An investigation of possible causes of the holes in the condensational Venus cloud using a microphysical cloud model with a radiative-dynamical feedback

Icarus

Volumn 191, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-24

  McGouldrick, Kevin ^a   Toon, Owen B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Atmospheres; Clouds; structure; Venus

Indexed keywords

EID: 35248817278     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.007     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Ackerman A.S., Toon O.B., and Hobbs P.V. Dissipation of marine stratiform clouds and collapse of the marine boundary layer due to the depletion of cloud condensation nuclei by clouds. Science 262 (1993) 226-229
2. Ackerman A.S., Toon O.B., and Hobbs P.V. A model for particle microphysics, turbulent mixing, and radiative transfer in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer and comparisons with measurements. J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (1995) 1204-1236
3. Ackerman T.P., Liou K.-N., Valero F.P.J., and Pfister L. Heating rates in tropical anvils. J. Atmos. Sci. 45 (1988) 1606-1623
4. Allen D.A., and Crawford J.W. Cloud structure on the dark side of Venus. Nature 307 (1984) 222-224
5. Anderson J.L., Belton M.J.S., Danielson G.E., Evans N., and Soha J.M. Venus in motion. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 36 (1978) 275-284
6. Arya S.P. Introduction to Micrometeorology. International Geophysics Series vol. 42 (1988), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
7. Baines K.H., Bellucci G., Bibring J.-P., Brown R.H., Buratti B.J., Bussoletti E., Capaccioni F., Cerroni P., Clark R.N., Coradini A., Cruikshank D.P., Drossart P., Formisano V., Jaumann R., Langevin Y., Matson D.L., McCord T.B., Mennella V., Nelson R.M., Nicholson P.D., Sicardy B., Sotin C., Hansen G.B., Aiello J.J., and Amici S. Detection of sub-micron radiation from the surface of Venus by Cassini/VIMS. Icarus 148 (2000) 307-311
8. Baker R.D., Schubert G., and Jones P.W. Convectively generated internal gravity waves in the lower atmosphere of Venus. Part II. Mean wind shear and wave-mean flow interaction. J. Atmos. Sci. 57 (2000) 200-215
9. Barth E.L., and Toon O.B. Microphysical modeling of ethane ice clouds in Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 162 (2003) 94-113
10. Bell J.F., Crisp D., Lucey P.G., Ozoroski T.A., Sinton W.M., Willis S.C., and Campbell B.A. Spectroscopic observations of bright and dark emission features on the night side of Venus. Science 252 (1991) 1293-1296
11. Blamont J.E., Young R.E., Seiff A., Ragent B., Sagdeev R., Linkin V.M., Kerzhanovich V.V., Ingersol A.P., Crisp D., Elson L.S., Preston R.A., Golitsyn G.S., and Ivanov V.N. Implications of the VEGA balloon results for Venus atmospheric dynamics. Science 231 (1986) 1422-1425
12. Boehm M.T., Verlinde J., and Ackerman T.P. On the maintenance of high tropical cirrus. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 2423-24433
13. Bullock M.A., and Grinspoon D.H. The stability of climate on Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 7521-7529
14. Bullock M.A., and Grinspoon D.H. The recent evolution of climate on Venus. Icarus 150 (2001) 19-37
15. Carlson R.W., Baines K.H., Encrenaz Th., Taylor F.W., Drossart P., Kamp L.W., Pollack J.B., Lellouch E., Collard A.D., Calcutt S.B., Grinspoon D., Weissman P.R., Smythe W.D., Ocampo A.C., Danielson G.E., Fanale F.P., Johnson T.V., Kieffer H.H., Matson D.L., McCord T.B., and Soderblom L.A. Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at Venus. Science 253 (1991) 1541-1548
16. Carlson R.W., Kamp L.W., Baines K.H., Pollack J.B., Grinspoon D.H., Encrenaz Th., Drossart P., and Taylor F.W. Variations in Venus cloud particle properties: A new view of Venus's cloud morphology as observed by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. Planet. Space Sci. 41 (1993) 477-485
17. Chanover N.J., Glenar D.A., and Hillman J.J. Multispectral near-IR imaging of Venus nightside cloud features. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 31335-31348
18. Colaprete A., and Toon O.B. The radiative effects of martian water ice clouds on the local atmospheric temperature profile. Icarus 145 (2000) 524-532
