.M., Moscicki A.B., Romanowski B., Roteli-Martins C.M., et al. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet 367 (2006) 1247-1255. This publication is about an extension beyond 27 months of the study described in reference [18]. Originally, 1113 women were enrolled, and 776 were followed in the extension phase for up to 4.5 years, in the according-to-protocol cohort. Although, the primary endpoint was prevention not of disease or persistent infection but of HPV incident infection, both studies, though small in size, offer a very clear and convincing picture of the Cervarix's efficacy. The results are comparable to those reported with Gardasil, including when protocol violators (intention-to-treat analysis) were included. This study is also remarkable for showing that the vaccines also confer protection against HPV-45 (94.2% efficacy, 95% CI 63.3-99.9%) and HPV-31 (54.5%, 95% CI 11.5-77.7%) infections. The L1 gene DNA sequence of HPV-45 and HPV-31 are phylogenetically related to those of HPV-18 and HPV-16, respectively. At entry, the subjects were cytologically negative, seronegative for HPV-16 and HPV-18, and HPV DNA negative for 14 high-risk types, including types 16 and 18. This allowed the investigators to measure the impact of vaccination on the prevention of cervical disease caused by high-risk HPV types, not just types 16 and 18; it was 48.2% (95% CI 27.0-63.8%). The vaccine efficacy was still substantive, 39.8% (95% CI 20.9-54.4%) against cervical disease, irrespective of HPV DNA status. Simply interpreting these results as indicating a modest impact of the vaccine on cervical HPV disease is incomplete. First, as follow-up duration increases and as long as the vaccine remains effective, these efficacy figures will increase because placebo recipients will accrue disease at a faster rate than vaccinees (the same phenomenon has been documented with Gardasil see reference [23]). Second, although it is desirable to reduce screening cost to eliminate all grades of CIN, only the high grades, CIN 2 or 3 have the highest impact on the risk of invasive cancer. Although, the number of observations is too limited at this point to draw firm conclusions on the impact of the vaccine on these lesions, this study shows a vaccine efficacy of 67.1% against high-risk HPV type CIN2/3 and 73.3% against CIN2/3 independent of HPV DNA status.
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    • ••] presents the updated results, at 36 month of follow-up, of the main studies that led to the licensing of the first HPV VLP vaccine (Gardasil, Merck), which is directed at HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. The first two publications are devoted to Merck protocols 013 and 015, respectively. The last two present the combined results of these studies as well as those of two antecedents studies (protocols 005 and 007) to provide a more precise assessment of the vaccine efficacy. The first two publications address the vaccine safety in detail by analyzing data collected from almost 18 000 subjects.
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