19. Counselman C.C., Gourevitch S.A., King R.W., Loroit G.B., and Ginsberg E.S. Zonal and meridional circulation of the lower atmosphere of Venus determined by radio interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8026-8030
20. Crisp D., Sinton W.M., Hodapp K.-W., Ragent B., Gerbault F., Goebel J.H., Probst R.G., Allen D.A., Pierce K., and Stapelfeldt K.R. The nature of the near-infrared features on the Venus night side. Science 246 (1989) 506-509
21. Crisp D., Allen D.A., Grinspoon D.H., and Pollack J.B. The dark side of Venus: Near-infrared images and spectra taken from the Anglo-Australian Observatory. Science 253 (1991) 1263-1266
22. Dave J.V. Scattering of visible light by large water spheres. Appl. Opt. 8 (1969) 155-164
23. Esposito L.W., Winick J.R., and Stewart A.I.F. Sulfur dioxide in the Venus atmosphere: Distribution and implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 6 (1979) 601-604
24. Grinspoon D.H., Pollack J.B., Sitton B.R., Carlson R.W., Kamp L.W., Baines K.H., Encrenaz Th., and Taylor F.W. Probing Venus's cloud structure with Galileo NIMS. Planet. Space Sci. 50 (1993) 515-542
25. Haberle R.M., Houben H.C., Hertenstein R., and Herdtle T. A boundary-layer model for Mars: Comparison with Viking lander and entry data. J. Atmos. Sci. 104 (1993) 8957-8974
26. Haberle R.M., Joshi M.M., Murphy J.R., Barnes J.R., Schofield J.T., Wilson G., Lopez-Valverde M., Hollingsworth J.L., Bridger A.F.C., and Schaeffer J. General circulation model simulations of the Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology data. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 1544-1559
27. Hansen J.E., and Hovenier J.W. Interpretation of the polarization of Venus. J. Atmos. Sci. 31 (1974) 1137-1160
28. Hinson D.P., and Jenkins J.M. Magellan radio occultation measurements of atmospheric waves on Venus. Icarus 114 (1995) 310-327
29. Houze R.A. Cloud Dynamics (1993), Academic Press, San Diego
30. Imamura T., and Hashimoto G.L. Microphysics of venusian clouds in rising tropical air. J. Atmos. Sci. 58 (2001) 3597-3612
31. James E.P., Toon O.B., and Schubert G. A numerical microphysical model of the condensational Venus cloud. Icarus 129 (1997) 147-171
32. Jenkins J.M., Kolodner M.A., Butler B.J., Suleiman S.H., and Steffes P.G. Microwave remote sensing of the temperature and distribution of sulfur compounds in the lower atmosphere of Venus. Icarus 158 (2002) 312-328
33. 4 abundance profiles from the season 10 (1986) Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultation Experiment. Icarus 90 (1991) 129-138
34. Jenkins J.M., Steffes P.G., Hinson D.P., Twicken J.D., and Tyler G.L. Radio occultation studies of the Venus atmosphere with the Magellan spacecraft. 2. Results from the October 1991 experiments. Icarus 110 (1994) 79-94
35. Jensen E.J., Toon O.B., Westphal D.L., Kinne S., and Heymsfield A.J. Microphysical modeling of cirrus. 1. Comparison with 1986 FIRE IFO measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 10421-10442
36. Jensen E.J., Toon O.B., Westphal D.L., Kinne S., and Heymsfield A.J. Microphysical modeling of cirrus. 2. Sensitivity studies. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 10443-10454
37. Kerzhanovich V.V., Andreev R.A., Pichkhadze K.M., Aleksandrov Y.N., Armand N.A., Bakit'ko R.V., Ignatov S.P., Zaǐtsev A.L., Blamont J.E., Boloh L., Hildebrand C.E., Preston R.A., Ingersoll A.P., Lysov V.P., Mottsulev B.I., Petit G., Vorontsov V.A., Vyshlov A.S., and Young R.E. Small-scale turbulence in the Venus middle cloud layer. Sov. Astron. Lett. 12 (1986) 20-22
38. Kliore A., Moroz V., and Keating G. The Venus International Reference Atmosphere (1986), Pergamon, Oxford
39. Knollenberg R.G. A re-examimation of the evidence for large, solid particles in the clouds of Venus. Icarus 57 (1984) 161-183
40. Knollenberg R.G., and Hunten D.H. The microphysics of the clouds of Venus: Results of the Pioneer Venus Particle Size Spectrometer Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8038-8058
41. Knollenberg R.G., Travis L., Tomasko M., Smith P., Ragent B., Esposito L., McCleese D., Martonchik J., and Beer R. The clouds of Venus: A synthesis report. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8059-8081
42. Kolodner M.A., and Steffes P.G. The microwave absorption and abundance of sulfuric acid vapor in the Venus atmosphere based on new laboratory measurements. Icarus 132 (1998) 151-169
43. Krasnopolsky V.A. Photochemistry of the Atmospheres of Venus and Mars. Physics and Chemistry in Space vol. 13 (1986), Springer-Verlag, Berlin
44. Linkin V.M., Kerzhanovich V.V., Lipatov A.N., Pichkadze K.M., Shurupov A.A., Terterashvili A.V., Ingersol A.P., Crisp D., Grossman A.W., Young R.E., Seiff A., Ragent B., Blamont J.E., Elson L.S., and Preston R.A. Vega balloon dynamics and vertical winds in the Venus middle cloud region. Science 231 (1986) 1417-1419
45. Mellor G.L., and Yamada T. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31 (1974) 1791-1806
46. Mellor G.L., and Yamada T. Development of the turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20 (1982) 851-875
47. Moskalenko N.I., Il'in Y.A., Parzhin S.N., and Rodinovon L.V. Pressure-induced IR radiation absorption in atmospheres. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 15 (1979) 632-637
48. Palmer K.F., and Williams D. Optical constants of sulfuric acid: Application to the clouds of Venus?. Appl. Opt. 14 (1975) 208-219
49. Pollack J.B., Toon O.B., and Boese R. Greenhouse models of Venus' high surface temperature, as constrained by Pioneer Venus measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8223-8231
50. Pollack J.B., Dalton J.B., Grinspoon D.H., Wattson R., Freedman R., Crisp D., Allen D., Bezard B., de Bergh C., Giver L.P., Ma Q., and Tipping R. Near-infrared light from Venus' nightside: A spectroscopic analysis. Icarus 103 (1993) 1-42
51. Prinn R.G. Venus: Chemical and dynamical processes in the stratosphere and mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 32 (1975) 1237-1247
52. Ragent B., and Blamont J. The structure of the clouds of Venus: Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8089-8106
53. Schubert G., Covey C., Genio A.D., Elson L.S., Keating G., Seiff A., Young R.E., Apt J., Counselman III C.C., Kliore A.J., Limaye S.S., Revercomb H.E., Sromovsky L.A., Suomi V.E., Taylor F., Woo R., and von Zahn U. Structure and circulation of the Venus atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8007-8025
54. Seiff A., Kirk D.B., Young R.E., Blanchard R.C., Findlay J.T., Kelly G.M., and Sommer S. Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations: Results from the four Pioneer Venus probes. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 7903-7933
55. Toigo A., Gierasch P.J., and Smith M.D. High resolution cloud feature tracking on Venus by Galileo. Icarus 109 (1994) 318-336
56. Tomasko M.G., Doose L.R., Smith P.H., and Odell A.P. Measurments of the flux of sunlight in the atmosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 8167-8186
57. Toon O.B., and Ackerman T.P. Algorithms for the calculation of scattering by stratified spheres. Appl. Opt. 20 (1981) 3657-3660
58. Toon O.B., Turco R.P., and Whitten R.C. A physical-chemical model of the Venus clouds. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 11 (1979) 544
59. Toon O.B., Turco R.P., and Pollack J.B. The ultraviolet absorber on Venus-Amorphous sulfur. Icarus 51 (1982) 358-373
60. Toon O.B., Ragent B., Colbourn D., Blamont J., and Cot C. Large, solid particles in the clouds of Venus: Do they exist?. Icarus 57 (1984) 143-160
61. Toon O.B., Turco R.P., Westphal D., Malone R., and Liu M.S. A multi-dimensional model for aerosols: Description of computational analogs. J. Atmos. Sci. 45 (1988) 2123-2143
62. Toon O.B., McKay C.P., Ackerman T.P., and Santhanam K. Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1989) 16287-16301
63. 2 in Venus' upper cloud layers. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (1980) 7849-7860
64. Yamamoto M. Blocky markings and planetary-scale waves in the equatorial cloud layer of Venus. J. Atmos. Sci. 58 (2001) 365-375
65. Young A.T. Are the clouds of Venus sulfuric acid?. Icarus 18 (1973) 564-582
66. Young R.E., Walterscheid R.L., Schubert G., Pfister L., Houben H., and Bindschadler D.I. Characteristics of finite amplitude stationary gravity waves in the atmosphere of Venus. J. Atmos. Sci. 51 (1994) 1857-1875